Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: A congestive myelopathy that initially mimics a peripheral nerve disorder

Brain

Volumn 129, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 3150-3164

  Jellema, K ^a   Tijssen, C C ^a   Gijn, J Van ^b  

^a CPRLab   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Clinical features; Review; Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BUCRILATE; ENBUCRILATE; GLUE; POLYVINYL ALCOHOL;

ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONVENTIONAL ANGIOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FOLLOW UP; GAIT DISORDER; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LAMINECTOMY; LIGATION; MOTONEURON; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADICULOPATHY; RECANALIZATION; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SACRAL SPINAL CORD; SAFETY; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SPINAL CORD ISCHEMIA; SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; VEIN BLOOD FLOW;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MALE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33845337305     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl220     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Afshar JK, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH. Surgical interruption of intradural draining vein as curative treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 196-200.
2. Aggarwal S, Willinsky R, Montanera W, terBrugge K, Wallace MC. Superselective angiography of a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula having a common segmental origin with the artery of Adamkiewicz. Neuroradiology 1992; 34: 352-4.
3. Alleyne CHJ, Barrow DL, Joseph G. Surgical management of angiographically occult spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae (type I spinal arteriovenous malformations): three technical case reports. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: 891-4.
4. Aminoff MJ. Spinal angiomas. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1976.
5. Aminoff MJ, Logue V. Clinical features of spinal vascular malformations. Brain 1974a; 97: 197-210.
6. Aminoff MJ, Logue V. The prognosis of patients with spinal vascular malformations. Brain 1974b; 97: 211-8.
7. Aminoff MJ, Barnard RO, Logue V. The pathophysiology of spinal vascular malformations. J Neurol Sci 1974; 23: 255-63.
8. Anson JA, Spetzler RF. Spinal dural arteriovenous malformations. In: Award IA, Barrow DL, editors. Dural arteriovenous malformations. Park Ridge, IL: American Association of Neurological Surgeons Publications Committee; 1993. p. 175-91.
9. Antoni N. Spinal vascular malformation (angiomas) and myelomalcie. Neurology 1962; 12: 795-804.
10. Arnaud O, Bille F, Pouget J, Serratrice G, Salamon G. Epidural arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary venous drainage: case report. Neuroradiology 1994a; 36: 490-1.
11. Arnaud O, Pelletier J, Dalecky A, Cherif AA, Azulay JP, Salamon G, et al. [Spinal dural fistula with peri-medullar venous drainage]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994b; 150: 713-20.
12. Asakawa H, Yanaka K, Fujita K, Marushima A, Anno I, Nose T. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula showing diffuse MR enhancement of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 2002; 58: 251-7.
13. Asakuno K, Kim P, Kawamoto T, Ogino M. Dural arteriovenous fistula and progressive conus medullaris syndrome as complications of lumbar discectomy. Case report. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: 375-9.
14. Atkinson JLD, Miller GM, Krauss WE, Marsh WR, Piepgras DG, Atkinson PP, et al. Clinical and radiographic features of dural arteriovenous fistula, a treatable cause of myelopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 1120-30.
15. Bamford JM, Sandercock PA, Warlow CP, Slattery J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1989; 20: 828.
16. Barnwell SL, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB, Wilson CB. Multiple dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cranium and spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 441-5.
17. Barrow DL. Spinal cord vascular lesions. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 143-4.
18. Barrow DL, Colohan AR, Dawson R. Intradural perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas (type IV spinal cord arteriovenous malformations). J Neurosurg 1994; 81: 221-9.
19. Bedersen JB, Spetzler RF. Pathophysiology of Type I spinal dural arteriovenous malformations. BNI Quarterly 1996; 12: 23-32.
20. Behrens S, Thron A. Long-term follow-up and outcome in patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. J Neurol 1999; 246: 181-5.
21. Berenstein A, Lasjaunias P. Surgical neuro-angiography: endovascular treatment of spine and spinal cord lesions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992.
