Transoesophageal echocardiography in critical care

Minerva Anestesiologica

Volumn 72, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 891-913

  Hüttemann, Egbert ^a  

^a JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Critical care; Echocardiography; Intensive care unit; Transesophageal

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; LIDOCAINE; MIDAZOLAM; OPIATE DERIVATIVE; PROPOFOL; SEDATIVE AGENT;

AGITATION; AORTA DISSECTION; BACTEREMIA; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; ENDOCARDITIS; FATALITY; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM DEFECT; HEART DISEASE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEMATEMESIS; HEMATOMA; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HEPATOPULMONARY SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; HYPOXEMIA; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LUNG EMBOLISM; M MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PHYSICIAN; PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INJURY; REVIEW; SAFETY; THORAX INJURY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CRITICAL CARE; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL; HEART; HUMANS; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC;

EID: 33845317902     PISSN: 03759393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Tuchschmidt JA, Mecher CE. Predictors of outcome from critical illness. Shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Clin 1994:10:179-95.
2. Alam M. Transesophageal echocardiography in critical care units: Henry Ford Hospital experience and review of the literature. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;38:315-28.
3. Bruch C, Comber M, Schmermund A, Eggebrecht H, Bartel T, Ethel R. Diagnostic usefulness and impact on management of transesophageal echocardiography in surgical intensive care units. Am J Cardiol 2003;9: 510-3.
4. Chenzbraun A, Pinto FJ, Schnittger I. Transesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit: impact on diagnosis and decision-making. Clin Cardiol 1994;17:438-44.
5. Colreavy FB, Donovan K, Lee KY, Weekes J. Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002;30:989-96.
6. Font ME, Obarski TP, Klein AL, Bartlett JC, Nemec JJ, Stewart WJ et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the critical care unit. Cleve Clin J Med 1991;58:315-22.
7. Foster E, Schiller NB. The role of transesophageal echocardiography in critical care: UCSF experience. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992;5:368-74.
8. Harris KM, Petrovic O, Davila-Roman VG, Yusen RD, Littenherg B, Barzilai B. Changing patterns of transesophageal echocardiography use in the intensive care unit. Echocardiography 1999;16:559-65.
9. Heidenreich PA, Stainback RE, Redberg RF, Schiller NB, Cohen NH, Foster E. Transesophageal echocardiography predicts mortality in critically ill patients with unexplained hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:152-8.
10. Hüttemann F, Schelenz C, Kara F, Chatzinikolaou K, Reinhart K. The use and safety of transesophageal echocardiography in the general ICU - a minireview. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:827-36.
11. Hwang JJ, Shyu KG, Chen JJ, Tseng YZ, Kuan P, Lien WP. Usefulness of transoesophageal echocardiography in the treatment of critically ill patients. Chest 1993; 104:861-6.
12. Khoury AF, Afridi I, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA. Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients: feasibility, safety, and impact on management. Am Heart J 1994;127:1363-71.
13. McLean AS. Transoesophageal echocardiography in the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 1998;26:22-5.
14. Oh JK, Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Gersh BJ, McGregor CG, Freeman WK et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill patients. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66:1492-5.
15. Pearson AC, Castello R, Labovitz AJ. Safety and utility of transesophageal echocardiography in the critically ill patient. Am Heart J 1990;119:1083-9.
16. Poelaert JI, Trouerbach J, De Buyzere M, Everaert J, Colardyn FA. Evaluation of transesophageal echocardiography as a diagnostic and therapeutic aid in a critical care setting. Chest 1995;107:774-9.
17. Puybasset L, Saada M, Catoire P, Bonnet F. [Contribution of transesophageal echocardiography in intensive care: a prospective assessment]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993;12:17-21.
18. Schmidlin D, Schuepbach R, Bernard E, Ecknauer E, Jenni R, Schmid ER. Indications and impact of postoperative transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med 2001;29:2143-8.
19. Slama MA, Novara A, Van de Putte P, Diebold B, Safavian A, Safar M et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of transesophageal echocardiography in medical ICU patients with unexplained shock, hypoxemia, or suspected endocarditis. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:916-22.
20. Sohn DW, Shin GJ, Oh JK, Tajik AJ, Click RL, Miller FA Jr et al. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in hemodynamically unstable patienis. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:925-31.
