Cultural barriers to the disclosure of child sexual abuse in Asian communities: Listening to what women say

British Journal of Social Work

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 1361-1377

  Gilligan, Philip ^a   Akhtar, Shamim ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Project Jyoti at Bradford Rape Crisis   (United Kingdom)

^c FSU Bradford's Alma Street Project ^*

Author keywords

Asian communities; Bradford; Cultural competence; Izzat; Sexual abuse

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845413340     PISSN: 00453102     EISSN: 1468263X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bch309     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ahmad, B. (1990) Black Perspectives in Social Work, Birmingham, Venture Press.
2. Alexander, Z. (1999) Study of Black, Asian and Ethnic Minority Issues, Department of Health. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/07/35/11/ 04073511.pdf
3. Al-Krenawi, A. and Graham, J. R. (2000) 'Islamic theology and prayer: relevance for social work practice', International Social Work, 43(3), pp. 289-304.
4. Al-Radi, O. M. and Al-Mahdy, M. A. (1989) 'Group therapy: an Islamic approach', Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 26(4), pp. 273-276.
5. Amnesty International (1999) Pakistan: Honour Killings of Girls and Women, Available at: http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/AS A330181999ENGLISH/ $File/ASA3301899.pdf
6. Anwar, M. (1998) Between Cultures: Community and Change in the Lives of Young Asians, London, Routledge.
7. Avan, G. (1995) Perceived Health Needs of Black and Ethnic Minority Women: An Exploratory Study, Community Support Unit, Glasgow Healthy City Project.
8. Back, L. (1996) New Ethnicities and Urban Culture, London, UCL Press.
9. Barn, R., Sinclair, R. and Ferdinand, D. (1997) Acting on Principle: An Examination of Race and Ethnicity in Social Services Provision for Children and Families, London, British Association for Adoption and Fostering.
10. Barter, C. (1999) Protecting Children from Racism and Racial Abuse, London, NSPCC.
11. Berliner, L. and Conte, R. (1995) The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children', Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, pp. 371-384.
12. Bernard, C. (2001) Constructing Lived Experiences: Representations of Black Mothers in Child Sexual Abuse Discourses, Aldershot, Ashgate.
13. Bhardwaj, A. (2001) 'Growing up young, Asian and female in Britain: a report on self-harm and suicide', Feminist Review, 68, pp. 52-67.
14. BEMWS (2002) Hearing the Silent Scream and Listening to the Silent Scream: Report of Two Seminars Addressing Gender-based Violence Against Black and Ethnic Minority Women, Glasgow, Black and Ethnic Minority Women's Health Sub-group, Glasgow Healthy City Partnership.
15. Bradford FSU (1998) Report of a Research Project to Evaluate the Needs of Asian Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused in Bradford, Bradford Family Service Unit.
16. Bradford FSU (2003) Protect Children from Sexual Abuse, Bradford Family Service Unit.
17. Brah, A. (1996) Cartographies of Diaspora, London, Routledge.
18. Brophy, J., with Bates, P., Brown, L., Cohen, S., Radcliffe, R. and Wale, C. J. (1999a) Expert Evidence in Child Protection Litigation: Where do We Go from Here?, London, The Stationery Office.
19. Brophy, J., Wale, C.J. and Bates, P. (1999b) Myths and Practices: A National Survey of the Use of Experts in Child Care Proceedings, London, British Association for Adoption and Fostering.
20. Cantle, T. (2001) Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team, London, Home Office.
21. Cameron, G., Freymond, N., Cornfield, D. and Palmer, S. (2001) Positive Possibilities for Child and Family Welfare: Options for Expanding the Anglo-American Child Protection Paradigm, Partnership for Children and Families Project, Wilfred Laurier University, Canada. Available at http://www.wlu.ca/ ~wwwfsw/cura/pdf/theme_papers/positive.pdf
22. Carby, H. (1992) 'White women listen! Black feminism and the boundaries of sisterhood", in The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain, London, Hutchinson.
23. Cheetham, J. (ed.) (1982) Social Work and Ethnicity, London, George Allen & Unwin.
24. Chew-Graham, C., Bashir, C., Chantler, K., Burman, E. and Batsieer, J. (2002) 'South Asian women, psychological distress and self-harm: lessons for primary care trusts', Health and Social Care in the Community, 10(5), pp. 339-347.