22. Berenstein A, Lasjaunias P, Ter Brugge KG. editors. Surgical neuroangiography 2.2. Berlin: Springer; 2004.
23. Bertrand D, Douvrin F, Gerardin E, Clavier E, Proust F, Thiebot J. Diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with multidetector row computed tomography: a case report. Neuroradiology 2004; 46: 851-4.
24. Binkert CA, Kollias SS, Valavanis A. Spinal cord vascular disease: characterization with fast three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 1785-93.
25. Biondi A, Merland JJ, Reizine D, Aymard A, Hodes JE, Lecoz P, et al. Embolization with particles in thoracic intramedullary arteriovenous malformations: long-term angiographic and clinical results. Radiology 1990; 177: 651-8.
26. Borden JA, Wu JK, Shucart WA. A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment. J Neurosurg 1995; 82: 166-79.
27. Bowen BC, Fraser K, Kochan JP, Pattany PM, Green BA, Quencer RM. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation with MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 2029-43.
28. Bradac GB, Daniele D, Riva A, Bracchi M, Stura G, Riccio A, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: an underestimated cause of myelopathy. Eur Neurol 1994; 34: 87-94.
29. Brion S, Netzky MG, Zimmerman HM. Vascular malformations of the spinal cord. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1952; 68: 339-61.
30. Britz GW, Lazar D, Eskridge J, Winn HR. Accurate intraoperative localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae with embolization coil: technical note. Neurosurgery 2004; 55: 252-4.
31. Brunereau L, Gobin YP, Meder JF, Cognard C, Tubiana JM, Merland JJ. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with spinal venous drainage: relation between clinical presentation and angiographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 1549-54.
32. Cahan LD, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Hieshima GB. Variants of radiculomeningeal vascular malformations of the spine. J Neurosurg 1987; 66: 333-7.
33. Cenzato M, Versari P, Righi C, Simionato F, Casali C, Giovanelli M. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: analysis of outcome in relation to pretreatment indicators. Neurosurgery 2004; 55: 815-22.
34. Chaloupka JC, Gobin YP, Guglielmi G, Steichen JD, Vinuela F. Two concurrent spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae in a patient with rapidly progressive myelopathy. A case report. Angiology 1995; 46: 251-7.
35. Chen CJ, Hsu HL. Engorged and tortuous intradural filum terminale vein as a sign of a sacral dural arteriovenous malformation. Eur J Radiol 2002; 44: 152-5.
36. Choi IS. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: the role of PVA embolization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 941-2.
37. Clavier E, Tadie M, Thiebot J, Presles O, Benozio M. Common origin of the arterial blood flow for an arteriovenous medullar fistula and the anterior spinal artery: a case report. Neurosurgery 1986; 18: 660-3.
38. Coats TJ, King TT. The diagnosis of dural spinal vascular malformations. Br J Neurosurg 1991; 5: 609-15.
39. Criscuolo GR, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL. Reversible acute and subacute myelopathy in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas. Foix-Alajouanine syndrome reconsidered. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 354-9.
40. Djindjian R. Neurological examination of spinal cord angiomas. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1972. p. 631-43.
41. Djindjian R. Spinal vascular malformations. J Neurosurg 1976; 45: 727-8.
42. Djindjian M, Djindjian R, Rey A, Hurth M, Houdart R. Intradural extramedullary spinal arterio-venous malformations fed by the anterior spinal artery. Surg Neurol 1977; 8: 85-93.
43. Do HM, Jensen ME, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Dion JE. Dural arteriovenous fistula of the cervical spine presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 348-50.
44. Doppman JL, Di Chiro G, Ommaya A. Obliteration of spinal-cord arteriovenous malformation by percutaneous embolisation. Lancet 1968; 1: 477.
45. Elsberg CA. Diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases of the spinal cord and its membranes. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1916. p. 194-204.