21. Vignon P, Mentec H, Terre S, Gastinne H, Gueret P, Lemaire F. Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest 1994;106:1829-34.
22. Wake PJ, Ali M, Caroll J, Siu SC, Cheng DC. Clinical and echocardiographic diagnoses disagree in patients with unexplained hemodynamic instability after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2001;48:778-83.
23. Aviv JE, Di Tullio MR, Homma S, Storper IS, Zschommler A, Ma G et al. Hypopharyngeal perforation near-miss during transesophageal echocardiography. Laryngoscope 2004;114:821-6
24. Han YY, Cheng YJ, Liao WW, Ko WJ, Tsai SK. Delayed diagnosis of esophageal perforation following intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during valvular replacement- a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2003;41:81-4.
25. MacGregor DA, Zvara DA, Treadway RM Jr, Ibdah JA, Maloney JD, Kon ND et al. Late presentation of esophageal injury after transesophageal echocardiography. Anesth Analg 2004;99:41-4.
26. Daniel WG, Erbel R, Kasper W, Visser CA, Engberding R, Sutherland GR et al. Safety of transesophageal echocardiography. A multicenter survey of 10,419 examinations. Circulation 1991;83:817-21.
27. Gendreau MA, Triner WR, Bartfield J. Complications of Iransesophageal echocardiography in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:248-51.
28. Mentec H, Vignon P, Terre S, Cholley B, Roupie E, Legrand P et al. Frequency of bacteremia associated with transesophageal echocardiography in intensive care unit: a prospective study of 139 patients. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1194-9.
29. Görge G, Erbel R, Henrichs KJ, Wenchel HM, Werner HP, Meyer J. Positive blood cultures during transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1404-5.
30. Steckelberg JM, Khandheria BK, Anhalt JP, Ballard DJ, Seward JB, Click RL et al. Prospective evaluation of the risk of bacteremia associated with transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 1991;84:177-80.
31. Shyu KG, Hwang JJ, Lin SC, Tzou SS, Cheng JJ, Kuan P et al. Prospective study of blood culture during transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 1992;124:1541-4.
32. Dhas KL, Hemalatha R, Umesan CV, Verghese S, Sudha B, Mullasari AS. Prospective evaluation of the risk of bacteremia induced by Iransesophageal echocardiography. Indian Heart J 2002;54:181-3.
33. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL et al.; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; American Society of Echocardiography. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation 2003;108:1146-62.
34. Shively BK, Gurule FT, Roldan CA, Leggett JH, Schiller NB. Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:391-7.
35. Flachskampf FA, Daniel WG. Role of transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Heart 2000;84:3-4.
36. Erbel R, Rohmann S, Drexler M, Mohr-Kahaly S, Gerharz CD, Iversen S et al. Improved diagnostic value of echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis by transoesophageal approach. A prospective study. Eur Heart J 1988;9:43-53.
37. Pedersen WR, Walker M, Olson JD, Gobel F, Lange HW, Daniel JA et al. Value of transesophageal echocardiography as an adjunct to transthoracic echocardiography in evaluation of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest 1991;100:351-6.
38. Daniel WG, Mugge A, Grote J, Hausmann D, Nikutta P, Laas J et al. Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am J Cardiol 1993;71: 210-5.
39. Lancellotti P, Galiuto L, Albert A, Soyeur D, Pierard LA. Relative value of clinical and transesophageal variables for risk stratification in patients with infective endocarditis. Clin Cardiol 1998;21:572-8.
40. Daniel WG, Mugge A, Martin RP, Lindert O, Hausmann D, Nonnast-Daniel B et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med 1991;324:795-800.
41. Sanfilippo AJ, Picard MH, Newell JB, Rosas E, Davidoff R, Thomas JD et al. Echocardiographic assessment of patients with infectious endocarditis: prediction of risk for complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1191-9.
42. Heidenreich PA, Masoudi PA, Maini B, Chou TM, Foster E, Schiller NB et al. Echocardiography in patients with suspected endocarditis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Med 1999;107:198-208.
43. Rosen AB, Fowler VG Jr, Corey GR, Downs SM, Biddle AK, Li J et al. Cost-effectiveness of transesophageal echocardiography to determine the duration of therapy for intravascular catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:810-20.
