Studies of advanced stages of meditation in the Tibetan Buddhist and Vedic traditions. I: A comparison of general changes

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 513-521

  Hankey, Alex ^a  

^a Hethe House   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Buddhism; Cognition; EEG; Enlightenment; Meditation; Transcendental meditation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; BRAIN FUNCTION; CHINA; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; MEDITATION; MENTAL FUNCTION; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIGION; SENSORY EVALUATION; TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION;

EID: 33845391978     PISSN: 1741427X     EISSN: 17414288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel040     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alexander CN, Langer EJ (eds). Higher Stages of Human Development: Perspectives on Adult Growth. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Orme-Johnson DW. Medical Care Utilisation and the Transcendental Meditation Programme. Psychocomatic Medicine 1987;49:493-507.
3. Herron RE, Hillis SL. The Impact of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Government Payments to Physicians in Quebec: An Update. The American Journal of Health Promotion 2000;14:284-91.
4. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and TCM: a Comparative Overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005;2:465-73.
5. Hankey A. CAM and the Phenomenology of Pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2006;3:139-41.
6. Adams JD, Garcia C. The Advantages of Traditional Chumash Healing. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005;2:19-23.
7. Adams JD, Garcia C. Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2006;3:459-63.
8. Six Yogas of naropa and niguma. Available at: www.maha-kala.com/archive/ naropa/ naropa101.htm.
9. Patanjali, Yoga Sutras (date unknown). Tr. Shearer A. Effortless Being: the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. London: Wildwood House, 1982.
10. Barinaga, M. Buddhism and neuroscience. Studying the well-trained mind. Science 2003;302:44-6.
11. Blake R, Logothetis N. Visual competition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;3:13-21.
12. Mitchell J, Stoner G, Reynolds J. Object-based attention determines dominance in binocular rivalry. Nature 2004;429:410-3.
13. Carter OL, Presti DE, Callistemon A, Ungerer Y, Liu GB, Pettigrew JD, Meditation alters perceptual rivalry in Tibetan Buddhist monks. Curr Biol 2005;15:R412-3.
14. Newberg A, Alavi A, Baime M, Pourdehnad M, Santanna J, d'Aquili E. The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 2001;106:113-22.
15. d'Aquili, Newberg A. Religious and Mystical States: A Neuropsychological Substrate. Zygon 1993;28:177-200.
16. Lehmann D, Faber PL, Achermann P, Jeanmonod D, Gianotti RR, Pizzagalli D. Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-induced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self. Psychiatry Res 2001;108:111-21.
17. Badawi K, Wallace RK, Orme-Johnson DW, Rouzere AM. Electrophysiologic characteristics of respiratory suspension periods occurring during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine 1984;46:267-76.
18. Levine PH, Hebert JR, Haynes CT, Strobel U. EEG Coherence during the Transcendental Meditation Technique. Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow J. (eds). Paper 20 pps 187-207 Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program Collected Papers Vol. I 2nd edn. Seelisberg: MERU Press, 1977.
19. Orme-Johnson DW, Haynes CT. EEG phase coherence, pure consciousness, creativity and TM-Sidhi experiences. Int J Neurosci 1981;13:211-7.
20. Orme-Johnson DW, Clements G, Haynes CT, Badaoui K. Higher states of consciousness, EEG coherence, creativity and experiences of the Sidhis. Paper 102, pps. 705-712. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow J. (eds) Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program Collected Papers Vol. I 2nd edn. Seelisberg: MERU Press, 1977.
21. Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW, Wallace RK. Frontal EEG Coherence, H-reflex recovery, concept learning and the TM-Sidhi program. Int J Neurosci 1981;15:151-7.
22. Orme-Johnson DW, Granieri B. The effects of the Age of Enlightenment Governor Training Courses on field independence, creativity, intelligence and behavioral flexibility. Paper 103, pps. 713-718. In: Orme-Johnson D.W., Farrow J. (eds) Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program Collected Papers Vol. I 2nd edn. Seelisberg: MERU Press, 1977.
23. Osrme-Johnson DW, Walton KG. All approaches to preventing and reversing the effects of stress are not the same. Am J Health Promot 1998;12:297-9.
24. Eppley K, Abrams A, Shear J. Differential Effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 1989;45:957-974.
25. Alexander CN, Gelderloos P, Rainforth MV. Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: a conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. J Soc Behav and Personal 1991;6(5):189-247.
26. Alexander CN, Langer EJ, Davies JL, Chandler HM, Newman RI. Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. J Personal Soc Psychol 1989;57(6):950-64.
27. Eisenberg DM, Delbanco TL, Berkey CS, Kaptchuk TJ, Kupelnik B, Kuhl J, and Chalmers T. Cognitive Behavioral Techniques for Hypertension: Are they effective? Ann Int Med 1993;118:964-72.
28. Barnes VA, Treiber FA, Turner JR, Davis H, Strong WB. Acute effects of Transcendental Meditation on hemodynamic functioning in middle aged adults. Psychosom Med 1999;65:525-31.
