Pediatric Minor Traumatic Brain Injury

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 243-255

  Gordon, Kevin E ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

brain concussion; diagnosis; head injuries; prevention; prognosis; review; tomography; x ray computed

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; AMNESIA; ANAMNESIS; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN PROTECTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; EDUCATION PROGRAM; FAMILY HISTORY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PARENT COUNSELING; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLAY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SYMPTOM; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY;

BRAIN INJURIES; HUMANS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PEDIATRICS;

EID: 33845462104     PISSN: 10719091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2006.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Schutzman S.A., Barnes P., Duhaime A.C., et al. Evaluation and management of children younger than two years old with apparently minor head trauma: Proposed guidelines. Pediatrics 107 (2001) 983-993
2. Iverson G.L. Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18 (2005) 301-317
3. Committee on Head Injury Nomenclature of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Glossary of head injury, including some definitions of injury to the cervical spine. Clin Neurosurg 12 (1966) 386-394
4. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Practice parameter: The management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Neurology 48 (1997) 581-585
5. Aubry M., Cantu R., Dvorak J., et al., Concussion in Sport (CIS) Group. Summary and agreement statement of the 1st International Symposium on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Clin J Sport Med 12 (2002) 6-11
6. Sosin D.M., Sacks J.J., and Holmgreen P. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Inj 10 (1996) 47-54
7. Klassen T.P., Reed M.H., Stiell I.G., et al. Variation in utilization of computed tomography scanning for the investigation of minor head trauma in children: A Canadian experience. Acad Emerg Med 7 (2000) 739-744
8. Holmes J.F., Palchak M.J., MacFarlane T., et al. Performance of the pediatric glasgow coma scale in children with blunt head trauma. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 814-819
9. Hahn Y.S., and McLone D.G. Risk factors in the outcome of children with minor head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 19 (1993) 135-142
10. Kraus J.F., Fife D., Cox P., et al. Incidence, severity, and external causes of pediatric brain injury. Am J Dis Child 140 (1986) 687-693
11. Engberg A., and Teasdale T.W. Traumatic brain injury in children in Denmark: A national 15-year study. Eur J Epidemiol 14 (1998) 165-173
12. Simon B., Letourneau P., Vitorino E., et al. Pediatric minor head trauma: Indications for computed tomographic scanning revisited. J Trauma 51 (2001) 231-237
13. Sosin D.M., Sacks J.J., and Holmgreen P. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Inj 10 (1996) 47-54
14. Gordon K.E., Dooley J.M., and Wood E.P. Descriptive epidemiology of concussion. Pediatr Neurol 34 (2006) 376-378
15. Willer B., Dumas J., Hutson A., et al. A population based investigation of head injuries and symptoms of concussion of children and adolescents in schools. Inj Prev 10 (2004) 144-148
16. Powell J.W., and Barber-Foss K.D. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA 282 (1999) 958-963
17. Cassidy J.D., Carroll L.J., Peloso P.M., et al. WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med suppl (2004) 28-60
18. Davis R.L., Mullen N., Makela M., et al. Cranial computed tomography scans in children after minimal head injury with loss of consciousness. Ann Emerg Med 24 (1994) 640-645
19. Davis R.L., Hughes M., Gubler K.D., et al. The use of cranial CT scans in the triage of pediatric patients with mild head injury. Pediatrics 95 (1995) 345-349
20. Wang M.Y., Griffith P., Sterling J., et al. Prospective population-based study of pediatric trauma patients with mild alterations in consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13-14). Neurosurgery 46 (2000) 1093-1099
21. Palchak M.J., Holmes J.F., Vance C.W., et al. A decision rule for identifying children at low risk for brain injuries after blunt head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 492-506
22. Graham I.D., Stiell I.G., Laupacis A., et al. Emergency physicians' attitudes toward and use of clinical decision rules for radiography. Acad Emerg Med 5 (1998) 134-140
23. Haydel M.J., Preston C.A., Mills T.J., et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 100-105
24. Stiell I.G., Wells G.A., Vandemheen K., et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 357 (2001) 1391-1396
25. Mower W.R., Hoffman J.R., Herbert M., et al., NEXUS II Investigators. Developing a decision instrument to guide computed tomographic imaging of blunt head injury patients. J Trauma 59 (2005) 954-959
26. Oman J.A., Cooper R.J., Holmes J.F., et al., NEXUS II Investigators. Performance of a decision rule to predict need for computed tomography among children with blunt head trauma. Pediatrics 117 (2006) e238-e246
27. Da Dalt L., Marchi A.G., Laudizi L., et al. Predictors of intracranial injuries in children after blunt head trauma. Eur J Pediatr 165 (2006) 142-148