44. Kasper W, Geibel A, Tiede N, Bassenge D, Kauder E, Konstantinides S et al. Distinguishing between acute and subacute massive pulmonary embolism by conventional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 1993;70:352-6.
45. Pruszczyk P, Torbicki A, Pacho R, Chlebus M, Kuch-Wocial A, Pruszynski B et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of suspected severe pulmonary embolism: transesophageal echocardiography vs spiral CT. Chest 1997;112:722-8.
46. Krivec B, Voga G, Zuran I, Skale R, Pareznik R, Podbregar M et al. Diagnosis and treatment of shock due to massive pulmonary embolism: approach with transesophageal echocardiography and intrapulmonary thrombolysis. Chest 1997;112:1310-6.
47. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Blumel L, Just H. Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation 1998;97:1946-51.
48. Comess KA, DeRook FA, Russell ML, Tognazzi-Evans TA, Beach KW. The incidence of pulmonary embolism in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Am J Med 2000;109:351-6.
49. Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Tatineni S, Gomez CR. Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:66-72.
50. Labovitz AJ. Transesophageal echocardiography and unexplained cerebral ischemia: a multicenter follow-up study; the STEPS Investigators, Significance of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Prevention of Recurrent Stroke. Am Heart J 1999;137:1082-7.
51. Mariano MC, Gutierrez CJ, Alexander J, Roth F, Katz S, Kohl RD. The utility of transesophageal echocardiography in determining the source of arterial embolization. Am Surg 2000;66:901-4.
52. Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, Apperson-Hansen C, Asinger RW, Black IW et al.: Assessment of cardioversion using transesophageal echocardiography investigators. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1411-20.
53. Lopez-Candales A. Assessing the aorta with transesophageal echocardiography: update on imaging capabilities with today's technology. Postgrad Med 1999;106:157-72.
54. Willens HJ, Kessler KM. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic aorta: Part II. Atherosclerotic and traumatic diseases of the aorta. Chest 2000;117:233-43.
55. Willens HJ, Kessler KM. Transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic aorta: Part I. Aortic dissection, aortic intramural hematoma, and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the aorta. Chest 1999;116:1772-9.
56. Davila-Roman VG, Murphy SF, Nickerson NJ, Kouchoukos NT, Schechtman KB, Barzilai B. Atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta is an independent predictor of long-term neurologic events and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1308-16.
57. Reichert CL, Visser CA, Koolen JJ, vd Brink RB, van Wezel HB, Meyne NG et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in hypotensive patients after cardiac operations. Comparison with hemodynamic parameters. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:321-6.
58. Chan KL. Transesophageal echocardiography for assessing cause of hypotension after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:1142-3.
59. Pretre R, Chilcott M. Blunt trauma to the heart and great vessels. N Engl J Med 997;336:626-32.
60. Chirillo F, Totis O, Cavarzerani A, Bruni A, Farnia A, Sarpellon M et al. Usefulness of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography in recognition and management of cardiovascular injuries after blunt chest trauma. Heart 1996;75:301-6.
61. Cinnella G, Dambrosio M, Brienza N, Tullo L, Fiore T. Transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of traumatic aortic injuty: an appraisal of the evidence. J Trauma 2004;57:1246-55.
62. Stoddard MF, Longaker RA. The role of transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac donor screening. Am Heart J 1993;125;1676-81.
63. Hüttemann E, Schelenz C, Chatzinikolaou K, Reinhart K. Left ventricular dysfunction in lethal severe brain injury; impact of transesophageal echocardiography on patient management. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:1084-8.
64. Vedrinne JM, Duperret S, Bizollon T, Magnin C, Motin J, Trepo C et al, Comparison of transesophageal and transthoracic contrast echocardiography for detection of an intrapulmonary shunt in liver disease. Chest 1997;111:1236-40.
65. Aller R, Moya JL, Moreira V, Boixeda D, Cano A, Picher J et al. Diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome with contrast transesophageal echocardiography: advantages over contrast transthoracic echocardiography. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:1243-8.
66. Cook CH, Praba AC, Berry PR, Martin LC. Transthoracic echocardiography is not cost-effective in critically ill surgical patients. J Trauma 2002;52:280-4.