29. Clements G, Milstein SL. Auditory Thresholds in Advanced Participants in the Transcendental Meditation Program. Paper 104, pps. 719-722. In Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow J. (eds) Scientific Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program Collected Papers Vol. I 2nd edn. Seelisberg: MERU Press, 1977.
30. Lyubimov NN. Changes in Electroencephalogram and Evoked Potentials during Application of the Specific Form of Physiological Training (Meditation). Human Physiol 1998;25:171-80.
31. Hankey A. Brain Scientist advocates use of Transcendental Meditation on nation wide scale. TM NEWS UK, August 1989: 6 (available from author).
32. Ewing G, Ewing E, Hankey A. Virtual Scanning: a new method of health assessment and treatment. Part I: Assessment. J Alternat Complement Med (to be published).
33. Wallace RK, Dillbeck M, Jacobe E, Harrington B. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program on the Aging process. Int J Neurosci 1982;16:53-8.
34. Morgan RF, Fevens SK. Reliability of the Adult Growth Examination: a standardized test of individual aging. Percept Motor Skills 1972;34:415-9.
35. Clements G, Clements D. Research findings on the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme indicating a halting or reversal of the Ageing process. In Science Consciousness and Ageing. Proceedings of the international conference, 19-20 January 1980. Seelisberg: MERU Press, 1980.
36. Glaser JL, Brind JL, Eisner MJ, Dillbeck MC, Vogelman JH, Wallace RK. Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in older practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. AGE 1987;10:160.
37. Barnes VA, Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Rainforth MV, Salerno JW, Kondwani K, Staggers F. Impact of the Transcendental Meditation program on the mortality of older African Americans eight-year follow-up. J Soc Behav Pers 2004;Special Issue: 201-16.
38. Schneider RH, et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons >=55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:1060-4.
39. Alexander CN, Davies JL, Dixon CA, Dillbeck MC, Oetzel RM, Druker SM, Muehlman JM, Orme-Johnson DW. Growth of higher stages of consciousness: Maharishi's Vedic Psychology of human development. In: Alexander CN, and Langer EJ (eds) Higher Stages of Human Development: Perspectives on Adult Growth (pp. 286-341). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Travis F, Tecce JJ, Guttman J. Cortical Plasticity, contingent negative variation and Transcendent Experiences during practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique. Biol Psychol 2000;55:41-55.
41. Sheppard WD. Pretrial EEG coherence as a predictor of semantic processing effects in a lexical decision test. Dissertation Abs Int 1988;49:B3610.
42. Lutz, A, Greischar, LL, Rawlings, NB, Ricard, M, Davidson, R. Long-term meditators self induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:16369-73.
43. Witkin HA, Lewis HB, Hertzmann M, Machover K, Meissner BP, Wapner S. Personality through perception. Harper: New York, 1954.
44. Witkin HA, Oltman PK, Raskin E, Karp SA. Group Embedded Figures Test Manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1971.
45. Abrams AI. A follow-up study on the effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on inmates at Folsom State Prison. Paper 280, pps. 2108-2112. In: Chalmers R, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, Weinless M. (eds) Scientific Research on Maharishi's TranscendentalMeditation and TM-Sidhi Programme Collected Papers Vol. 3, Vlodrop: MERU Press, 1990.
46. Dillbeck MC, Raimondi D, Assimakis PD, Rowe R, Orme-Johnson DW. The longtitudinal effects of the M.I.U. curriculum on intelligence and field independence. Paper 307, pps. 2385-2386. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow J. (eds) Scientific Research on Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme, Collected Papers Vol. 4, Vlodrop: MERU Press, 1991.
47. Aaron A, Orme-Johnson DW, Brubaker P. The Transcendental Meditation program in the college curriculum: a 4-year longtitudinal study of effects on cognitive and affective thinking. Coll Stud J 1981;15:140-6.
48. Cranson RW, Orme-Johnson DW, Dillbeck MC, Jones CH, Alexander CN, Gackenbach J. Transcendental Meditation and improved perfomance on intelligence-related measures: A longitudinal study. Pers Individ Diff 1991;12:1105-16.
49. Jevning R, Wilson AF, Smith WR, Morton ME. Redistribution of blood flow in acute hypometabolic behavior. Am J Phys 1978;235:R89-R92.
50. Jevning R, Wilson AF. Behavioral increase in cerebral blood flow. The Physiologist 1978;21:60.
51. Yamamoto S, Kitamura Y, Yamada N, Nakashima Y, Kuroda S. Medial profrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in the generation of alpha activity induced by transcendental meditation: a magnetoencephalographic study. Acta Med Okayama 2006;60:51-8.
52. Orme-Johnson DW, Gelderloos P. Topographic EEG brain mapping during Yogic Flying. Int J Neurosci 1988;38:427-34.
53. Travis FT, Orme-Johnson DW. EEG coherence and power during Yogic Flying. Int J Neurosci 1990;54:1-12.
54. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Science of Being and Art of Living. Plume: Transcendental Meditation, 2001.
55. Travis FT. Transcendental Meditation technique. In: Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB (eds). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001:1705-6.
56. Puente AE. Psychophysiological Investigations on Transcendental Meditation. Appl Psychol Biofeedback 1981;6:327-42.