46. Eskandar EN, Borges LF, Budzik RFJ, Putman CM, Ogilvy CS. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: experience with endovascular and surgical therapy. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 162-7.
47. Farb RI, Kim JK, Willinsky RA, Montanera WJ, terBrugge K, Derbyshire JA, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula localization with a technique of first-pass gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography: initial experience. Radiology 2002; 222: 843-50.
48. Foix CH, Alajouanine Th. La myélite nécrotique subaigüe. Rev Neurol 1926; 46: 1-42.
49. Gilbertson JR, Miller GM, Goldman MS, Marsh WR. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: MR and myelographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 2049-57.
50. Goyal M, Willinsky R, Montanera W, terBrugge K. Paravertebral arteriovenous malformations with epidural drainage: clinical spectrum, imaging features, and results of treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 749-55.
51. Grandin C, Duprez T, Stroobandt G, Laterre EC, Mathurin P. Spinal dural arterio-venous fistula: an underdiagnosed disease? Acta Neurol Belg 1997; 97: 17-21.
52. Guillevin R, Vallee JN, Cormier E, Lo D, Dormont D, Chiras J. N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: CT evaluation, technical features, and outcome prognosis in 26 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 929-35.
53. Hall WA, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL. Recanalization of spinal arteriovenous malformations following embolization. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 714-20.
54. Hashimoto H, Iida J, Shin Y, Hironaka Y, Sakaki T. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2000; 7: 64-6.
55. Hassler W, Thron A, Grote EH. Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. An intraoperative study. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 360-70.
56. Hassler W, Thron A. Flow velocity and pressure measurements in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurg Rev 1994; 17: 29-36.
57. Heros RC, Debrun GM, Ojemann RG, Lasjaunias PL, Naessens PJ. Direct spinal arteriovenous fistula: a new type of spinal AVM. Case report. J Neurosurg 1986; 64: 134-9.
58. Hoffman HL. Acute necrotic myelopathy. Brain 1955; 78: 377-94.
59. Holly LT, Batzdorf U. Slitlike syrinx cavities: a persistent central canal. J Neurosurg 2002; 97: 161-5.
60. Houdart R, Djindjian R, Hurth M. Vascular malformations of the spinal cord. The anatomic and therapeutic significance of arteriography. J Neurosurg 1966; 24: 583-94.
61. Houdart E, Redondo A, Saint-Maurice JP, Merland JJ. Natural history of an incidentally discovered spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. Neurology 2001; 57: 742-3.
62. Huffmann BC, Gilsbach JM, Thron A. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: a plea for neurosurgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 135: 44-51.
63. 2-weighted MR images: a reliable imaging sign of venous hypertensive myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 781-6.
64. Hurst RW, Kenyon LC, Lavi E, Raps EC, Marcotte P. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: the pathology of venous hypertensive myelopathy. Neurology 1995; 45: 1309-13.
65. Ikeda H, Fujimoto Y, Koyama T, Fujimoto Y. [A rare case of high cervical spinal cord dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage]. No Shinkei Geka 1994; 22: 1045-8.
66. Jellema K, Canta LR, Tijssen CC, van Rooij WJ, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features in 80 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1438-40.
67. Jellema K, Tijssen CC, Fijnheer R, De Groot PG, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are not associated with prothrombotic factors. Stroke 2004a; 35: 2069-71.
68. Jellema K, Tijssen CC, van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Koudstall PJ, Algra A, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: long-term follow-up of 44 treated patients. Neurology 2004b; 62: 1839-41.
69. Jellema K, Sluzewski M, van Rooij WJ, Tijssen CC, Beute GN. Embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: importance of occlusion of the draining vein. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2: 580-3.
70. Jellema K, Tijssen CC, Sluzewski M, van Asbeck FW, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas - an underdiagnosed disease A review of patients admitted to the spinal unit of a rehabilitation center. J Neurol , 2006; 253: 159-62.
71. Jellinger K, Minauf M, Garzuly F, Neumayer E. [Angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy (report on 7 cases)]. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1968; 211: 377-404.