67. Reilly JP, Tunick PA, Timmermans RJ, Stein B, Rosenzweig BP, Kronzon I. Contrast echocardiography clarifies uninterpretable wall motion in intensive care unit patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:485-90.
68. Kornbluth M, Liang DH, Brown P, Gessford E, Schnittger I. Contrast echocardiography is superior to tissue harmonics for assessment of left ventricular function in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Heart J 2000;140:291-6.
69. Joseph MX, Disney PJ, Da Costa R, Hutchison SJ. Transthoracic echocardiography to identify or exclude cardiac cause of shock. Chest 2004;126:1592-7.
70. Kaul S, Stratiendko AA, Pollock SG, Marieb MA, Keller MW, Sabia PJ. Value of two-dimensional echocardiography for determining the basis of hemodynamic compromise in critically ill patients: a prospective study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1994;7:598-606.
71. Jardin F, Valtier B, Beauchet A, Dubourg O, Bourdarias JP. Invasive monitoring combined with two-dimensional echocardiographic study in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:550-4.
72. Fontes ML, Bellow W, Ngo L, Mangano DT. Assessment of ventricular function in critically ill patients: limitations of pulmonary artery catheterization. Institution of the McSPI research group. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1999;13:521-7.
73. Costchescu T, Denault A, Guimond JG, Couture P, Carignan S, Sheridan P et al. The hemodynamically unstable patient in the intensive care unit: hemodynamic vs transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring. Crit Care Med 2002;30:1214-23.
74. Poelaert JI, Schupfer G. Hemodynamic monitoring utilizing transesophageal echocardiography: the relationships among pressure, flow, and function. Chest 2005;127:379-90.
75. Brown JM. Use of echocardiography for hemodynamic monitoring. Crit Care Med 2002;30:1361-4.
76. Leung JM, Levine EH. Left ventricular end-systolic cavity obliteration as an estimate of intraoperative hypovolemia. Anesthesiology 1994;81:1102-9.
77. Appleyard RF, Glantz SA. Two dimensions describe left ventricular volume change during hemodynamic transients. Am J Physiol 1990;258:H277-84.
78. Reich DL, Konstadt SN, Nejat M, Abrams HP, Bucek J. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of cardiac preload changes induced by transfusion and phlebotomy in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 1993;79:10-5.
79. Cheung AT, Savino JS, Weiss SJ, Aukburg SJ, Berlin JA. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function. Anesthesiology 1994;81:376-87.
80. Skarvan K, Lambert A, Filipovic M, Seeberger M. Reference values for left ventricular function in subjects under general anaesthesia and controlled ventilation assessed by twodimensional transoesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001;18:713-22.
81. Hüttemann F. Intrathoracic blood volume versus echocardiographic parameters. Clin Intensive Care 1996;7:S20.
82. Hinder F, Poelaert JI, Schmidt C, Hoeft A, Mollhoff T, Loick HM et al. Assessment of cardiovascular volume status by transoesophageal echocardiography and dye dilution during cardiac surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998;15:633-40.
83. Tousignant CP, Walsh F, Mazer CD. The use of transesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 2000;90:351-5.
84. Coriat P, Vrillon M, Perel A, Baron JF, Le Bret F, Saada M et al. A comparison of systolic blood pressure variations and echocardiographic estimates of end-diastolic left ventricular size in patients after aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1994;78:46-53.
85. Reuter DA, Bayerlein J, Goepfert MS, Weis FC, Kilger E, Lamm P et al. Influence of tidal volume on left ventricular stroke volume variation measured by pulse contour analysis in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:476-80.
86. Slama M, Masson H, Teboul JL, Arnout ML, Susic D, Frohlich F et al. Respiratory variations of aortic VTI: a new index of hypovolemia and fluid responsiveness. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:H1729-33.
87. Kusumoto FM, Muhiudeen IA, Kuecherer HF, Cahalan MK, Schiller NB. Response of the interatrial septum to transatrial pressure gradients and its potential for predicting pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: an intraoperative study using transesophageal echocardiography in patients during mechanical ventilation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:721-8.
