Universal Pensions for Developing Countries

World Development

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 24-51

  Willmore, Larry ^a  

^a INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

Author keywords

Chile; citizen's pension; non contributory pension; social pension; social security; World Bank

Indexed keywords

CITIZENSHIP; DEVELOPING WORLD; LOW INCOME POPULATION; PENSION SYSTEM; RECOVERY PLAN; SOCIAL SECURITY; TAX SYSTEM; WORLD BANK;

AFRICA; ASIA; AUSTRALASIA; BOLIVIA; BOTSWANA; BRUNEI DARUSSALAM; CHILE; EURASIA; EUROPE; INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS; KOSOVO; MASCARENE ISLANDS; MAURITIUS; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NAMIBIA; NEPAL; NEW ZEALAND; NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC ISLANDS; PACIFIC OCEAN; POLYNESIA; SAMOA; SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO; SOUTH AMERICA; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 33845347077     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.09.008     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. AFP (n.d.). Series estadísticas anuales. Superintendencia de AFP, Información Estadistíca y Financiera. Accessed 02.02.06.
2. Ardington, L., & Lund, F. (1994). Pensions and development: the social security system as a complementary track to programs of reconstruction and development. University of Natal, Durban, South Africa.
3. Arenas de Mesa, A. (2000). Cobertura provisional en Chile: Lecciones y desafíos del sistema de pensiones administrado por el sector privado. Serie Financiamiento del Desarrollo No. 105. Santiago, Chile: United Nations ECLAC.
4. Arenas de Mesa, A., Behrman, J., & Bravo, D. (2004). Characteristics of and determinants of contributions in a private social security system. Working paper 2004-077. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Retirement Research Center.
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2005). Population by age and sex, Australian states and territories. Table 9. Estimated resident population by single year of age. Accessed 19.01.06.
6. Azuara O. Pensión universal en México: Del populismo a la viabilidad fiscal (2005), Friedrich Naumann Foundation and CIDAC, Mexico, DF
7. Barrientos A. Pension reform, personal pensions and gender differences in pension coverage. World Development 26 1 (1998) 125-127
8. Bertranou, F. (2002). Filling the protection gap: the role of minimum pensions and welfare benefits. Prepared for the International Social Security Association seminar, Santiago, Chile, November 21-22.
9. Botswana Daily News Online (1999-2005). Botswana Press Agency, various news releases. http://www.gov.bw.
10. Brooks A.M. SSI annual statistical report 2000 (2001), United States Social Security Administration, Washington, DC
11. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (2000, 2003). Anuario estadístico. http://www.ccss.sa.cr/actuarial/estadist/anuarios.htm.
12. Case, A. (2001). Does money protect health? Evidence from South African pensions. NBER Working paper 84195.
13. Case A., and Deaton A. Large cash transfers to the elderly in South Africa. Economic Journal 108 (1998) 1330-1361
14. Commonweath Treasury (2001). Towards higher retirement incomes for Australians: a history of the Australian retirement income system since Federation. Economic Roundup Centenary Edition, 65-92.
15. Cox, D., Galasso, E., & Jimenez, E. (2006). Demographic private transfers in a cross section of developing countries. Working paper 2006-1. Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
16. Duflo E. Grandmothers and granddaughters: old-age pensions and intrahousehold allocation in South Africa. World Bank Economic Review 17 1 (2003) 1-25
17. Durán Valverde F. Los programas de asistencia social en Costa Rica: El régimen no contributivo de pensiones. In: Bertranou F.M., Solorio C., and van Ginneken W. (Eds). Pensiones no contributivos y asistenciales: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay (2002), International Labour Office, Santiago, Chile 173-219
18. Edwards, S., & Edwards, A. (2000). Economic reforms and labor markets: policy issues and lessons from Chile. NBER Working paper no. 7646.
19. Evans, M. D. R., & Kelley, J. (2004). Assessing age pension options: public opinion in Australia 1994-2001 with comparisons to Finland and Poland. Melbourne Institute Working paper no. 21/04, University of Melbourne.
20. Friedman M. The case for the negative income tax. In: Laird M.R. (Ed). Republican papers (1968), Anchor Books, Garden City, NY 202-219