72. Jones BV, Ernst RJ, Tomsick TA, Tew JJ. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: recognizing the spectrum of magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Spinal Cord Med 1997; 20: 43-8.
73. Kataoka H, Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Ueno Y, Hashimoto N. Intraoperative microdoppler monitoring for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae. Surg Neurol 1999; 52: 466-72.
74. Kataoka H, Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Ueba T, Hashimoto N. Venous congestion is a major cause of neurological deterioration in spinal arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001; 48: 1224-9.
75. Katz JD, Ropper AH. Progressive necrotic myelopathy: clinical course in 9 patients. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 355-61.
76. Kendall BE, Logue V. Spinal epidural angiomatous malformations draining into intrathecal veins. Neuroradiology 1977; 13: 181-9.
77. Khurana VG, Perez-Terzic CM, Petersen RC, Krauss WE. Singing paraplegia: a distinctive manifestation of a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. Neurology 2002; 58: 1279-81.
78. Kim DI, Choi IS, Berenstein A. A sacral dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with an intermittent myelopathy aggravated by menstruation. Case report. J Neurosurg 1991; 75: 947-9.
79. Kim MS, Han DH, Han MH, Oh CW. Posterior fossa hemorrhage caused by dural arteriovenous fistula: case reports. Surg Neurol 2003; 59: 512-6.
80. Kinouchi H, Mizoi K, Takahashi A, Nagamine Y, Koshu K, Yoshimoto T. Dural arteriovenous shunts at the craniocervical junction. J Neurosurg 1998; 89: 755-61.
81. Koch C, Kucinski T, Eckert B, Rother J, Zeumer H. [Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: clinical and radiological findings in 54 patients]. Rofo 2003; 175: 1071-8.
82. Koch C, Gottschalk S, Giese A. Dural arteriovenous fistula of the lumbar spine presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2004; 100: 385-91.
83. Koenig E, Thron A, Schrader V, Dichgans J. Spinal arteriovenous malformations and fistulae: clinical, neuroradiological and neurophysiological findings. J Neurol 1989; 236: 260-6.
84. Kraus JA, Stuper BK, Berlit P. Association of resistance to activated protein C and dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurol 1998; 245: 731-3.
85. Kraus JA, Stuper BK, Nahser HC, Klockgether T, Berlit P. Significantly increased prevalence of factor V Leiden in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurol 2000; 247: 521-3.
86. Krause F. Chirurgie des Gehirns und Ruckenmarks nach eigenen Erfarungen. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1911.
87. Krayenbuhl H, Yasargil MG, McClintock HG. Treatment of spinal cord vascular malformations by surgical excision. J Neurosurg 1969; 30: 427-35.
88. Krings T, Mull M, Reinges MH, Thron A. Double spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2004; 46: 238-42.
89. Lai PH, Pan HB, Yang CF, Yeh LR, Hsu SS, Lee KW, et al. Multi-detector row computed tomography angiography in diagnosing spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: initial experience. Stroke 2005; 36: 1562-4.
90. Lee TT, Gromelski EB, Bowen BC, Green BA. Diagnostic and surgical management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: 242-6.
91. Lev N, Maimon S, Rappaport ZH, Melamed E. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae - a diagnostic challenge. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3: 492-6.
92. Lhermitte J, Fribourg-Blanc, Kyriaco N. La gliose angéio- hypertrophique de la moelle épinière (myélite nécrotique de Foix-Alajouanine). Rev Neurol 1931; 2: 37-52.
93. Li M, Zhang HQ, Zhi XL, Zhang P, Ling F. Surgical interruption of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Chin Med J (Engl) 2005; 118: 433-5.
94. Linden D, Berlit P. Spinal arteriovenous malformations: clinical and neurophysiological findings. J Neurol 1996; 243: 9-12.
95. Logue V. Angiomas of the spinal cord: review of the pathogenesis, clinical features, and results of surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 1-11.
