Organized labor and democracy in Latin America

Comparative Politics

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 21-42

  Levitsky, Steven ^a   Mainwaring, Scott ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845491283     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20434019     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
2. For similar arguments, see Göran Therborn, "The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy," New Left Review, 103 (May-June 1977);
3. Göran Therborn, "The Travail of Latin American Democracy," New Left Review, 113 (January-April 1979), 71-109;
4. Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society, 23 (March 1995), 75-106;
5. Gretchen Bauer, Labor and Democracy in Namibia (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1998);
6. Ellen Meiksins Wood, Democracy against Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
7. We borrow this phrase from Eva Bellin, "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late Developing Countries," World Politics, 52 (January 2000), 175-205.
8. Several other analyses have cautioned against treating Latin American labor movements as uniformally prodemocratic actors. On variation in labor movements' roles in democratic transitions, see Ruth Berins Collier, Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
9. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy: A Framework for Analysis," Comparative Politics, 21 (July 1989), 445-72.
10. On labor support for authoritarian regimes, see Bellin; Kevin J. Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, the State, and Authoritarianism in Mexico (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995);
11. Claudia Baez Camargo, "From Silent Acquiescence to Active Resistance: Labor Leaders' Responses to Market-Oriented Economic Reform in Mexico" (Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 2002).
12. Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
13. One exception is Bellin, although her analysis is limited to labor movements under authoritarian regimes.
14. Therborn, "The Rule of Capital and Rise of Democracy," p. 34.
15. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, p. 8, recognize that organized working classes may support nondemocratic regimes when they are "initially mobilized by a charismatic but authoritarian leader or a hegemonic party linked to the state apparatus." However, they explicitly treat such instances as exceptions.
16. Carles Boix, Democracy and Redistribution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003), p. 13.
17. For a similar assumption, see Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, "A Theory of Political Transitions," American Economic Review, 91 (September 2001), 938-63.
18. For a classic alternative view, see Seymour Martin Lipset's analysis of working class authoritarianism, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1960), pp. 87-179.
19. Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, p. 57.
20. This theme is developed by James P. Brennan, The Labor Wars in Córdoba, 1955-1976: Ideology, Work and Labor Politics in an Argentina Industrial City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994):
21. and Daniel James, Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1945-1976 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 14-40.
22. Roberto Michels, Political Parties (New York: The Free Press, 1962).
23. See Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, "Inducements versus Constraints: Disaggregating Corporatism," American Political Science Review, 73 (December 1979), 967-86;
24. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena;
25. Kenneth S. Mericle, "Corporatist Control of the Working Class: Authoritarian Brazil since 1964," in James M. Malloy, ed., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), pp. 303-38;
26. Amaury de Souza, "The Nature of Corporatist Representation: Leaders and Members of Organized Labor in Brazil" (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1978).
27. Maria Victoria Murillo, Partisan Coalitions and Labor Competition in Latin America: Trade Unions and Market Reforms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001 );
28. Katrina Burgess, Parties and Unions in the New Global Economy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004).
29. Baez Camargo.
30. Robert J. Alexander, Organized Labor in Latin America (New York: The Free Press, 1965), pp. 13-23;
31. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena.
32. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena;
33. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Labor Movements and Political Systems: Some Variations," in Marino Regini, ed., The Future of Labor Movements (London: Sage, 1992), pp. 53-101.
34. James W. McGuire, Peronism without Perón: Unions, Parties, and Democracy in Argentina (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
35. Burgess; Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "Between a Shock and a Hard Place: The Dynamics of Labor-Backed Adjustment in Argentina and Poland," Comparative Politics, 30 (January 1998), 171-92;
36. Valenzuela, "Labor Movements and Political Systems."
37. Valenzuela, "Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy," p. 446.
38. Juan Carlos Torre, La Vieja Guardia Sindical y Perón: Sobre los orígenes del peronismo (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1990).
39. McGuire.
40. Baez Camargo; Middlebrook, pp. 255-87.
41. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 232-50; Middlebrook.
42. Rene Antonio Mayorga, ¿De la anomia politica al orden Democratico? Democracia, estado y movimiento sindical en Bolivia (La Paz: Centro Boliviano de Estudios Multidisciplinarios, 1991);
43. Steven S. Volk, "Class, Union, Party: The Development of a Revolutionary Union Movement in Bolivia (1905-1952)" Science and Society, 39 (1975), 26-43, 180-98.
44. See James Malloy, Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).
45. Paul Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile, 1932-52 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 309-10;
46. Ignacio Walker, Socialismo y Democracia: Chile y Europa en Perspectiva Comparada (Santiago, Chile: Cieplan-Hachette, 1990), pp. 136-71.
47. See Carmen Rosa Balbi, Identidad clasista en el sindicalismo: Su impacto en las fábricas (Lima: DESCO, 1989);
48. Nigel Haworth, "Conflict or Incorporation: The Peruvian Working Class, 1968-79," in David Booth and Bernardo Sorj, eds., Military Reformism and Social Classes: The Peruvian Experience, 1968-80 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), p. 97;
49. Kenneth M. Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
50. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 549-55;
51. Lucilia de Almeida Neves Delgado, PTB: Do Getulismo Ao Reformismo (1945-1964) (São Paulo: Editora Marco Zero, 1989), pp. 217-90.
52. See Margaret E. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992);
53. William R. Nylen, "The Making of a Loyal Opposition: The Workers' Party and the Consolidation of Democracy in Brazil," in Peter R. Kingstone and Timothy J. Power, eds., Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000), pp. 126-43;
54. David J. Samuels, "From Socialism to Social Democracy? The Evolution of the Worker's Party in Brazil," Comparative Political Studies, 37 (November 2004), 999-1024.
55. Steve Ellner, Organized Labor in Venezuela, 1958-1991: Behavior and Concerns in a Democratic Setting (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1993).
56. Daniel H. Levine, Conflict and Political Change in Venezuela (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973);
57. John D. Martz, Acción Democrática: Evolution of a Modern Political Party in Venezuela (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966);
58. Jennifer McCoy, "Labor and the State in a Party-Mediated Democracy: Institutional Change in Venezuela," Latin American Research Review, 24 (1989), 35-67.
59. Roberts, pp. 118-40.
60. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 299-308.
61. Miguel Urrutia, The Development of the Colombian Labor Movement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 207, 213, 224.
62. See also Jonathan Hartlyn, The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
63. Rocio Londoño Botero, "Problemas laborales y reestructuración del sindicalismo," in Francisco Leal Buitagro and and Leon Zamosc, eds., Al filo del caos: Crisis política en la Colombia de los años 80 (Bogotá: Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Tercer Mundo, 1991), pp. 275-305;
64. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 467-68, 673-81; Hartlyn, pp. 183-87.
65. Torre.
66. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, p. 341 ; McGuire, p. 53.
67. Brennan, p. 105; McGuire, pp. 114-20, 145-50.
68. William Smith, Authoritarianism and the Crisis of the Argentine Political Economy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), pp. 228-31.
69. Gerardo Munck, Authoritarianism and Democratization: Soldiers and Workers in Argentina, 1976-1983 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).
70. Malloy, pp. 185-86, 223-35.
71. Alexander, p. 62;
72. Guillermo Lora, A History of the Bolivian Labour Movement 1848-1971 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 301;
73. John H. Magill, Labor Unions and Political Socialization: A Case Study of Bolivian Workers (New York: Praeger, 1974), p. 32.
74. Alexander, "The Labor Movement during and since the 1952 Revolution," pp. 65-67; Lora, pp. 361-66.
75. Mayorga, pp. 161, 181.
76. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 552-55; Delgado, pp. 260-89.
77. Margaret E. Keck, "The New Unionism in the Brazilian Transition," in Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 252-96.
78. Roberts, p. 92. See also Walker, pp. 136-71.
79. Arturo Valenzuela, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), pp. 61-80;
80. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 560-65.
81. Jaime Ruiz Tagle, "Trade Unionism and the State under the Chilean Military Regime," in Edward C. Epstein, ed., Labor Autonomy and the State in Latin America (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
82. Roberts, pp. 149-53.
83. Urrutia.
84. Middlebrook; Baez Camargo.
85. Ruth Berins Collier, "The Transformation of Labor-Based One-Partyism at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Case of Mexico," in Herman Giliomee and Charles Simkins, eds., The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy in Industrializing Countries (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999).
86. Richard Stahler-Sholk, "Stabilization, Destabilization, and the Popular Classes in Nicaragua, 1979-1988," Latin American Research Review, 26 (1990), 55-88;
87. Richard Stahler-Sholk, "The Dog That Didn't Bark: Labor Autonomy and Economic Adjustment in Nicaragua under the Sandinista and UNO Governments," Comparative Politics, 28 (1995), 77-102.
88. Stahler-Sholk, "Stabilization, Destabilization, and the Popular Classes in Nicaragua," p. 83.
89. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena, pp. 328-30.
90. Evelyne Huber Stephens, p. 70. See also Balbi, pp. 59-67; Haworth, pp. 106-13;
91. Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru: 1975-1990" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991), pp. 105-10.
92. Sanborn, pp. 104-28.
93. Roberts, pp. 213-14.
94. Ibid., pp. 250-53.
95. McCoy, pp. 39-40.
96. Ellner; Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena.
97. According to Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, p. 46: "It is the growth of a counter-hegemony of subordinate classes and especially the working class...that is critical for the promotion of democracy."
98. Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1973);
99. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Reflections on the Patterns of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State," Latin American Research Review, 12 (Winter 1978), 3-38;
100. David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
101. Labor movements in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela lost between 25 and 70 percent of their memberships between 1985 and 1995. See International Labor Organization, ILO World Labor Report: Industrial Relations, Democracy and Stability (Geneva: ILO, 1998);
102. John Weeks, "Economic Integration in Latin America: Impact on Labor" (Geneva: International Labor Office Employment and Training Paper No. 18, 1998). Brazil was an exception to this trend.
103. Exceptions include Bolivia and Peru in the early and mid 1980s.
104. Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens, "The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions," Comparative Politics, 29 (April 1997), 332;
105. and Marcus Kurtz, Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), make similar arguments.
106. Huber, Rueschemeyer, and Stephens; Roberts; Kurtz.
107. Huber, Rueschemeyer, and Stephens; Walter Korpi, The Democratic Class Struggle (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983);
108. John D. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979).
109. Juan J. Linz, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Re-Equilibration (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978);
110. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)