88. Nomura M, Hillel Z, Shih H, Kuroda MM, Thys DM. The association between Doppler transmitral flow variables measured by transesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Anesth Analg 1997;84:491-6.
89. Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Hatle LK, Tajik AJ. Relation of pulmonary vein to mitral flow velocities by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Effect of different loading conditions. Circulation 1990;81: 1488-97.
90. Kuecherer HF, Kusumoto F, Muhiudeen IA, Cahalan MK, Schiller NB. Pulmonary venous flow patterns by transesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiography: relation to parameters of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Am Heart J 1991;122:1683-93.
91. Klein A, Tajik A. Doppler assessment of pulmonary venous flow in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1991;4:379-92,
92. Klein A, Abdalla I, Murray D, Lee JC, Vandervoort P, Thomas JD et al. Age independence of the difference in duration of pulmonary venous atrial reversal flow and transmitral A-wave flow in normal subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;11:458-65.
93. Nagueh S, Mikati I, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure in sinus tachycardia: a new application of tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation 1998;98:1644-50.
94. Sundereswaran L, Nagueh S, Vardan S, Middleton KJ, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA et al. Estimation of left and right ventricular filling pressures after heart transplantation by tissue Doppler imaging. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:352-7.
95. Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Benois A, Lemaire S, Goarin JP, Rouby JJ. Echocardiographic Doppler assessment of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in surgical patients with postoperative circulatory shock and acute lung injury. Anesthesiology 2003;98: 1091-100.
96. Garcia MJ, Ares MA, Asher C, Rodriguez L, Vandervoort P, Thomas JD. An index of early left ventricular filling that combined with pulsed Doppler peak E velocity may estimate capillary wedge pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:448-54.
97. Kircher BJ, Himelman RB, Schiller NB. Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure from the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:493-6.
98. Garcia MJ, Smedira NG, Greenberg NL, Main M, Firstenberg MS, Odabashian J et al. Color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity is a preload insensitive index of left ventricular relaxation: animal and human validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:201-8.
99. Rhodes J, Udelson JE, Marx GR, Schmid CH, Konstam MA, Hijazi ZM et al. A new noninvasive method for the estimation of peak dP/dt. Circulation 1993;88:2693-9.
100. Takagaki M, McCarthy PM, Chung M, Connor J, Dessoffy R, Ochiai Y et al. Preload-adjusted maximal power: a novel index of left ventricular contractility in atrial fibrillation. Heart 2002;88:170-6.
101. Clements FM, Harpole DH, Quill T, Schmid CH, Konstam MA, Hijazi ZM et al. Estimation of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography: Comparison of short axis imaging and simultaneous radionuclide angiography. Br J Anaesth 1990;64:331-6.
102. Thys DM, Hillel Z, Goldman ME, Mindich BP, Kaplan JA. A comparison of hemodynamic indices derived by invasive monitoring and two-dimensional echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1987;67:630-4.
103. Pinto FJ, Siegel LC, Chenzbraun A, Schnittger I. On-line estimation of cardiac output with a new automated border detection system using transesophageal echocardiography: a preliminary comparison with thermodilution. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994;8: 625-30.
104. Greim CA, Roewer N, Laux G, Schulte am Esch J. Online estimation of left ventricular stroke volume using transoesophageal echocardiography and acoustic quantification. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:365-9.
105. Darmon PL, Hillel Z, Mogtader A, Mindich B, Thys D. Cardiac output by transesophageal echocardiography using continuous-wave Doppler across the aortic valve. Anesthesiology 1994;80:796-805.
106. Perrino AC Jr, Harris SN, Luther MA. Intraoperative determination of cardiac output using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: a comparison to thermodilution. Anesthesiology 1998;89:350-7.
107. Feinberg MS, Hopkins WE, Davila-Roman VG, Barzilai B. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic Doppler imaging accurately determines cardiac output measurements in critically ill patients. Chest 1995;107:769-73.
108. Royse CF, Royse AG, Blake DW, Grigg LE- Measurement of cardiac output by transoesophageal echocardiography: a comparison of two Doppler methods with thermodilution. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999;27:586-90.
109. Lang RM, Borow KM, Neumann A, Janzen D. Systemic vascular resistance: an unreliable index of left ventricular afterload. Circulation 1986;74:1114-23.