21. Fultz, E., & Pieris, B (1999). Social security schemes in Southern Afirica: an overview and proposals for future development. Discussion paper no. 11. Harare, Zimbabwe: ILO Southern Africa Multidisciplinary Advisory Team.
22. Gill I.S., Packard T.G., and Yermo J. Keeping the promise of social security in Latin America (2004), World Bank and Stanford University Press, Stanford, California
23. Gillingham, R., & Kanda, D. (2001). Pension reform in India. IMF Working paper WP/01/125.
24. Gillion C., Turner J., Bailey C., and Latulipe D. Social security pensions: development and reform (2000), International Labour Office, Geneva
25. Gomes da Conceição C., and Montes de Oca V. Ageing in Mexico: families, informal care and reciprocity. In: Lloyd-Sherlock P. (Ed). Living longer: Ageing, development and social protection (2004), Zed Books, London 230-248
26. Herd, P. (2005). Does the Supplemental Security Income program reduce disability among the elderly? Working paper no. 05-21. Ann Arbor: National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan.
27. Holzmann, R., Hinz, R., & Staff of the World Bank. (2005). Old-age income support in the 21st century: an international perspective on pension systems and reform. Washington, DC: World Bank.
28. st Century (2001), World Bank, Washington, DC 452-484
29. IMF (2005). Public information notice (Samoa) No. 05/80.
30. India (2000). The project OASIS report. Expert Committee for Devising a Pension System for India. http://www.oasis-india.org.
31. INP (2004). Anuario estadístico 2004. Instituto de Normalización Previsional. http://www.inp.cl/inicio/Anuario_2004/index.htm.
32. James, E. (1999). Coverage under old age security programs and protection for the uninsured-what are the issues? Pensions Publications Online. http://www.worldbank.org.
33. Jensen R. Do private transfers 'displace' the benefits of public transfers? Evidence from South Africa. Journal of Public Economics 88 (2003) 89-112
34. Jensen R., and Richter K. The health implications of social security failure: evidence from the Russian pension crisis. Journal of Public Economics 88 (2003) 209-236
35. Kosovo Ministry of Economy and Finance (2005). Kosovo 2006-2008: medium-term expenditure framework.
36. Laurell A.C. What does Latin American social medicine do when it governs? The case of the Mexico City government. American Journal of Public Health 93 12 (2003) 2028-2031
37. Lloyd-Sherlock P. Old age and poverty in developing countries: new policy challenges. World Development 28 12 (2000) 2157-2168
38. Martinez, S. W. (2005). Pensions, poverty and household investments in Bolivia. http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~martinez/.
39. Mauritius (2005). Government programme 2005-2010. Address by the President of the Republic. http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/Presidentaddress.pdf.
40. Mauritius Central Statistical Office (2002-2003). Historical series-social security. http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/cso/hs/soc/hs.htm.
41. Mesa-Lago C. An appraisal of a quarter-century of structural pension reforms in Latin America. CEPAL Review 84 (2004) 57-81
42. Miguel E. Poverty and witch killing. Review of Economic Studies 72 4 (2005) 1153-1172
43. Moalla-Fetini R., Hatanpää H., Hussein S., and Koliadina N. Kosovo: gearing policies toward growth and development (2005), IMF, Washington, DC
44. Müller, K. (2003). Towards contributory approaches: pension reform in the transition economies. In: Presented at the DSA annual conference, Glasgow, Scotland, September 10-12.
45. New Zealand (2004). The statistical report for the year ending June 2003. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Social Development.
46. O'Connell A. Citizen's pension: lessons from New Zealand (2004), Pensions Policy Institute, London. http://www.pensionspolicyinstitute.org.uk
47. Packard T. Are there positive incentives from privatizing social security? A panel analysis of pension reform in Latin America. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 1 2 (2002) 89-109
48. Palacios, R. J., & Rajan, S. I. (2004). Safety nets for the elderly in poor countries: the case of Nepal. Pension Reform Primer, World Bank.
49. Piggott, J., & Whitehouse, E. (2001). Pensions in paradise: modernizing the Mauritian retirement-income system. Final draft, Ministry of Finance, Port Louis.
