The impact of inadequate wastewater treatment on the receiving water bodies - Case study: Buffalo City and Nkokonbe Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province

Water SA

Volumn 32, Issue 5 SPEC. ISS., 2006, Pages 687-692

  Momba, M N B ^a   Osode, A N ^b   Sibewu, M ^a  

^a TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Effluent; Pollution; Receiving water bodies; Treatment; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DISSOLUTION; MICROORGANISMS; PH EFFECTS; STATISTICAL METHODS; SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS);

CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; RECEIVING WATER BODIES;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DISSOLUTION; MICROORGANISMS; PH EFFECTS; STATISTICAL METHODS; SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS); WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

EFFLUENT; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; PATHOGEN; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

AFRICA; BUFFALO CITY; EASTERN CAPE; NKONKOBE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

CATHA EDULIS; SALMONELLA; SHIGELLA; VIBRIO CHOLERAE;

EID: 33845475437     PISSN: 03784738     EISSN: 03784738     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. ANDERSON Y and STRENSTRÖM A (1987) Waterborne outbreaks in Sweden: Causes and etiology. Water Sci. Technol. 19 (3) 75-580.
2. BAHLAOUI MA, BALEUX B and TROUSSELLIER M (1997) Dynamics of pollution-indicators and pathogenic bacteria in high rate oxidation wastewater treatment ponds. Water Res. 31 (3) 574-582.
3. BOSCH A, LUCENA F, DIEZ JM, GAJARDOR, BLASI M and JOFRE (1991) Waterborne viruses associated with hepatitis outbreak. J. Am. Water Works. Assoc. 83 (3) 80-83.
4. nd edn.) Published by E. & FN Spon, London.
5. COOVADIA YM, GATHIRAM V, BHAMJEE A, GARRATT RM, MLISANA K, PILLAY N, MADLALOSE T and SHORT M (1992) An outbreak of multiresistant Salmonella typhi in South Africa. Q. J. Med. 82 (2) 91-100.
6. CRAUN GF (1991) Cause of waterborne outbreaks in the United States Water Sci. Technol. 24 (2) 17-20.
7. DEPARTMENT OF PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (2001) National Status Report on Cholera Epidemic in South Africa http://sandmc.pwv.gov.za/ndmc/ cholera/ (Accessed on 10/06/2005).
8. nd edn.) Vol. 2: Domestic Use. Pretoria, RSA.
9. DFID (1999) A Simple Methodology for Water Quality Monitoring. HR report OD 142 (KAR Project R6662). In: Pearce GR, Chaudhry MR and Ghulum S (eds.) Published by the Department for International Development, Wallingford.
10. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY) (1992) Analytical Methods Manual, TR 151. Pretoria, RSA.
11. nd edn.) WRC Report No TT 101/98. ISBN No: 1 86845 416 9. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA.
12. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY), DOH (DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH) AND WRC (WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION) (1999) Quality of Domestic Water-Supplies. Volume 2: Sampling Guide. WRC Report No TT 117/99. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA.
13. GELDEREICH EE (1990) Microbiology quality of source waters for water supply. In: McFeters GA (ed.) Drinking Water Microbiology: Progress and Recent Development). Springer Verlag, New York. 3-31.
14. GRABOW WOK (1996) Waterborne disease: Update on water quality assessment and control. Water SA 22 (2) 193-202.
15. MAIL AND GUARDIAN (2005) Officials work to curb Delmas typhoid outbreak. Johannesburg, South Africa, 8 September.
16. MOOIJIMAN KA, BAHAR M, CONTRERAS N and HAVELAAR AH (2001). Optimisation of the ISO-method on enumeration of somatic coliphages. Water Sci. Technol. 23 (12) 205-208.
17. NEVONDO TS and CLOETE TE (1999) Bacterial and chemical quality of water supply in the Dertig village settlement Water SA 25 (2) 215-220.
18. OECD (1982) Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Technical Report, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
19. PEARSON I and IDEMA G (1998) CSIR Division of Water, Environment and Forestry Technology, Pretoria. WRC Report No 649/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa. 1-17.
20. PEGRAM GC, ROLLINS N and ESPREY Q (1998) Estimating the cost of diarrhoea and epidemic dysentery in Kwazulu-Natal and South Africa. Water SA 24 (1) 11-20.
21. st edn).
22. SIMPSON E and CHARLES K (2000) The health threat posed to surrounding community by effluent discharged from rural hospital sewage treatment plants. Proc. WISA 2000 Conference, Sun City South Africa. 28 May - 1 June.
23. th edn.). Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE and Eaton DA (eds.) American Public Health Association Washington, DC.
24. WATSON IM, ROBINSON JO, BURKE V and GRACE M (1985) Invasive of Aeromonas spp. In relation to biotype virulence factors and clinical features. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22 (1) 48-51.
25. YAO GB (1989) Clinical and natural history of hepatitis A in an epidemic in Shanghai. Proc. 1988 Int.Symp. on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Washington D.C. USA October 26-28.