28. Dunning J., Batchelor J., Stratford-Smith P., et al. A meta-analysis of variables that predict significant intracranial injury in minor head trauma. Arch Dis Child 89 (2004) 653-659
29. Homer C.J., and Kleinman L. Technical report: Minor head injury in children. Pediatrics 104 (1999) e78
30. Committee on Quality Improvement, American Academy of Pediatrics, Commission on Clinical Policies and Research, and American Academy of Family Physicians. The management of minor closed head injury in children. Pediatrics 104 (1999) 1407-1415
31. Osmond M.H., Klassen T.P., Stiell I.G., et al., CATCH Study Group. A clinical decision rule for the use of head CT in children with minor head injury. Acad Emerg Med 11 (2004) 449-450
32. The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN): Rationale, development, and first steps. Acad Emerg Med 10 (2003) 661-668
33. Greenes D.S. Decisionmaking in pediatric minor head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 515-518
34. Ingebrigtsen T., and Romner B. Routine early CT-scan is cost saving after minor head injury. Acta Neurol Scand 93 (1996) 207-210
35. Dias M.S., Lillis K.A., Calvo C., et al. Management of accidental minor head injuries in children: A prospective outcomes study. J Neurosurg 101 suppl (2004) 38-43
36. Brown L., Moynihan J.A., and Denmark T.K. Blunt pediatric head trauma requiring neurosurgical intervention: How subtle can it be?. Am J Emerg Med 21 (2003) 467-472
37. Bruce D.A. Imaging after head trauma: Why, when and which. Childs Nerv Syst 16 (2000) 755
38. Brenner D.J., Elliston C.D., Hall E.J., et al. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 176 (2001) 289-296
39. Brenner D.J. Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: Going from qualitative to the quantitative. Pediatr Radiol 32 (2002) 228-231
40. Committee to Assess Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 (2006), The National Academies Press, Washington
41. National Cancer Institute: Radiation Risks and Pediatric Computed Tomography (CT): A Guide for Health Care Providers. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/causes/radiation-risks-pediatric-CT Accessed April 16, 2004.
42. Ba-Ssalamaha A., Schick S., Heimberger K., et al. Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Magn Reson Imaging 18 (2000) 237-243
43. Nygren C., Bellocco R., af Geijerstam J.-L., et al. Delayed, intracranial complications after concussion: A population-based nested case-control study in Sweden (unpublished). Cited in Borg J, Holm L, Cassidy JD, et al; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Diagnostic procedures in mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 43 suppl (2004) 61-75
44. Velmahos G.C., Gervasini A., Petrovick L., et al. Routine repeat head CT for minimal head injury is unnecessary. J Trauma 60 (2006) 494-499
45. Mandal K., and West C.H. The management of immediate post-traumatic seizures in children following minor head injury-Time for a multicentre study?. Childs Nerv Syst 17 (2001) 670-673
46. Dias M.S., Carnevale F., and Li V. Immediate posttraumatic seizures: Is routine hospitalization necessary?. Pediatr Neurosurg 30 (1999) 232-238
47. McCrory P.R., and Berkovic S.F. Video analysis of acute motor and convulsive manifestations in sport-related concussion. Neurology 54 (2000) 1488-1491
48. McCrory P.R., and Berkovic S.F. Concussive convulsions. Incidence in sport and treatment recommendations. Sports Med 25 (1998) 131-136
49. Colorado Medical Society. Report of the Sports Medicine Committee: Guidelines for the Management of Concussions in Sport (revised) (1991), Colorado Medical Society, Denver, CO
50. Cantu R.C. Posttraumatic retrograde and anterograde amnesia: Pathophysiology and implications in grading and safe return to play. J Athl Train 36 (2001) 244-248
51. Peloso P.M., Carroll L.J., Cassidy J.D., et al. Critical evaluation of the existing guidelines on mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Med 43 suppl (2004) 106-112
52. McCrory P., Johnston K., Meeuwisse W., et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Clin J Sport Med 15 (2005) 48-55
53. Janusz J.A., Gioia G.A., Gilstein K., et al. Construct validity of the ImPACT post-concussion scale in children. Br J Sports Med 38 (2004) 659
54. Janusz JA, Gioia GA, Diver T, et al: Frequency of post-concussion symptom report in a pediatric sample. International Neuropsychology Society 34th Annual Meeting, Feb. 1-4, 2006, Boston, MA
55. Maddocks D.L., Dicker G.D., and Saling M.M. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med 5 (1995) 32-35
56. Gordon K.E., Dooley J.M., and Wood E.P. Is migraine a risk factor for the development of concussion?. Br J Sports Med 40 (2006) 184
57. Matthews W.B. Footballer's migraine. BMJ 2 (1972) 326-327
58. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia 24 suppl 1 (2004) 9-160
59. Margulies S. The postconcussion syndrome after mild head trauma. Part II: is migraine underdiagnosed?. J Clin Neurosci 7 (2000) 495-499
60. Guskiewicz K.M., Weaver N.L., Padua D.A., et al. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 28 (2000) 643-650
61. http://www.thinkfirst.ca/documents/concussion-information-athletes.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2003.