96. Luetmer PH, Lane JI, Gilbertson JR, Bernstein MA, Huston J III, Atkinson JL. Preangiographic evaluation of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas with elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography and effect on radiation dose and volume of iodinated contrast material. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 711-8.
97. Lundqvist C, Berthelsen B, Sullivan M, Svendsen P, Andersen O. Spinal arteriovenous malformations: neurological aspects and results of embolization. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 82: 51-8.
98. Malis LI. Neurological surgery: a comprehensive reference guide to the diagnosis and management of neurosurgical problems. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1982.
99. Mascalchi M, Bianchi MC, Quilici N, Mangiafico S, Ferrito G, Padolecchia R, et al. MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 289-97.
100. Mascalchi M, Cosottini M, Ferrito G, Quilici N, Bartolozzi C, Villari N. Contrast-enhanced time-resolved MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23: 341-5.
101. Mascalchi M, Ferrito G, Quilici N, Mangiafico S, Cosottini M, Cellerini M, et al. Spinal vascular malformations: MR angiography after treatment. Radiology 2001; 219: 346-53.
102. McCutcheon IE, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH. Microvascular anatomy of dural arteriovenous abnormalities of the spine: a microangiographic study. J Neurosurg 1996; 84: 215-20.
103. Meder JF, Devaux B, Merland JJ, Fredy D. Spontaneous disappearance of a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995; 16: 2058-62.
104. Merland JJ, Riche MC, Chiras J. Intraspinal extramedullary arteriovenous fistulae draining into the medullary veins. J Neuroradiol 1980; 7: 271-320.
105. Merland JJ, Assouline E, Rufenacht D, Guimaraens L, Laurent A. Dural spinal arteriovenous fistulae draining into medullary veins: clinical and radiological results of treatment (embolization and surgery) in 56 cases. Excerpta Med Int Congr Ser 1986; 698: 283-9.
106. Morgan MK, Marsh WR. Management of spinal dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 1989; 70: 832-6.
107. Morimoto T, Yoshida S, Basugi N. Dural arteriovenous malformation in the cervical spine presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 118-20.
108. Mourier KL, Gelbert F, Rey A, Assouline E, George B, Reizine D, et al. Spinal dural arteriovenous malformations with perimedullary drainage. Indications and results of surgery in 30 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989; 100: 136-41.
109. N'Diaye M, Chiras J, Meder JF, Barth MO, Koussa A, Bories J. Water-soluble myelography for the study of dural arteriovenous fistulae of the spine draining in the spinal venous system. J Neuroradiol 1984; 11: 327-39.
110. Nichols DA, Rufenacht DA, Jack CRJ, Forbes GS. Embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with polyvinyl alcohol particles: experience in 14 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 933-40.
111. Niimi Y, Berenstein A, Setton A, Neophytides A. Embolization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: results and follow-up. Neurosurgery 1997; 40: 675-82.
112. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL. Spinal arteriovenous malformations. Clin Neurosurg 1988; 34: 161-83.
113. Oldfield EH, Di Chiro G, Quindlen EA, Rieth KG, Doppman JL. Successful treatment of a group of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations by interruption of dural fistula. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 1019-30.
114. Oldfield EH, Bennett A, Chen MY, Doppman JL. Successful management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas undetected by arteriography. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 220-9.
115. Parke WW, Watanabe R. The intrinsic vasculature of the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. Spine 1985; 10: 508-15.
116. Pia HW, Vogelsang H. [Diagnosis and therapy of spinal angioma.] Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 1965; 187: 74-96.
117. Pierot L, Vlachopoulos T, Attal N, Martin N, Bert S, Chiras J. Double spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: report of two cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993; 14: 1109-12.
118. Renowden SA, Molyneux AJ. Case report: spontaneous thrombosis of a spinal dural AVM (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome) - magnetic resonance appearance. Clin Radiol 1993; 47: 134-6.
