Current surgical management of melanoma

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 1569-1583

  Riker, Adam I ^a   Kirksey, Lisa ^a   Thompson, Lee ^b   Morris, Amy ^c   Cruse, C Wayne ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA   (United States)

^b Cancer Surgery of Mobile   (United States)

^c The Center for Dermatology   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Complete lymph node dissection; Cytoreductive surgery; Isolated limb perfusion; Lymphoscintigraph; Melanoma; Multidisciplinary cancer care; Sentinel node; Surgical management

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CANVAXIN; MELPHALAN; PLACEBO; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADD ON THERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; ELECTIVE SURGERY; EXCISION; HUMAN; LIMB PERFUSION; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MELANOMA; MONOTHERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW;

BIOPSY; HUMANS; MELANOMA; PATIENT CARE TEAM; RECURRENCE; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 33845355099     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.11.1569     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Urteaga OB, Pack GT. On the antiquity of melanoma. Cancer 19, 607-610 (1967).
2. Home Sir Everhard. Observations on Cancer. London, UK 48 (1805).
3. Laennec RTH. Sur les melanoses. Bull. Faculte Med. Paris 1, 2 (1812).
4. Norris W. Case of fungoid disease. Edinburgh Med. Surg. J. 16, 562 (1820).
5. Norris W. Eight Cases of Melanosis with Pathological and Therapeutical Remarks on That Disease. Longman, Brown, Green (Eds). Longman and Roberts, London, UK (1857).
6. Pemberton O. Observations on the History, Pathology and Treatment of Cancerous Diseases. Churchill J, London, UK (1858).
7. Eve F. Lecture on melanoma. Practitioner 70, 165 (1903).
8. Handley WS. The pathology of melanotic growths in relation to their operative treatment (II). Lancet 1, 996-1001 (1907).
9. Clark WH Jr. From L, Bernardino EA, Mihm MC Jr. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res. 29, 705-727 (1969).
10. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann. Surg. 172, 902-908 (1970).
11. Breslow A, Cascinelli N, van der Esch EP, Morabito A. Stage I melanoma of the limbs: assessment of prognosis by levels of Invasion and maximum thickness. Tumori 64, 273-278 (1978).
12. Salopek TG, Slade J, Marghoob AA et al. Management of cutaneous malignant melanoma by dermatologists of the American Academy of Dermatology. Survey of biopsy practices of pigmented lesions suspected as melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33, 441-450 (1995).
13. Kanzler MH, Mraz-Gernhard S. Primary cutaneous malignant melanoma and its precursor lesions: diagnostic and therapeutic overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54, 260-276 (2001).
14. Thomas L, Tranchard P, Berard F, Secchi T, Colin C, Moulin G. Semiological value of ABCD criteria in the diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented tumors. Dermatology 197, 11-17 (1998).
15. Weinstock MA. Early detection of melanoma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 284, 886-889, (2000).
16. Nachbar F, Soltz W, Merkle T et al. The ABCD rule of dermatoscopy. High prospective value in the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30, 551-559 (1994).
17. McGovern TW, Litaker MS. Clinical predictors of malignant pigmented lesions. A comparison of the Glasgow seven-point checklist and the American Cancer Society's ABCD of pigmented lesions. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 18, 22-26 (1992).
18. Argenziano G, Soyer H. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions - a valuable toll for early diagnosis of melanoma. Lancet Oncol. 2, 443-449 (2001).
19. Argenziano G, Fabbrocini G, Carli P, DeGiogi V, Sammarco E, Delfino M. Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions. Comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7-point checklist based on pattern analysis. Arch. Dermatol. 134, 1563-1570 (1998).
20. Breslow A. Prognostic factors in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. J. Cut. Pathol. 6, 208-212 (1979)
21. Clark WH Jr, Elder DE, Guerry DT et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 81, 1893-904 (1989).
22. Farmer ER. Why a skin biopsy? Arch. Dermatol. 136, 779-780 (2000).
23. Herlyn M, Ferrone S, Ronai Z, Finerty J, Pelroy R, Mohla S. Melanoma biology and progression. Cancer Res. 61, 4642-4643 (2001).
24. Johnson TM, Sondak VK. Melanoma margins: The importance and need for more evidence-based trials. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 757-766 (2004).
25. Landthaler M, Braun-Falco O, Leitl A, Konz B, Holzel D. Excisional biopsy as the first therapeutic procedure versus primary wide local excision of malignant melanoma. Cancer 64, 1612-1616 (1989).
26. Levi F, Randimbison L, LaVecchia C, Te VC, Frandeschi S. Prognostic factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma in Vaud, Switzerland. Int. J. Cancer 78, 315-319 (1998).
27. Macy-Roberts E, Ackerman AB. A critique of techniques for biopsy of clinically suspected malignant melanomas. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 4, 391-398 (1982).
28. Riker AI, Glass F, Perez I, Cruse CW, Messina J, Sondak VK. Cutaneous melanoma: methods of biopsy and definitive surgical excision. Dermatol. Ther 18, 387-393 (2005).
29. Roses D. Biopsy technique for suspected melanoma. Pigment Cell 7, 8-17 (1985).
30. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 88, 3635-3648 (2001).
31. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients. Validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3622-3634 (2001).
32. Balch CM, Urist MM, Karakousis CP et al. Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate thickness melanomas (1-4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial. Ann. Surg. 218(3), 262-267 (1993).
33. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Ross MI et al. Long term results of a prospective trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8, 101-108 (2001).
34. Khayat D, Rixe O, Martin G et al. Surgical margins in cutaneous melanoma (2 cm versus 5 cm for lesions measuring less than 2.1 mm thick). Cancer 97, 1941-1946 (2003).
35. Cohn-Cedermark G, Rutqvist LE, Andersson R et al. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2 cm versus 5 cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a thickness of 0.8 to 2.0 mm. Cancer 89, 1495-1501 (2000).
36. Tanabe KK, Reintgen DS, Balch CM. Local recurrences and their management. In: Cutaneous Melanoma, Fourth Edition. Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong SJ (Eds). Quality Medical Publishing, St Louis, MO, USA 263-273 (2003).
37. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 1159-1162 (1988).
38. Santinarni M, Maurici A, Patuzzo R et al. Impact of clinical trials on the treatment of melanoma. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 10, 935-947 (2001).
39. Thomas JM, Newton-Bishop J, A'Hern R et al. Excision margins in high-risk malignant melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 757-766 (2004).
40. Heaton KM, Sussman JJ, Gershenwald JE et al. Surgical margins and prognostic factors in patients with thick (>4 mm) primary melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 5, 322-328 (1998).
41. Kenady DE, Brown BW, McBride CM. Excision of underlying fascia with a primary malignant melanoma: effect on recurrence and survival rates. Surgery 92(4), 615-618 (1982).
42. Sondergaard K, Schou G. Therapeutic and clinico-pathological factors in the survival of 1,469 patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. A multivariate regression analysis. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 408(2-3), 249-258 (1985).
43. Cruse CW, Wells KE, Reintgen DS Treatment of the primary in malignant melanoma of the skin. Ann. Plast. Surg. 28, 22-25 (1992).
44. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Ross MI et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1-4mm): Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 7, 87-97 (2000).
45. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, Mackie RM, Belli F. Immediate or delayed dissection of regional nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: a randomized trial. Lancet 351, 793-796 (1998).
46. Morton DL, Hoon DS, Cochran AJ et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early stage melanoma: therapeutic utility and implications of nodal microanatomy and molecular staging for improving the accuracy of detection of nodal micrometastases. Ann. Surg. 238, 538-549 (2003).
47. Johnson TM, Sondak VK, Bichakjian CK, Sabel MS. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: evidence assessment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54, 19-27 (2005).
48. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 976-983 (1999).
49. McMasters KM. What good is sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma if it does not improve survival? Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11, 810-812 (2004).
50. Medalie NS, Ackerman B. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has no benefit for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma metastatic to a lymph node: an assertion based on comprehensive, critical analysis, Part I. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 25, 399-417 (2003).
51. Medalie NS, Ackerman B. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has no benefit for patients with primary cutaneous melanoma metastatic to a lymph node: an assertion based on comprehensive, critical analysis, Part II. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 25, 473-484 (2003).
52. Young SE, Martinez SR, Faries MB, Essner R, Wanek LA, Morton DL. Can surgical therapy alone achieve long-term cure of melanoma metastatic to the regional nodes. Cancer J. 12, 207-211 (2006).
53. Morton DL. Interim analysis of the multicenter selective lymphadenectomy trial (MSLT-I) in clinical stage I melanoma. Presented at: American Society of Clinical Oncology, 14th May (2005).
54. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Gochran AJ et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(13), 1307-1317 (2006).
55. Wong SL, Brady MS, Busam KJ, Coit DG. Results of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thin melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 302-309 (2006).
56. Kalady MF, White RR, Johnson, et al. Thin melanomas: predictive lethal characteristics from a 30-year clinical experience. Ann. Surg. 238, 528-535 (2003).
57. Stitzenberg KB, Groben PA, Stern SL. Indications for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy in patients with thin melanoma (Breslow's thickness < 1 mm). Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11, 900-906 (2004).
58. Sondak VK, Taylor JMG, Sabel MS et al. Mitotic rate and younger age are predictors of sentinel lymph node positivity: lessons learned from the generation of a probabilistic model. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11(3), 247-258 (2004).