62. Collins M.W., Iverson G.L., Lovell M.R., et al. On-field predictors of neuropsychological and symptom deficit following sports-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med 13 (2003) 222
63. Asplund C.A., McKeag D.B., and Olsen C.H. Sport-related concussion: Factors associated with prolonged return to play. Clin J Sport Med 14 (2004) 339-343
64. Lovell M.R., and Collins M.W. Neuropsychological assessment of the college football player. J Head Trauma Rehabil 13 (1998) 9-26
65. Piland S.G., Motl R.W., Ferrara M.S., et al. Evidence for the factorial and construct validity of a Self-Report Concussion Symptoms Scale. J Athl Train 38 (2003) 104-112
66. Randolph C. Pediatric sport-related concussion: A review of the clinical management of an oft-neglected population. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1359-1371
67. Guskiewicz K.M., McCrea M., Marshall S.W., et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 290 (2003) 2549-2555
68. McCrea M., Guskiewicz K.M., Marshall S.W., et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 290 (2003) 2556-2563
69. Piland S.G., Motl R.W., Guskiewicz K.M., et al. Structural validity of a self-report concussion-related symptom scale. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38 (2006) 27-32
70. Gioia GA: Evaluation of concussion in young children: The development of the pediatric ImPACT program. Presentation at the 2nd International Meeting on Minor Traumatic Brain Injuries in Sports, March 13-17, 2006, St. Moritz, Switzerland
71. Kaut K.P., DePompei R., Kerr J., et al. Reports of head injury and symptom knowledge among college athletes: Implications for assessment and educational intervention. Clin J Sport Med 13 (2003) 213-221
72. McCrea M., Hammeke T., Olsen G., et al. Unreported concussion in high school football players: Implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med 14 (2004) 13-17
73. Carroll L.J., Cassidy J.D., Peloso P.M., et al., WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 43 suppl (2004) 84-105
74. McCrea M., Kelly J., and Randolph C. Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC): Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. (ed 2). (2000), CNS Inc, Waukesha, WI
75. McCrea M. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sport Med 11 (2001) 176-181
76. Barr W.B., and McCrea M. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 7 (2001) 693-702
77. Young C.C., Jacobs B.A., Clavette K., et al. Serial sevens: Not the most effective test of mental status in high school athletes. Clin J Sport Med 7 (1997) 196
78. Guskiewicz K.M. Postural stability assessment following concussion: One piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sport Med 11 (2001) 182
79. Guskiewicz K.M. Assessment of postural stability following sport-related concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2 (2003) 24-30
80. Randolph C., McCrea M., and Barr W.B. Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion?. J Athl Train 40 (2005) 139-152
81. Collie A., Darby D., and Maruff P. Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury. Br J Sports Med 35 (2001) 297-302
82. Maruff P., Collie A., Anderson V., et al. Cognitive development in children: Implications for concussion management. Br J Sport Med 38 (2004) 654-655
83. Belanger H.G., and Vanderploeg R.D. The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: A meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11 (2005) 345
84. Grindel S.H. The use, abuse, and future of neuropsychologic testing in mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Sports Med Rep 5 (2006) 9-14
85. Pellman E.J., Viano D.C., Casson I.R., et al. Concussion in professional football: Injuries involving 7 or more days out-Part 5. Neurosurgery 55 (2004) 1100-1119
86. Field M., Collins M.W., Lovell M.R., et al. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion?. A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatr 142 (2003) 546-553
87. Farmer M.Y., Singer H.S., Mellits E.D., et al. Neurobehavioral sequelae of minor head injuries in children. Pediatr Neurosci 13 (1987) 304-308
88. Ponsford J., Willmott C., Rothwell A., et al. Cognitive and behavioral outcome following mild traumatic head injury in children. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14 (1999) 360-372
89. Kraus J.F., Fife D., and Conroy C. Pediatric brain injuries: The nature, clinical course, and early outcomes in a defined United States' population. Pediatrics 79 (1987) 501-507