50. Preston D. Retirement income in New Zealand: the historical context (2001), Office of the Retirement Commissioner, Wellington, New Zealand
51. RadioTelevisyen Brunei (2003). Brunei to construct $20m rehabilitation centre. http://www.rtb.gov.bn/NewsUpdate/2003/Jun03/030603/main3.htm.
52. Rofman, R. (2005). Social security coverage in Latin America. Social Protection discussion paper no. 0523. Washington, DC: World Bank.
53. Rohter, L. (2006). Chile's candidates agree to agree on pension woes. New York Times, January 10.
54. Sass, S. (2004). Reforming the Australian retirement system: mandating individual accounts. Global brief, No. 2. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
55. Schleberger, E. (2002). Namibia's universal pension scheme: trends and challenges. ESS paper no. 6, ILO.
56. Schmidt-Hebbel K. Does pension reform really spur productivity, saving and growth?. Documento de Trabajo No. 33 (1998), Central Bank of Chile, Santiago
57. Social Security Administration and the International Social Security Association (2004a). Social security programs throughout the world: the Americas 2003. http://www.ssa.gov.
58. Social Security Administration and the International Social Security Association (2004b), Social security programs throughout the world: Europe 2004. http://www.ssa.gov.
59. Social Security Administration and the International Social Security Association (2005), Social security programs throughout the world: Asia and the Pacific 2004. http://www.ssa.gov.
60. St. John S. Retirement income policy in New Zealand. The Economic and Labour Relations Review 15 2 (2005) 217-239
61. St. John S., and Willmore L. Two legs are better than three: New Zealand as a model for old age pensions. World Development 29 8 (2001) 1291-1305
62. Subbarao, K. (1998). Namibia's social safety net: issues and options for reform. Policy research working paper WPS 1996. Washington, DC: World Bank.
63. Taylor Committee (2002). Transforming the present - protecting the future: consolidated report. Pretoria: Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive System of Social Security for South Africa.
64. Tesfaghiorghis, H., & Sermeno, H. (2004). Projections of the number of age pensioners and expenditure: 2004-2021. In: Paper presented at the 12th biennial conference of the Australian Population Association, 15-17 September, Canberra.
65. United Kingdom (2005). Department for Work and Pensions. Review of residency-based pension schemes. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/pub_scheme/2005/mar/rev_res_based_pen_schemes.pdf.
66. United Nations. World population prospects: the 2002 revision (2003), Department for Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York
67. United Nations ESCAP (2005). Asia-Pacific in Figures 2004, updated May 31. http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/apif/index.asp.
68. US Census Bureau (2005). International Data Base, updated April 26.
69. Valdés-Prieto, S. 2002. Social security coverage in Chile, 1990-2001. Background paper for the regional study on social security reform. World Bank, Washington, DC.
70. Willmore, L. (2000). Three pillars of pensions? A proposal to end mandatory contributions. Discussion paper no. 13. New York: United Nations DESA.
71. Willmore, L. (2001). Universal pensions in low-income countries. Initiative for policy dialogue discussion paper IPD-01-05.
72. Willmore, L. (2003). Universal pensions in Mauritius: lessons for the rest of us. Discussion paper no. 32. New York: United Nations DESA.
73. Willmore L. Non-contributory pensions: Bolivia and Antigua in an international context. Financiamiento del Desarrollo series, No. 167 (2006), United Nations ECLAC, Santiago, Chile
74. World Bank (1994). Averting the old age crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.
75. World Bank (1999). Bolivia: Public expenditure review. Report no. 19232-BO.
76. World Bank (2001). Social protection sector strategy: from safety net to springboard. Washington, DC: World Bank.
77. World Bank (2004). Mauritius: modernizing an advanced pension system. Report no. 29588-MU.
78. World Bank & Inter-American Development Bank (2004). Bolivia: public expenditure management for fiscal sustainability and equitable and efficient public services. Report no. 28519.
79. Yoo, K.-Y., & de Serres, A. (2004). Tax treatment of private pension savings in OECD countries and the net tax cost per unit of contribution to tax-favoured schemes. Economics Department working papers no. 406. Paris: OECD.