25. Children's Society/Safe On The Streets Research Team (1999) Still Running: Children on the Streets in the UK, London, Children's Society.
26. Corby, B. (2000) Child Abuse: Towards a Knowledge Base, Buckingham, Open University Press.
27. Cressey, G. (2002) 'Followers of tradition, products of hybridity or bearers of change: British Pakistani and Kashmiri young people", Sociale Wetenschappen (Social Sciences), 45(2), Tilburg University. Also available at http://spitswww.uvt.nl/web/FSW/ tijdschrift/Vinken/cress.pdf
28. Darr, A. (2001) The Underrepresenation of Asian Students on Nursing, Radiography and Physiotherapy Courses, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Applied Social Studies, University of Bradford.
29. Debbonaire, T. R. (1998) Responding with Respect: An Information and Good Practice Guide for Responding to Black Women Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence, Hammersmith and Fulham Community Safety Unit and Domestic Violence Forum.
30. Department for Education and Skills (2004) Referrals, Assessments, and Children and Young People on Child Protection Registers, England - Year Ending 31 March 2003, London, The Stationery Office. Also available at http://www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/ DB/VOL/v000444/vol2-2004cpr.pdf
31. DETR (2000) Indices of Deprivation 2000: Ward Indices, Available via http://www.dft.gov.uk/ stellent/groups/odpm_urbanpolicy/documents/page/ odpm_urbpol_608140.hcsp
32. Denham, J. (2001) Building Cohesive Communities, London, Home Office.
33. Dosanjh, J. S. and Ghuman, P. A. S. (1996) Child-rearing in Ethnic Minorities, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters.
34. Drury, B. (1996) 'Sikh girls and the maintenance of an ethnic culture', New Community, 17(3), pp. 387-398.
35. fsu Investing in Families (2005) www.fsu.org.uk
36. Finkelhor, D. (1986) A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse, Beverley Hills, Sage.
37. Fontes, L. (1995) Sexual Abuse in Nine North American Cultures, Thousand Oaks, Sage.
38. Futa, K. T., Hsu, E. and Hansen, D. J. (2001) 'Child sexual abuse in Asian American families: an examination of cultural factors that influence prevalence, identification, and treatment', Clinical Psychology, 8(2), pp. 189-209.
39. Ghate, D. and Spencer, L. (1995) The Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse, London, HMSO.
40. Ghuman, P. (1999) Asian Adolescents in the West, Leicester, BPS Books.
41. Gibbons, J., Conroy, S. and Bell, C. (1995) Operating the Child Protection System, London, HMSO.
42. Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J. and Sanghera, J. (2004) 'A focus group exploration of the impact of izzat, shame, subordination and entrapment on mental health and service use in South Asian women living in Derby' Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 7(2), pp. 109-130.
43. Gill, A. (2003) 'Faces of honour...', safe The Domestic Violence Quarterly, 5, pp. 22-24, Bristol, Women's Aid Federation of England.
44. Gilligan, P. A. (2003) 'It isn't discussed. Religion, belief and practice teaching: missing components of cultural competence in social work education', Journal of Practice Teaching in Health and Social Work, 5(1), pp. 75-95.
45. Gilligan, P. A. with Akhtar, S. (2005) 'Child sexual abuse amongst Asian communities: developing materials to raise awareness in Bradford', Practice, 17(4).
46. Gilligan, P. A. and Furness, S. (2005) 'The role of religion and spirituality in social work practice: views and experiences of social workers and students', British Journal of Social Work, in press.
47. Gilroy, P. (1993) The Black Atlantic, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
48. Hall, E. T. (1976) Beyond Culture, New York, Doubleday.
49. Hall, S. (1992a) 'New ethnicities', in Donald, J. and Rattansi, A. (eds), Race, Culture and Difference, London, Sage.
50. Hall, S. (1992b) 'The question of cultural identity', in Hall, S., Held, D. and McGrew, T. (eds), Modernity and its Futures, Cambridge, Polity, Blackwell and the Open University Press, pp. 273-325.
51. Hofstede, G. (1984) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, London, Sage.
52. Humphreys, C., Atkar, S. and Baldwin, N. (1999) 'Discrimination in child protection work: recurring themes in work with Asian families', Child and Family Social Work, 4(4), 283-291.
