Discovery of the oldest oxic granitoids in the Kaapvaal Craton and its implications for the redox evolution of early Earth

Memoir of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 198, Issue , 2006, Pages 67-80

  Ishihara, Shunso ^a   Ohmoto, Hiroshi ^b   Anhaeusser, Carl R ^c   Imai, Akira ^d   Robb, Laurence J ^c  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN   (Japan)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Archean; Granitoids; Ilmenite series; Kaapvaal; Magnetite series

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITS; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; HEMATITE; ILMENITE; ORE DEPOSITS; RARE EARTHS;

ARCHEAN; CONTINENTAL CRUSTS; GRANITOIDS; KAAPVAAL; LOW CONCENTRATIONS; MAGMA GENERATION; MID OCEANIC RIDGES; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

MAGNETITE;

ARCHEAN; CRATON; EARLY EARTH; EMPLACEMENT; ILMENITE; MAGNETITE; PHANEROZOIC; PLUTON;

BARBERTON GREENSTONE BELT; GAUTENG; JOHANNESBURG; KAAPVAAL CRATON; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 33845305871     PISSN: 00721069     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2006.1198(04)     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (64)

1. Anhaeusser, C.R., 1973, The geology and geochemistry of the Archaean granites and gneisses of the Johannesburg-Pretoria Dome: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 3, p. 361-385.
2. Anhaeusser, C.R., 1976, Archean metallogeny in southern Africa: Economic Geology, v. 71, p. 16-45.
3. Anhaeusser, C.R., 1999, Archaean crustal evolution of the central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: Evidence from the Johannesburg Dome: South African Journal of Geology, v. 102, p. 303-322.
4. Anhaeusser, C.R., and Burger, A.J., 1982, An interpretation of U-Pb zircon ages for Archaean tonalitic gneisses from the Johannesburg-Pretoria granite dome: Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, v. 85, p. 111-116.
5. Anhaeusser, C.R., and Robb, L.J., 1980a, Magmatic cycles and the evolution of the Archaean granitic crust in the eastern Transvaal and Swaziland: Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 7, p. 457-467.
6. Anhaeusser, C.R., and Robb, L.J., 1980b, Regional and detailed field and geochemical studies of Archaean trondhjemitic gneisses, migmatites and greenstone xenoliths in the southern part of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 11, p. 373-397, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(80) 90073-X.
7. Anhaeusser, C.R., and Robb, L.J., 1983, Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Heerenveen and Mpuluzi batholiths south of the Barberton greenstone belt and preliminary thoughts on their petrogenesis: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 9, p. 131-151.
8. Bettencourt, J.S., and Dall'angol, R., eds., 1995, The rapakivi granites of the Rondonia tin province and associated mineralization: Para, Brazil, Federal University, Excursion Guide, 48 p.
9. Burnham, C.W., and Ohmoto, H., 1980, Late-stage processes of felsic magmatism: Mining Geology Special Issue 8, p. 1-11.
10. Czamanske, G.K., Ishihara, S., and Atkin, S.A., 1981, Chemistry of rock-forming minerals of the Cretaceous-Paleogene batholith in southwestern Japan and implications for magma genesis: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10431-10469.
11. De Ronde, C.E.J., Kamo, S., Davis, D.W., De Wit, M.J., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1991, Field geochemical and U-Pb isotopic constraints from hypabyssal felsic intrusions within the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Implications for tectonics and the timing of gold mineralization: Precambrian Research, v. 49, p. 261-280, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(91)90037-B.
12. De Wit, M.J., Roering, C., Hart, R.J., Armstrong, R.A., De Ronde, C.E.J., Green, R.W.E., Tredoux, M., Peberdy, E., and Hart, R.A., 1992, Formation of an Archean continent: Nature, v. 357, p. 553-562, doi: 10.1038/357553a0.
13. Drummond, M.S., Defant, M.J., and Kepezhinskas, P.K., 1996, Petrogenesis of slab-derived trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite-adakite magmas: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 205-215.
14. Faure, K., and Harris, C., 1991, Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry of the 3.2 Ga Kaap Valley tonalite, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 52, p. 301-319, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(91)90085-O.
15. Hatcher, M.I., and Clynick, G., 1990, Greenbushes tin-tantalum-lithium deposit, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 599-603.
16. Hattori, K.H., and Keith, J.D., 2001, Contribution of mafic melt to porphyry copper mineralization: evidence from Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, and Bingham Canyon, Utah, USA: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 799-806, doi: 10.1007/s001260100209. (Pubitemid 34046161)
17. Hawkesworth, C.J., and O'nions, R.K., 1977, The petrogenesis of some Archean volcanic rocks from southern Africa: Journal of Petrology, v. 18, p. 487-520.
