Rocking the cradle to rocking the world: The role of Muslim female fighters

Journal of International Women's Studies

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 21-35

  Ali, Farhana ^a  

^a RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845460348     PISSN: 15398706     EISSN: 15398706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Interview with Dr. Marc Sageman, October 2005.
2. Busool, Assad Nimber, Muslim Women Warriors, Chicago: Al Huda Islamic Educational Foundation, 1995, pp. 34-35 and 64.
3. Dr. Louay Fatoohi, Jihad in the Qur'an: The Truth From The Source, Malaysia: A.S. Noordeen. 2002. p. 39-40.
4. Qu'ran, 2:190.
5. Shaltut, Mahmud, "The Koran and Fighting," in Bernard and Lwry, pp. 74-79.
6. David Cook, Understanding Jihad, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press: 2005. p. 93.
7. Mathout, Maher, Jihad vs. Terrorism, Los Angeles: Multimedia Vera International, 2002, p. 49.
8. Aired by the Doha-based Arabs news service, Al Jazirah. July 2005.
9. Afghanistan: Usama Bin Ladin's Former Bodyguard on Al-Qa'ida Organization," London Al Quds Al Arabi, 29 March 2005, p. 17. GMP20050330000064
10. Definition of terrorism by terrorismfiles.org, http:// www.terrorismfiles.org/encyclopaedia/terrorism.html
11. Hathout, pp. 65-66.
12. Qur'an, 2:143.
13. Two female suicide bombers killed themselves and three US Army Rangers at a checkpoint in western Iraq. One of the women appeared to be pregnant, and as she exited the vehicle, she screamed for assistance, according to a US military officer. This attack by Iraqi women was the second attack in less than a week. Liz Sly and Hugh Dellios, Tribue foreign correspondents, "Women kill 3 Rangers in suicide bombing," 5 April 2003. www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationsworld/
14. "Woman suicide bomber strikes Iraq," http://news.bbc.co.uk/1 /hi/world/ middle_east/4289168.stm
15. Email correspondence with a counterterrorism expert, September 2005.
16. "Attacks injure nine in Egypt," Columbia Daily Tribune, published 1 May 2005. http://www.showmenews.com/2005/May /20050501News020.asp
17. IWPR Staff in Central Asia, "Uzbekistan: Affluent Suicide Bombers," RCA No. 278, 20 April 2004.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Busool, Assad Nimer, Muslim Women Warriors, Chicago, Illinois: Al Huda, 1995. p.35-37
22. Ibid, pp. 34-35.
23. Davis, Joyce. Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance and Despair in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave MacMillian. 2003. p. 68.
24. Davis, pp.68-72.
25. Jennifer Plyler interview with Hanadi Loubani, founding member of Women for Palestine. "Palestinian Women's Political Participation," WHRnet, 23 November 2003. www.whrnet.org/docs /interview-loubani-0311.html.
26. Eileen MacDonald, Shoot the Women First, p.8
27. Tabari, Tafsir, Dar al-Fikr edn, vol. 22, p. 10.
28. Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, sura 33, verse 35.
29. Mernissi, p. 119.
30. Cunningham, Karla, "Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26:171-195, 2003. (p. 172)
31. MacDonald, Eileen, Shoot The Women First, London: UK: Fourth Estate Limited, 1991. Pp. 74-75.
32. Ibid. p. 75.
33. Ibid
34. Leila Khaled, a member of the Marxist group, The Palestine Front For the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), became widely known after her role in a series of airline hijackings in 1969-1970. She is most famously known for leading a daring hijacking of four airlines on 6 September 1970, which resulted in the destruction of three aircraft and her own capture.
35. Westerman, Toby. "Cheerleader for female suicide bombers," WorldNetDaily.com. 31 January 2002.
36. Al-Muslimah, February 2004.
37. Lustwick, Ian S., "Terrrism in the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Targets and Audiences," in Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1995. p. 536.
38. Bloom, Mia, Dying To Kill, Columbia University Press: New York, 2005. p. 39
39. Interview with Dr. Marc Sageman, October 2005.
40. "Al-Qa'ida's Women Organization 'Commander' on Women's Role in Jihad," Al Sharq Al Awsat, 12 March 2003. p. 3. GMP200303120000069.
41. Strategic Arabic Translations, Al Khansaa, August 2004.
42. Abu Hajir was killed by Saudi security forces in June 2004.
43. 'Ask the Scholar," IslamOnline.net. 21 May 2003. www.islamonline.net
44. "Salafi Jihadi Trend Theorist Turns against Al Qaeda and Issues a Religious Opinion of the Imipermissibility of Suicidal Operations," Al Sharq Al Awsat, 2 September 2005. News from Al Mendhar. www.almendhar.com
45. "Debating the Religious, Political and Moral Legitimacy of Suicide Bombings," MEMRI - No. 53, 2 Ma 2001. http://memri.org
46. "Ask the Scholar," IslamOnline.net, 22 March 2004. www.islamonline.net
47. "Ask the Scholar," IslamOnline.net, 22 March 2004. www.islamonline.net
48. "The Union of Good", www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/2_05 /funds_f.htm
49. Abualrub, Pp. 209-211.
50. Verse 32.
51. Interview with female Muslim professor in the United States who teaches courses on Islam and gender. September 2005.
52. Interview with Muslim female academic in the United States, September 2005.
53. Ahmed, Akbar, Islam Under Siege, Polity Press: Malden, MA, 2003. pp. 154-155.
54. Ahmed, Al-Haj Moinuddin, The Urgency of Ijtihad, Kitab Bhavan: New Delhi, India, 1992, pp. 122-123.
55. Qur'an, Verse Ar-Ra'd, 13:11
56. E-mail correspondence with Muslim female professor in the US. September 2005.
57. Akbar, Ahmad, pp. 155-156.
58. For more information on this worldview, see Graham Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2003, pp.54-56.
59. Zedalis, Debra D., Female Suicide Bombers, June 2004. http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi
60. Informal conversations with the Ministry of Interior in the Netherlands. September 2005.
61. French for "it doesn't work."
62. Hoffman, Bruce, "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 291, no. 5, June 2003, pp. 46-47.
63. Baker, Peter, "New Stage of Fear For Chechen Women," Washington Post, October 19, 2004. A Section: A12.