Survival of adult female elk in yellowstone following wolf restoration

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 70, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1372-1378

  Evans, Shaney B ^a   Mech, L David ^a,b   White, P J ^c   Sargeant, Glen A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Canis lupus; Cervus elaphus; Elk; Hunting; Mortality; Predator prey; Radiotelemetry; Survival; Wolves; Yellowstone

Indexed keywords

CANID; DEER; MORTALITY; POPULATION GROWTH; RADIOTELEMETRY; SURVIVAL;

MONTANA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WYOMING;

CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CERVUS ELAPHUS; PUMA CONCOLOR; URSUS SP.;

EID: 33845440955     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1372:SOAFEI]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Ballard, W. B., H. A. Whitlaw, B. F. Wakeling, R. L. Brown, J. C. DeVos Jr., and M. C. Wallace. 2000. Survival of female elk in northern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:500-504.
2. Barber, S., L. D. Mech, and P. J. White. 2005. Yellowstone elk calf mortality following wolf restoration: bears remain top predator. Yellowstone Science 13(3):37-44.
3. Boitani, L. 2003. Wolf conservation and recovery. Pages 317-340 in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology and conservation. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
4. Boyce, M. S. 1993. Predicting the consequences of wolf recovery to ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Pages 234-269 in R. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph 22, Denver, Colorado, USA.
5. Boyd, D. K., R. R. Ream, D. H. Pletscher, and M. W. Fairchild, 1994. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:289-295.
6. Bureau, M. J. 1992. Mortality and seasonal distribution of elk in an area recently colonized by wolves. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
7. Carbyn, L. N. 1983. Wolf predation on elk in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:963-976.
8. Cole, E. K., M. D. Pope, and R. G. Anthony. 1997. Effects of road management on movement and survival of Roosevelt elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1115-1126.
9. Cook, R. C., J. G. Cook, and L. D. Mech. 2004. Nutritional condition of northern Yellowstone elk. Journal of Mammalogy 85:714-722.
10. Coughenour, M. B., and F. J. Singer. 1996. Elk population processes in Yellowstone National Park under the policy of natural regulation. Ecological Applications 6:573-583.
11. Crabtree, R. L., and J. W. Sheldon. 1999. Coyotes and canid coexistence. Pages 127-163 in T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, and P. M. Kareiva, editors. Carnivores in ecosystems: the Yellowstone experience. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
12. Despain, D. G. 1990. Yellowstone vegetation. Robert Rinehart, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
13. Eberhardt, L. E., L. L. Eberhardt, B. L. Tiller, and L. L. Caldwell. 1996. Growth of an isolated elk population. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:369-373.
14. Eberhardt, L. L. 2002. A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates. Ecology 83:2841-2854.
15. Farnes, P. E., C. L. Heydon, and K. J. Hansen. 1999. Snowpack distribution across Yellowstone National Park. Final report CA 1268-1-9017, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
16. Freddy, D. J. 1987. The White River elk herd: a perspective, 1960-85. Colorado Division of Wildlife Technical Publication 37, Fort Collins, USA.
17. Garrott, R. A., L. L. Eberhardt, P. J. White, and J. Rotella. 2003. Climate-induced limitation of a large herbivore population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:33-45.
18. Garrott, R. A., J. A. Gude, E. J. Bergman, C. Gower, P. J. White, and K. L. Hamlin. 2005. Generalizing wolf effects across Yellowstone area: a cautionary note. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:1245-1255.
19. Gese, E., and S. Grothe. 1995. Analysis of coyote predation on deer and elk during winter in Yellowstone National Park, WY. American Midland Naturalist 133:36-43.
20. Hamlin, K. L., and M. S. Ross. 2002. Effects of hunting regulation changes on elk and hunters in the Gravelly-Snowcrest Mountains, Montana. Federal Aid Project W-154-R, Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena, USA.
21. Haroldson, M. A., and K. Frey. 2003. Grizzly bear mortalities. Pages 24-28 in C. C. Schwartz and M. A. Haroldson, editors. Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
22. Houston, D. B. 1982. The northern Yellowstone elk. Macmillan, New York, New York, USA.
23. Huggard, D. J. 1993a. Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park: I. Prey species. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:130-139.
24. Huggard, D. J. 1993b. Prey selectivity of wolves in Banff National Park: II. Age, sex, and condition of elk. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:140-147.
25. Knight, R. R., B. M. Blanchard, and P. Schullery. 1999. Yellowstone bears. Pages 51-76 in T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, and P. M. Kareiva, editors. Carnivores in ecosystems: the Yellowstone experience. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