18. Hunter, D.R., 1974, Crustal development in the Kaapvaal Craton, I, The Archean: Precambrian Research, v. 1, p. 259-294, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(74) 90002-3.
19. Huston, D.L., Blewett, R.S., Sweetapple, M., Brauhart, C., Cornelius, H., and Collins, P.L.F., 2001, Metallogenesis of the north Pilbara granite-greenstones, Western Australia-A field guide: Western Australia Geological Survey, Record 2001/11, 87 p.
20. Imai, A., 2001, Generation and evolution of ore fluids for porphyry Cu-Au mineralization of the Santo Tomas II (Philex) deposit, Philippines: Resource Geology, v. 51, p. 71-96.
21. 3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite and significance of intrusive rocks: Resource Geology, v. 52, p. 147-161.
22. 3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite in intermediate to silicic igneous rocks of Cenozoic Japanese island arcs: Implications for porphyry Cu metallogenesis in the Western Pacific Island Arcs: Resource Geology, v. 54, p. 357-372.
23. Imai, A., Listanco, E.L., and Fujii, T., 1993, Petrologic and sulfur isotopic significance of highly oxidized and sulfur-rich magma of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines: Geology, v. 21, p. 699-702.
24. Imai, A., Listanco, E.L., and Fujii, T., 1996, Highly oxidized and sulfur-rich magma of Mount Pinatubo: Implication for metallogenesis of porphyry copper mineralization in the western Luzon arc, in Newhall, C.G., and Punongbayan, R.S., eds., Fire and mud: Eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Quezon City, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology: Seattle, University of Washington Press, p. 865-874.
25. Ishihara, S., 1977, The magnetite-series and ilmenite series granitic rocks: Mining Geology, v. 27, p. 293-305.
26. Ishihara, S., 1981, Granitoid series and mineralization: Economic Geology, 75th anniversary volume, p. 458-484.
27. Ishihara, S., 1998, Granitoid series and mineralization in the Circum-Pacific Phanerozoic granitic belts: Resource Geology, v. 48, p. 219-224.
28. Ishihara, S., 2004, Redox state of granitoids relative to tectonic setting and Earth history: The magnetite/ilmenite series 30 years later: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 95, p. 23-33.
29. Ishihara, S., and Matsuhisa, Y., 1999, Oxygen isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Miocene Outer Zone granitoids in Japan: Lithos, v. 46, p. 523-534.
30. Ishihara, S., and Matsuhisa, Y., 2002, Oxygen isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Cretaceous-Paleogene granitoids in the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 53, p. 421-438.
31. Ishihara, S., and Murakami, H., 2004, Granitoid types related to Cretaceous plutonic Au-quartz vein and Cu-Fe skarn deposits, Kitakami Mountains, Japan: Resource Geology, v. 54, p. 281-298.
32. Ishihara, S., and Sasaki, A., 2002, Paired sulfur isotopic belts: Late Cretaceous-Paleogene ore deposits in the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 53, p. 461-477.
33. Ishihara, S., Hashimoto, M., and Machida, M., 2000, Magnetite/ilmenite- series classification and magnetic susceptibility of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic batholiths in Peru: Resource Geology, v. 50, p. 123-129.
34. Ishihara, S., Sasaki, A., and Terashima, S., 1988, Sulfur in granitoids and its role for the mineralization, in Proceedings of the 7th Quadrennial IAGOD (International Association of Genesis of Ore Deposits) Symposium: Stuttgart, Schweizerbart'sche Verlag, p. 573-581.
35. Ishihara, S., Anhaeusser, C.R., and Robb, L.J., 2002a, Granitoid-series evaluation of the Archean Johannesburg Dome granitoids, South Africa: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 53, p. 1-9.
36. Ishihara, S., Anhaeusser, C.R., Robb, L.J., and Imai, A., 2002b, Granitoidseries in terms of magnetic susceptibility: A case study from the Barberton region, South Africa: Gondwana Research, v. 5, p. 581-589, doi: 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70630-4.
37. Jones, C.B., 1990, Coppin Gap copper-molybdenum prospect, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Geology of the mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea, Volume I: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Monograph 14, p. 141-144.
38. Kamo, S.L., and Davis, D.W., 1994, Reassessment of Archean crustal development in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on U-Pb dating: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 167-192, doi: 10.1029/93TC02254. (Pubitemid 24425217)
39. Lécuyer, C., and Ricard, Y., 1999, Long-term fluxes and budget of ferric iron: Implication for the redox states of the Earth's mantle and atmosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 165, p. 197-211, doi: 10.1016/ S0012-821X(98)00267-2.
40. Lowe, D.R., 1994, Accretionary history of the Archean Barberton Greenstone Belt (3.55-3.22 Ga), southern Africa: Geology, v. 22, p. 1099-1102, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1099:AHOTAB>2.3.CO;2.
41. Lowe, D.R., 1999, Geologic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt and vicinity, in Lowe, D.R., and Byerly, G.R., eds., Geologic evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Geological Society of America Special Paper 329, p. 287-312.