59. Kesmodel SB, Karakousis GC, Botbyl JD et al. Mitotic rate as a predictor of sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with thin melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 12, 449-458 (2005).
60. Azzola MF, Shaw HM, Thompson JF et al. Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of 3661 patients from a single center. Cancer 97, 1488-1498 (2003).
61. Puleo CA, Messina JL, Riker AI et al. Sentinel node biopsy for thin melanoma: which patients should be considered? Cancer Control 12, 230-235 (2005).
62. Thompson JF, Shaw HM. Is sentinel lymph node biopsy appropriate in patients with thin melanomas: too early to tell? Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 279-281 (2006).
63. Morton DL, Wanek L, Nizze JA, Elashoff RM, Wong JH. Improved long-term survival after lymphadenectomy of melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Ann. Surg. 214, 491-501 (1991).
64. Warso MA, Das Gupta TK. Melanoma recurrence in a previously dissected lymph node basin. Arch. Surg. 129, 252-255 (1994).
65. Karakousis CP. Therapeutic lymph node dissection in malignant melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 5, 473-478 (1998).
66. Meyer T, Merkel S, Gohl J, Hohenberger W. Lymph node dissection for clinically evident lymph node metastases of malignant melanoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 28, 424-430 (2002).
67. Hughes TM, A'Hern RP, Thomas JM et al. Prognosis and surgical management of patients with palpable inguinal lymph node metastases from melanoma. Br. J. Surg. 87, 892-901 (2000).
68. Shen P, Conforti AM, Essner R, Cochran AJ, Turner RR, Morton DL. Is the node of Cloquet the sentinel node for the iliac/obturator node group? Cancer J. 6(2), 93-97 (2000).
69. Coit DG, Brennan MF. Extent of lymph node dissection in melanoma of the trunk and lower extremity. Arch. Surg. 124, 162-166 (1989).
70. Strobbe LJ, Jonk A, Hart AA et al. The value of Cloquet's node in predicting melanoma nodal metastases in the pelvic lymph node basin. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8(3), 209-214 (2006).
71. Essner R, Scheri R, Kavanagh M et al. Surgical management of the groin lymph nodes in melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node dissection. Arch. Surg. 141, 877-884 (2006).
72. Karakousis CP, Emrich LJ, Rao U. Groin dissection in malignant melanoma. Am. J. Surg. 152, 491-495 (1986).
73. Beitsch P, Balch C. Operative morbidity and risk factor assessment in melanoma patients undergoing inguinal lymph node dissection. Am. J. Surg. 164, 462-466 (1992).
74. Urist MM, Maddox WA, Kennedy JE, Balch CM. Patient risk factors and surgical morbidity after regional lymphadenectomy in 204 melanoma patients. Cancer, 51, 2152-2156 (1983).
75. Tonouchi H, Ohmori Y, Kobayashi M et al. Operative morbidity associated with groin dissections. Surg. Today 34, 413-418 (2004).
76. Creech O, Krementz ET, Ryan RF, Winblad JN. Chemotherapy of cancer: regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit. Ann. Surg. 148, 616-632 (1958).
77. Grunhagen DJ, deWilt JHW, vanGeel AN, Eggermont AMM. Isolated limb perfusion for melanoma patients-a review of its indications and the role of tumor necrosis factor-α. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 32, 371-380 (2006).
78. Cornett WR, McCall LM, Petersen RP et al. Randomized multicenter trial of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with melphalan alone compared with melphalan plus tumor necrosis factor: American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Trial Z0020. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 4196-4201 (2006).
79. Noorda EM, Vrouenraets BC, Nieweg OE, van Coevorden F, Kroon BBR. Isolated limb perfusion: What is the evidence for its use? Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11, 837-845 (2004).
80. Kroon BBR, Noorda EM, Vrouenraets BC, Nieweg OE. Isolated limb perfusion for melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 79, 252-255 (2002).
81. Thompson JF, deWilt JHW. Isolated limb perfusion in the management of patients with recurrent limb melanoma: an important but limited role. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8, 564-565 (2001).
82. Thompson JF, Kam PC, Waugh RC et al. Isolated limb infusion with cytotoxic agents: a simple alternative to isolated limb perfusion. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 14, 238-247 (1998).
83. Thompson JF, Kam PC. Isolated limb infusion for melanoma: a simple but effective alternative to isolated limb perfusion. J. Surg. Oncol. 88, 1-3 (2004).
84. Allen PJ, Coit DG. The surgical management of metastatic melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9, 762-770 (2002).
85. Wong SL, Coit DG. Role of surgery in patients with stage IV melanoma. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 16, 155-160 (2004).
86. Essner R, Lee JH, Wanek LA, Itakura H, Morton DL. Contemporary surgical treatment of advanced-stage melanoma. Arch. Surg. 139, 961-967 (2004).
87. Morton DL, Ollila DW, Hsueh EC, Essner R, Gupta RK. Cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant immunotherapy: a new management paradigm for metastatic melanoma. CA Cancer J. Clin. 49, 101-116 (1999).
88. Morton DL. Surgery prolongs survival in stage IV melanoma. Presented at: Society of Surgical Oncology, San Diego, USA (2006).
89. McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(11), 2851-2855 (2001).
90. Wick MR, Patterson JW. Sentinel node biopsies for cutaneous melanoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 29(3), 412-414 (2005).