26. Kreeger, T. J., G. D. DelGiudice, and L. D. Mech. 1997. Effects of fasting and refeeding on body composition of captive gray wolves (Canis lupus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:1549-1552.
27. Kunkel, K. E., and D. H. Pletscher. 1999. Species-specific dynamics of cervids in a multipredator ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1082-1093.
28. Kunkel, K. E., T. K. Ruth, D. H. Pletscher, and M. G. Hornocker. 1999. Winter prey selection by wolves and cougars in and near Glacier National Park, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:901-910.
29. Lemke, T. O. 2003. Gardiner late elk hunt annual report. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Livingston, USA.
30. Lemke, T. O., J. A. Mack, and D. B. Houston. 1998. Winter range expansion by the northern Yellowstone elk herd. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 4:1-9.
31. Leptich, D. J., and P. Zager. 1991. Road access management effects on elk mortality and population dynamics. Pages 126-131 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings of Elk Vulnerability Symposium, 10-12 April 1991, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
32. Mack, J. A., and F. J. Singer. 1993a. Using Pop-II models to predict effects of wolf predation and hunter harvests on elk, mule deer, and moose on the northern range. Pages 49-74 in R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22, Denver, Colorado, USA.
33. Mack, J. A., and F. J. Singer. 1993b. Population models for elk, mule deer, and moose on Yellowstone's northern winter range. Pages 270-305 in R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22, Denver, Colorado, USA.
34. Mech, L. D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Natural History, Garden City, New York, USA.
35. Mech, L. D., and R. O. Peterson. 2003. Wolf-prey relations. Pages 131-157 in L. D. Mech, and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
36. Mech, L. D., D. W. Smith, K. M. Murphy, and D. R. MacNulty. 2001. Winter severity and wolf predation on a formerly wolf-free elk herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:998-1003.
37. Murphy, K. M. 1998. The ecology of the cougar (Puma concolor) in the Northern Yellowstone Ecosystem: interactions with prey, bears and humans. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA.
38. National Research Council. 2002. Ecological dynamics on Yellowstone's northern range. National Academy, Washington, D.C., USA.
39. Northern Yellowstone Cooperative Wildlife Working Group. 2003. Annual report. Unpublished report issued October 27, 2003, by the National Park Service (Yellowstone National Park), Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, U.S. Forest Service (Gallatin National Forest), and U.S. Geological Survey (Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center). Copy on file at the Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
40. Peterson, R. O., and P. Ciucci. 2003. The wolf as a carnivore. Pages 104-130 in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology and conservation. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
41. R Development Core Team. 2005. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 〈http://www.r-project.org/〉. Accessed 2006 Sep 13.
42. Singer, F. J., W. Schreir, J. Oppenheim, and E. O. Garton. 1989. Drought, fires and large mammals. BioScience 39:716-722.
43. Smith, D. W., T. D. Drummer, K. M. Murphy, D. S. Guernsey, and S. B. Evans. 2004a. Winter prey selection and estimation of wolf kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1995-2000. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:153-166.
44. Smith, D. W., R. O. Peterson, and D. B. Houston. 2003. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53:330-340.
45. Smith, D. W., D. R. Stahler, and D. S. Guernsey. 2004b. Yellowstone Wolf Project: annual report, 2003. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources YCR-NR-2004-04, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
46. Taper, M. L., and P. J. P. Gogan. 2002. The northern Yellowstone elk: density dependence and climatic conditions. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:106-122.
47. Unsworth, J. W., L. Kuck, M. D. Scott, and E. O. Garton. 1993. Elk mortality in the Clearwater drainage of northcentral Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:495-502.
48. Varley, N., and M. S. Boyce. 2006. Updating model projections for Yellowstone wolf recovery. Ecological Modelling 193:315-339.
49. Vucetich, J. A., D. W. Smith, and D. R. Stahler. 2005. Influence of harvest, climate and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004. Oikos 111:259-270.
50. White, G. C. 1985. Survival rates of wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA. Royal Society of New Zealand, Biology of Deer Production 22:51-54.
51. White, P. J., and R. A. Garrott. 2005. Northern Yellowstone elk after wolves. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:942-955.
52. White, P. J., R. A. Garrott, and L. L. Eberhardt. 2003. Evaluating the consequences of wolf recovery on Northern Yellowstone elk. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources YCR-NR-20040-02, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.
53. Wright, G. J., R. O. Peterson, D. W. Smith, and T. O. Lemke. 2006. Selection of northern Yellowstone elk by gray wolves and hunters. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:in press.