42. Meyer, C., 1985, Ore metals through geologic history: Science, v. 227, p. 1421-1427.
43. Meyer, F.M., Robb, L.J., Reimold, W.U., and De Bruiyn, H., 1994, Contrasting low-and high-Ca granites in the Archean Barberton Mountain Land, southern Africa: Lithos, v. 32, p. 63-76, doi: 10.1016/0024-4937(94)90021-3.
44. Nedachi, M., 1980, Chlorine and fluorine contents of rock-forming minerals of the Neogene granitic rocks in Kyushu, Japan: Mining Geology, Special Issue 8, p. 39-48.
45. Nutman, A.P., and Bridgwater, D., 1986, Early Archaean Amitsoq tonalites and granites of the Isukasia area, southern West Greenland: Development of the oldest-known sial: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 94, p. 137-148, doi: 10.1007/BF00592931.
46. Ohmoto, H., and Goldhaber, M.B., 1997, Sulfur and carbon isotopes, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits (3rd edition): New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 517-612.
47. Ohmoto, H., and Kerrick, D.M., 1977, Devolatilization equilibria in graphitic systems: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p. 1013-1044.
48. Oyarzun, R., Marquez, A., Lillo, J., Lopez, I., and Rivera, S., 2001, Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: Adakitic versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 794-798, doi: 10.1007/s001260100205. (Pubitemid 34046160)
49. Panigrahi, M.K., and Mookherjee, A., 1997, The Malanjkhand copper (+molybdenum) deposit, India: Mineralization from a low-temperature ore-fluid of granitoid affinity: Mineralium Deposita, v. 32, p. 133-149, doi: 10.1007/ s001260050080.
50. Poujol, M., and Anhaeusser, C.R., 2001, The Johannesburg Dome, South Africa: New single zircon U-Pb isotopic evidence for early Archaean granitegreenstone development within the central Kaapvaal Craton: Precambrian Research, v. 108, p. 139-157, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00161-3. (Pubitemid 32381402)
51. Poujol, M., and Robb, L.J., 1999, New U-Pb zircon ages on gneisses and pegmatite from south of the Maurchison greenstone belts, South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 102, p. 93-97.
52. Poujol, M., Robb, L.J., Anhaeusser, C.R., and Gericke, B., 2003, A review of the geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 127, p. 181-213, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(03)00187-6.
53. Robb, L.J., and Anhaeusser, C.R., 1983, Chemical and petrogenetic characteristics of Archaean tonalite-trondhjemite gneiss plutons in the Barberton Mountain Land: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 9, p. 103-116.
54. Robb, L.J., Anhaeusser, C.R., and Van Nierop, D.A., 1983, The recognition of the Nelspruit batholith north of the Barberton greenstone belt and its signifi cance in terms of Archaean crustal evolution: Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication 9, p. 117-130.
55. Robb, L.J., Barton, J.M., Kable, E.J.D., and Wallace, R.C., 1986, Geology, geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of the Archean Kaap Valley pluton, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 31, p. 1-36, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(86)90063-X.
56. Sajona, F.G., and Maury, R.C., 1998, Association of adakites with gold and copper mineralization in the Philippines: Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, v. 326, p. 27-34.
57. Sarkar, S.C., Kabiraj, S., Bhattacharya, S., and Pal, A.B., 1996, Nature, origin and evolution of the granitoid-hosted early Proterozoic copper-molybdenum mineralization at Malanjkhand: Mineralium Deposita, v. 31, p. 419-431, doi: 10.1007/s001260050049.
58. Sasaki, A., and Ishihara, S., 1979, Sulfur isotopic composition of the magnetiteseries and ilmenite-series granitoids in Japan: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 68, p. 107-115, doi: 10.1007/BF00371893.
59. Shanks, W.C., Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1981, Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: Interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200-350°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 1977-1995, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5.
60. Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., Moring, B.C., 2002, Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database, maps, and preliminary analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-268, 61 p.
61. Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1968, The oxygen isotope geochemistry of igneous rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 19, p. 1-71, doi: 10.1007/ BF00371729.
62. Thompson, R., and Oldfield, F., 1986, Environmental magnetism: London, Allen and Unwin, 227 p.
63. Tsuchiya, N., and Kanisawa, S., 1994, Early Cretaceous Sr-rich silicic magmatism by slab melting in the Kitakami Mountains, northeast Japan: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 22205-22220, doi: 10.1029/94JB00458.
64. Watanabe, Y., 2003, Porphyry copper deposits, in, Shikazono, N., Nakano, T., and Hayashi, K., eds., Resource and environmental geology: Tokyo, Society of Resource Geology, p. 35-44 [in Japanese].