53. Kenny, M. C. and McEachern, A. G. (2000) 'Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors of child-hood sexual abuse: a review of the literature", Clinical Psychology Review, 20(7), pp. 905-922.
54. La Fontaine, J. (1990) Child Sexual Abuse, Cambridge, Polity.
55. Lewis, P. (2002) Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims, London, I. B. Tauris & Co.
56. Maududi, S. A. (1987) Purdah and the Status of Women in Islam, Lahore, Islamic Publications Ltd. A summary of Chapter 12 'The social system of Islam' is available at www.muslim-canada.org/purdah.pdf
57. Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey, J., Nazroo, J., Smith, P., Virdee, S. and Beishon, S. (1997) Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage: Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, London, PSI.
58. Moghal, N., Nota, I. and Hobbs, C. (1995) 'A study of sexual abuse in an Asian community', Archives of Disease in Childhood, 72, pp. 346-347.
59. Monck, E., Bentovim, A., Goodall, G., Hyde, C., Lewin, R., Sharland, E. with Elton, A. (1995) Child Sexual Abuse: A Descriptive & Treatment Study, London, HMSO.
60. Monck, E. and New, N. (1996) Report of a Study of Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents, and of Young Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse who Were Treated in Voluntary Agency Community Facilities, London, HMSO.
61. Morris, J. (1997) The Changing Face of Women in Bangladesh, Available at http:// www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/PUBS/SLANT/SPRING97/morris.htm
62. National Statistics (2003) Census 2001: National report for England and Wales, London, The Information Management Company. Also available online at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ census2001
63. National Statistics/Department of Education and Skills (2004) Children in Need in England: Results of a Survey of Activity and Expenditure as Reported by Local Authority Social Services' Children and Families Teams for a Survey Week in February 2003: Local Authority Tables and Further National Analysis. Available at http://www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/VOL/v000451/CINIE20004_final. pdf
64. NCCR (NGO's Coalition on Child Rights-North West Frontier Province)/UNICEF (1999) Community Perceptions of Male Child Sexual Abuse in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Available at www.crin.org/docs/resoures/ publications/SexAbusel.pdf
65. O'Dell, L. (2003) 'The "harm" story in child sexual abuse', in Reavey, P. and Warner, R. New Feminist Stories of Child Sexual Abuse: Sexual Scripts and Dangerous Dialogues, London, Routledge.
66. O'Hagan, K. (1999) 'Culture, cultural identity, and cultural sensitivity in child and family social work', Child and Family Social Work, 4(4), pp. 269-281.
67. O'Neale, V. (2000) Excellence Not Excuses: Inspection of Services for Ethnic Minority Children and Families, London, Department of Health Publications. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/05/78/24/04057824. pdf
68. Patel, D. (1991) 'Asian women's experiences of child sexual abuse: an initial project', unpublished project, University of East London.
69. Qureshi, T., Berridge, D. and Wenman, H. (2000) Where to Turn: Family Support for South Asian Communities - A Case Study, London, National Children's Bureau.
70. Race, T. (1999) 'Hide and seek', Community Care, 19 August, 1286, 25.
71. Roberts, J. and Taylor, C. (1993) 'Sexually abused children and young people speak out', in Waterhouse, L. (ed.), Child. Abuse and. Child Abuser: Protection and Prevention, London, Jessica Kingsley.
72. Robinson, L. (1995) Psychology for Social Workers: Black Perspectives, London, Routledge.
73. Stuart, M. and Baines, C. (2004) Safeguards for Vulnerable Children: Three Studies on Abusers, Disabled Children and Children in Prison, York, The Joseph Rowntree Trust, Available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/ 1859352278.pdf.
74. Tyler, E. B. (1865) Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilisation, London, John Murray.
75. Utting, W. (1997) People Like Us: The Report of the Review of Safeguards for Children Living Away from Home, London, The Stationery Office.
76. Warrier, S. (1994) 'Gujarati Prajaapatis in London: family roles and sociability networks', in Ballard, R. (ed.), Desh Pardesh: The South Asian Presence in Britain, London, Hurd.
77. Werbner, P. and Modood, T. (eds) (1997) Debating Cultural Hybridity, London, Zed Books.