Mogadishu: An economy without a state

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1463-1480

  Webersik, Christian ^a  

^a Center for International Forestry Research   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING WORLD; ECONOMIC ACTIVITY; INTERNATIONAL AID; POLITICAL CONFLICT; TRADE; VIOLENCE;

AFRICA; BANAADIR; EAST AFRICA; MOGADISHU; SOMALIA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 33845513737     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590601027297     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Alexander De Waal, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, Oxford: James Currey, 1997.
2. For a detailed discussion, see ch 3 in United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 2001, Nairobi: United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country O.ce, 2001.
3. United Nations Development O.ce for Somalia, Regional Pro.le of Mogadishu - Benadir, Nairobi: United Nations Development Programme, 1999, p 27.
4. Ibid, p 26.
5. Since the kidnapping of several international UN sta. in April 2001, Mogadishu has become a no-go area for UN international sta..
6. Within one week in December 2002 the following incidents were reported on 11 December 2002 by Mogadishu-based local and international NGOs and UN agencies: 'Uncontrolled militia increased. Six people were killed... when a vehicle owned by Nation Link (a communication company) was ambushed. Sheikh AliMohamoud 'Dhere', head of the regional court, was attacked in his house killing five people. Five people were killed in an ambushed vehicle. Three people were killed when two militia men had a dispute. Two people killed during Eid holiday. Kidnappings increased in Bakara and Karan market. Car hijacking increased.'
7. United Nations Development Office for Somalia, Regional Profile of Mogadishu, p 27.
8. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 2001, p 141.
9. Interview in Mogadishu, 17 December 2002.
10. Interview in Mogadishu, 16 December 2002.
11. Interview in Mogadishu, 19 December 2002.
12. The name of K-50 airport derives from the distance between the city centre and the airport (50 kilometres).
13. Author's fieldwork in Mogadishu, December 2002.
14. Peter D Little, Somalia: Economy without State, Oxford: James Currey, 2003.
15. De Waal, Famine Crimes, p 162.
16. Simon Narbeth, The Targeting of Emergency Food Distribution in Somalia: Vulnerability, Redistribution, and Beneficiary participation, Nairobi: World Food Programme, 2001, p 74.
17. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 1998, Nairobi: United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country Office, 1998, p 57.
18. Ibid.
19. De Waal, Famine Crimes, p 162.
20. Interview in Eldoret, Kenya, 10 November 2002.
21. Mark Bradbury & V Coultan, Somalia Inter-Agency Flood Response Operation Phase I November-December 1997: An Evaluation, Nairobi: UNICEF Somalia, 1998.
22. Patrick Chabal & Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford: James Currey, 1999.
23. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 2001, p 98.
24. Ibid.
25. Roland Marchal, A Survey of Mogadishu's Economy, Nairobi: European Commission/Somali Unit, 2002.
26. Ibid.
27. Coastal craftsmen produced the distinctive cloth locally known as tomonyo or toob Banadir. It was not only sold locally but also shipped to markets on the Red Sea and in Egypt, where it was know for its durability. Lee V Cassanelli, The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982, p 167.
28. Author's fieldwork in Mogadishu, December 2002.
29. Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry, available at http://www.dcci.org.
30. Interview in Eldoret, Kenya, 27 November 2002.
31. IGAD, Somalia National Reconciliation Conference, Eldoret, Kenya: Committee III - Land and Property Rights. Draft Report, Eldoret: Inter-Governmental Authority on Development, 2003, p 16.
32. Interview in Soy, Kenya, 10 November 2003.
33. Scott Peterson, Me Against my Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda, New York: Routledge, 2001, p 26.
34. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 2001, p 144.
35. Interview in Eldoret, Kenya, 22 November 2002.
36. Technicals are pick-up trucks with mounted machine guns. The word 'technical' allegedly derives from the need among aid agencies to account for expenses spent on the hire of the services of armed groups who owned these trucks. Aid agencies accounted these security costs as 'technical expenses'.
37. Ernst Jan Hogendoorn, Abdoulaye M'Backe & Brynjulf Mugaas, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), New York: United Nations Security Council, 2003, p 35.
38. Interview in Eldoret, Kenya, 22 November 2002.
39. Interview in Mogadishu, 17 December 2002.
40. Interview with medical sta. at Al-Hyat hospital in Mogadishu, 15 December 2002.
41. Roland Marchal, Lower Shabelle Region Study on Governance, Nairobi: United Nations Development Office for Somalia, 1997, p 43.
42. Andre Le Sage, 'Somalia: Sovereign disguise for a Mogadishu mafia', Review of African Political Economy, 29 (91), 2002, p 136.
43. United Nations Development Office for Somalia, Regional Pro.le of Mogadishu, p 40.
44. Ibid, p 41.
45. Mohamed MA Salih & Lennart Wohlgemuth, 'Somalia: State and society in turmoil', Review of African Political Economy, 21 (59), 1994, p 81.
46. Le Sage, 'Somalia'.
47. Ibid, p 137.
48. Interview in Mogadishu, 15 December 2002.
49. Interview in Merka, southern Somalia, 31 August 2002.
50. Le Sage, 'Somalia', p 137.
51. Le Sage, 'Somalia'.
52. Hogendoorn, et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002).
53. Le Sage, 'Somalia'.
54. Interview in Mogadishu, 15 December 2002.
55. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 43.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 37.
59. Hogendoorn et al write that 'according to the Observatoire géopolitique des drogues, the value of Kenyan qaat exports to Somalia was estimated at $100 million in 1993'. Ibid.
60. Reginald Herbold Green, 'Khatt & the realities of Somalis: Historic, social, household, political & economic', Review of African Political Economy, 26 (79), 1999, p 36.
61. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 39.
62. Marchal, A Survey of Mogadishu's Economy.
63. Green, 'Khatt & the realities of Somalis', p 43.
64. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 36.
65. Green, 'Khatt & the realities of Somalis', p 44.
66. Marchal, A Survey of Mogadishu's Economy.
67. Author's fieldwork in Mogadishu, December 2002.
68. Marchal, A Survey of Mogadishu's Economy.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 35.
72. Author's fieldwork in Mogadishu, December 2002.
73. Hogendoorn et al, Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1425 (2002), p 35.
74. Interview in Mogadishu, 16 December 2002.
75. Interview in Mogadishu, 16 December 2002.
76. Interview in Baidoa, southern Somalia, 9 February 2002.
77. John Drysdale, Whatever Happened to Somalia?, London: HAAN Associates, 1994, p 97.
78. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, Somalia 2001, p 148.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Interview in Eldoret, Kenya, 27 November 2002.
83. Mancur Olson, Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships, New York: Basic Books, 2000.
84. IRIN, 'Business community demands role in peace process', United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network, 23 April 2003.
85. Interview in Mogadishu, 17 December 2002.
86. Olson, Power and Prosperity.
87. IRIN, 'Business community demands role in peace process.