90. Levi L., Guilburd J.N., Linn S., et al. The association between skull fracture, intracranial pathology and outcome in pediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg 5 (1991) 617-625
91. Luerssen T.G., Klauber M.R., and Marshall L.F. Outcome from head injury related to patient's age. A longitudinal prospective study of adult and pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg 68 (1988) 409-416
92. Bruce D.A., Alavi A., Bilaniuk L., et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: The syndrome of "malignant brain edema. " J Neurosurg 54 (1981) 170-178
93. Snoek J.W., Minderhoud J.M., and Wilmink J.T. Delayed deterioration following mild head injury in children. Brain 107 (1984) 15-36
94. Lobato R.D., Rivas J.J., Gomez P.A., et al. Head-injured patients who talk and deteriorate into coma. Analysis of 211 cases studied with computerized tomography. J Neurosurg 75 (1991) 256-261
95. Plunkett J. Fatal pediatric head injuries caused by short-distance falls. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22 (2001) 1-12
96. Cantu R.C. Second-impact syndrome. Clin Sports Med 17 (1998) 37-44
97. Fekete J.F. Severe brain injury and death following minor hockey accidents: The effectiveness of the "safety helmets" of amateur hockey players1. Can Med Assoc J 99 (1968) 1234-1239
98. McCrory P.R., and Berkovic S.F. Second impact syndrome. Neurology 50 (1998) 677-683
99. McCrory P. Does second impact syndrome exist?. Clin J Sport Med 11 (2001) 144-149
100. Anderson V., Catroppa C., Morse S., et al. Recovery of intellectual ability following traumatic brain injury in childhood: Impact of injury severity and age at injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 32 (2000) 282-290
101. Bijur P.E., Haslum M., and Golding J. Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of mild head injury in children. Pediatrics 86 (1990) 337-344
102. Bijur P.E., Haslum M., and Golding J. Cognitive outcomes of multiple mild head injuries in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 17 (1996) 143-148
103. Fay G.C., Jaffe K.M., Polissar N.L., et al. Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury: A cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74 (1993) 895-901
104. Fletcher J.M., Ewing-Cobbs L., Miner M.E., et al. Behavioral changes after closed head injury in children. J Consult Clin Psychol 58 (1990) 93-98
105. Jaffe K.M., Polissar N.L., Fay G.C., et al. Recovery trends over three years following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76 (1995) 17-26
106. Light R., Asarnow R., Satz P., et al. Mild closed-head injury in children and adolescents: Behavior problems and academic outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol 66 (1998) 1023-1029
107. Basson M.D., Guinn J.E., McElligott J., et al. Behavioral disturbances in children after trauma. J Trauma 31 (1991) 1363-1368
108. McKinlay A., Dalrymple-Alford J.C., Horwood L.J., et al. Long term psychosocial outcomes after mild head injury in early childhood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 (2002) 281-288
109. DiScala C., Lescohier I., Barthel M., et al. Injuries to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 102 (1998) 1415-1421
110. Pastor P.N., and Reuben C.A. Identified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and medically attended, nonfatal injuries: US school-age children, 1997-2002. Ambul Pediatr 6 (2006) 38-44
111. Lovell M.R., Collins M.W., Iverson G.L., et al. Grade 1 or "ding" concussions in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med 32 (2004) 47-54
112. Kirkwood M.W., Yeates K.O., and Wilson P.E. Pediatric sport-related concussion: a review of the clinical management of an oft-neglected population. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1359-1371
113. Elliott J.G. School refusal: Issues of conceptualisation, assessment, and treatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40 (1999) 1001-1012
114. Comper P., Bisschop S.M., Carnide N., et al. A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 19 (2005) 863-880
115. Ponsford J. Rehabilitation interventions after mild head injury. Curr Opin Neurol 18 (2005) 692-697
116. Gerberich S.G., Priest J.D., Boen J.R., et al. Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players. Am J Public Health 73 (1983) 1370-1375
117. Zemper E.D. Two-year prospective study of relative risk of a second cerebral concussion. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82 (2003) 653-659
118. Collins M.W., Lovell M.R., Iverson G.L., et al. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery 51 (2002) 1175-1179