119. Rosenblum B, Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Di Chiro G. Spinal arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of dural arteriovenous fistulas and intradural AVM's in 81 patients. J Neurosurg 1987; 67: 795-802.
120. Saraf-Lavi E, Bowen BC, Quencer RM, et al. Detection of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae with MR imaging and contrast-enhanced MR angiography: sensitivity, specificity, and prediction of vertebral level. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 858-67.
121. Schick U, Hassler W. Treatment and outcome of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Eur Spine J 2003; 12: 350-5.
122. Scholz W, Wechsler W. [A further contribution to angiodysgenetic necrotizing myelopathy (Foix-Alajouanine disease).] Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1959; 199: 609-29.
123. Sghirlanzoni A, Gemma M, Pareyson D, Cimino C, Boiardi A. Spinal arteriovenous fistula. A possible cause of paraparesis after epidural anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 831-3.
124. Sleiman M, Leclerc X, Lejeune JP, Pruvo JP, Duquesnoy B, Christiaens JL. [Clinical aspects and treatment of dural-spinal arteriovenous fistulas with perimedullary venous drainage. 10 cases.] Neurochirurgie 1999; 45: 276-85.
125. Song JK, Vinuela F, Gobin YP, Song JK, Duckwiler GR, Murayama Y, et al. Surgical and endovascular treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: long-term disability assessment and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 199-204.
126. Spetzler R, Detwiler P, Riina H, Porter R. Modified classification of spinal vascular lesions. J Neurosurg 2002; 96: 145-56.
127. Steinmetz MP, Chow MM, Krishnaney AA, Andrews-Hinders D, Benzel EC, Masaryk TJ, et al. Outcome after the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: a contemporary single-institution series and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 2004; 55: 77-87.
128. Symon L, Kuyama H, Kendall B. Dural arteriovenous malformations of the spine. Clinical features and surgical results in 55 cases. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 238-47.
129. Tacconi L, Lopez Izquierdo BC, Symon L. Outcome and prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. A long-term study. Br J Neurosurg 1997; 11: 298-305.
130. Tadie M, Hemet J, Freger P, Clavier E, Creissard P. Morphological and functional anatomy of spinal cord veins. J Neuroradiol 1985; 12: 3-20.
131. Terwey B, Becker H, Thron AK, Vahldiek G. Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MRimaging of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13: 30-7.
132. Thron A. [Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas.] Radiologe 2001; 41: 955-60.
133. Tsai LK, Jeng JS, Liu HM, Wang HJ, Yip PK. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with or without cerebral sinus thrombosis: analysis of 69 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1639-41.
134. Ushikoshi S, Hida K, Kikuchi Y, Miyasaka K, Iwasaki T, Abe H. Functional prognosis after treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1999; 39: 206-12.
135. van der Meulen MF, Rinkel GJ, Witkamp TD, van Gijn J. A man with progressive weakness in his legs. Lancet 1999; 354: 830.
136. Van Dijk JM, TerBrugge KG, Willinsky RA, Farb RI, Wallace MC. Multidisciplinary management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up in 49 patients. Stroke 2002; 33: 1578-83.
137. Vasdev A, Lefournier V, Bessou P, Dematteis M, Crouzet G. [Intracranial dural fistula with spinal cord venous drainage. Apropos of 2 cases.] J Neuroradiol 1994; 21: 134-54.
138. Vates GE, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Halbach VV, Lawton MT. Conus perimedullary arteriovenous fistula with intracranial drainage: case report. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 457-61.
139. Westphal M, Koch C. Management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae using an interdisciplinary neuroradiological/neurosurgical approach: experience with 47 cases. Neurosurgery 1999; 45: 451-7.
140. Willinsky R, terBrugge K, Lasjaunias P, Montanera W. The variable presentations of craniocervical and cervical dural arteriovenous malformations. Surg Neurol 1990; 34: 118-23.
141. Wyburn-Mason R. The vascular abnormalities and tumours of the spinal cord and its membranes. London: Henry Kimpton; 1943.