119. Iverson G.L., Gaetz M., Lovell M.R., et al. Cumulative effects of concussion in amateur athletes. Brain Inj 18 (2004) 433-443
120. Cantu R.C. Recurrent athletic head injury: Risks and when to retire. Clin Sports Med 22 (2003) 593-603
121. McCrory P. When to retire after concussion?. Br J Sports Med 35 (2001) 380-382
122. Johnston K.M., Bloom G.A., Ramsay J., et al. Current concepts in concussion rehabilitation. Curr Sports Med Rep 3 (2004) 316-323
123. Borg J., Holm L., Peloso P.M., et al. ; WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Non-surgical intervention and cost for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Rehabil Med 43 suppl (2004) 76-83
124. Ponsford J., Willmott C., Rothwell A., et al. Impact of early intervention on outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatrics 108 (2001) 1297-1303
125. Attewell R.G., Glase K., and McFadden M. Bicycle helmet efficacy: A meta-analysis. Accid Anal Prev 33 (2001) 345-352
126. Tsai Y.J., Wang J.D., and Huang W.F. Case-control study of the effectiveness of different types of helmets for the prevention of head injuries among motorcycle riders in Taipei, Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 142 (1995) 974-981
127. Kraus J.F., and Peek C. The impact of two related prevention strategies on head injury reduction among nonfatally injured motorcycle riders. California, 1991-1993. J Neurotrauma 12 (1995) 873-881
128. Hagel B.E., Pless I.B., Goulet C., et al. Effectiveness of helmets in skiers and snowboarders: Case-control and case crossover study. BMJ 330 (2005) 281
129. Sulheim S., Holme I., Ekeland A., et al. Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders. JAMA 295 (2006) 919-924
130. Dannenberg A.L., Gielen A.C., Beilenson P.L., et al. Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns: An evaluation of strategies to increase children's helmet use. Am J Public Health 83 (1993) 667-674
131. Shafi S., Gilbert J.C., Loghmanee F., et al. Impact of bicycle helmet safety legislation on children admitted to a regional pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 33 (1998) 317-321
132. Macpherson A.K., To T.M., Macarthur C., et al. Impact of mandatory helmet legislation on bicycle-related head injuries in children: A population-based study. Pediatrics 110 (2002) e60
133. Chiu W.T., Kuo C.Y., Hung C.C., et al. The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries. Am J Public Health 90 (2000) 793-796
134. Weiss B.D. Trends in bicycle helmet use by children: 1985 to 1990. Pediatrics 89 (1992) 78-80
135. Hendrickson S.G., and Becker H. Impact of a theory based intervention to increase bicycle helmet use in low income children. Inj Prev 4 (1998) 126-131
136. DiGuiseppi C.G., Rivara F.P., Koepsell T.D., et al. Bicycle helmet use by children. Evaluation of a community-wide helmet campaign. JAMA 262 (1989) 2256-2261
137. Parkin P.C., Spence L.J., Hu X., et al. Evaluation of a promotional strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 91 (1993) 772-777
138. Gordon K.E., McTimmoney C.A.M., and LeGay T. Helmets and gloves: A new piece of the concussion puzzle. Clin J Sport Med 16 (2006) 195-197
139. Irwin Jr. C.E. The theoretical concept of at-risk adolescents. Adolesc Med 1 (1990) 1-14
140. Borawski E.A., Ievers-Landis C.E., Lovegreen L.D., et al. Parental monitoring, negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: The role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors. J Adolesc Health 33 (2003) 60-70
141. DiClemente R.J., Wingood G.M., Crosby R., et al. Parental monitoring: Association with adolescents' risk behaviors. Pediatrics 107 (2001) 1363-1368
142. Cohen D.A., Farley T.A., Taylor S.N., et al. When and where do youths have sex?. The potential role of adult supervision. Pediatrics 110 (2002) e66
143. Biasca N. Review and consequences of the typical ice hockey related injuries in the Swiss Ice Hockey Association (SIHA) 1996-1998. In: Biasca N., Montag W.D., and Gerber C. (Eds). Safety in Ice Hockey: Eighth International Symposium of the International Ice Hockey Federation IIHF (2000), IIHF, Zurich 36-52
144. Brunelle J.P., Goulet C., and Arguin H. Promoting respect for the rules and injury prevention in ice hockey: Evaluation of the fair-play program. J Sci Med Sport 8 (2005) 294-304
145. Roberts W.O., Brust J.D., Leonard B., et al. Fair-play rules and injury reduction in ice hockey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 150 (1996) 140-145