Uniformity of powder die filling using a feed shoe: A review

Particulate Science and Technology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 411-426

  Xie, X ^a   Puri, V M ^a  

^a The Pennsylvania State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Die filling; Feed shoe filling; Powder flow; Uniform fill

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITION; FILLING; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS; POWDER COATINGS; PRESSURE EFFECTS; SENSORS;

DIE FILLING; FEED SHOE FILLING; POWDER FLOW; SPATIAL DENSITY UNIFORMITY; UNIFORM FILL;

DIES;

DYNAMICS; FLOW MEASUREMENT; PARTICLE SIZE; POWDER; PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SENSOR; SIMULATION;

EID: 33845292958     PISSN: 02726351     EISSN: 15480046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02726350600934663     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Abdullah, E. C. & D. Geldart. 1999. The use of density measurements as flowability indicators. Powder Technol. 102 (2): 151-165.
2. ASAE. 2003. D274.1 - Flow of grain and seeds through orifices. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
3. ASTM. 2004a. B212-99 - Standard test method for apparent density of free-flowing metal powders using the Hall flowmeter funnel. West Conshohocken, Penn.: American Society for Testing and Materials.
4. ASTM. 2004b. B213-03 - Standard test method for flow rate of metal powders. West Conshohocken, Penn.: American Society for Testing and Materials.
5. Bell, T. A. 1993. Measurement of powder flowability. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 1: 169-180.
6. Benenati, R. F. & C. B. Brosilow. 1962. Void fraction distribution in beds of spheres. AIChE J. 8 (3): 359-361.
7. Beverloo, W. A., H. A. Leniger, & J. Van de Velde. 1961. The flow of granular materials through orifices. Chem. Eng. Sci. 15: 260-269.
8. Bocchini, G. F. 1987. Influence of small die width on filling and compacting densities. Powder Metall. 30 (4): 261-266.
9. Brown, R. L. & J. C. Richards. 1959. Exploratory study of the flow of granules through apertures. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 37: 108-119.
10. Brown, R. L. & J. C. Richards. 1960. Profile of flow of granules through apertures. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 38: 243-256.
11. Brown, R. L. & J. C. Richards. 1965. Kinematics of the flow of dry powders and bulk solids. Rheol. Acta. 4 (3): 153-165.
12. Bruff, W. & A. W. Jenike. 1967. A silo for ground anthracite. Powder Technol. 1: 252-256.
13. Chang, C. S., H. H. Converse, & F. S. Lai. 1984. Flow rate of corn through orifices as affected by moisture content. Trans. ASAE 27 (5): 1586-1589.
14. Chang, C. S., H. H. Converse, & J. L. Steele. 1991. Flow rates of grain through various shapes of vertical and horizontal orifices. Trans. ASAE 34 (4): 1789-1796.
15. Cocks, A. C. F., L. Dihoru, & T. Lawrence. 2001. A fundamental study of die filling. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Powder Technology PM 2001. Shrewsbury, UK: European Powder Metallurgy Association. pp. 255-260.
16. Copley, D. C., J. W. Eberhard, & G. A. Mohr. 1994. Computed tomography. Part I: Introduction and industrial applications. JOM 46 (1): 14-26.
17. Crewdson, B. J., A. L. Ormond, & R. M. Nedderman. 1977. Air-impeded discharge of fine particles from a hopper. Powder Technol. 16 (2): 197-207.
18. Demetry, C., F. S. Souto, B. C. Ryden, & J. M. Roy. 1998. Tactile sensing of density uniformity in powder beds after die filing. Powder Technol. 99: 119-124.
19. Dhanoa, P. S. & V. M. Puri. 1997. Experimental analysis of deposition of particulate materials into confined spaces. ASAE paper no. 974106. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineerings.
20. Dhanoa, P. S. & V. M. Puri. 1998. Deposition of particulate materials into confined spaces - New tester development and experimental results. KONA 16: 152-159.
21. Faikin, V. I., V. P. Levin, & Y. N. Gribenyuk. 1976. Influence of the rate of die filling on the density of the powder. Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 15 (8): 590-592.
22. Farber, L., G. Tardos, & J. N. Michaels. 2003. Use of X-ray tomography to study the porosity and morphology of granules. Powder Technol. 132: 57-63.
23. Fayed, M. E. & L. Otten. 1997. Handbook of Powder Science and Technology. 2d ed. New York: Chapman and Hall.
24. Franklin, F. L. & L. N. Johanson. 1955. Flow of granular material through a circular orifice. Chem. Eng. Sci. 4: 119-129.
25. Freeman, R. 2001. An insight into the flowability and characterization of powders. Am. Lab. 33 (16): 13-14+16.
26. German, R. M. 1989. Particle Packing Characteristics. Princeton, N. J.: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
27. Graton, L. C. & H. J. Fraser. 1935. Systematic packing of spheres - With particular relation to porosity and permeability. J. Geol. 43 (8): 785-909.
28. Gray, W. A. 1959. A study of the packing of large, solid, spherical particles. Ph. D. diss., University of Leeds.
29. Gray, W. A. 1968. The Packing of Solid Particles. London: Chapman and Hall.
30. Guillot, M., M. Pesant, H. Chtourou, D. Boies, & P. Carrier. 2002. Study and improvement of die filling systems for reducing density variations. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 4: 237-251.
31. Hashimoto, Y., M. Murakami, & Y. Seki. 2002. Improvement of die filling by "agitating-shoe." Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 4: 252-257.
32. Haskins, J. J. & W. F. Jandeska. 1998. Powder flow and die filling studies using computed tomography. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 3 (10): 77-87.
33. Hinchley, J. W. 1926. Chemical engineering. In Encyclopaedia Britannica; 14th ed. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica Co.
34. Hjortsberg, E. 2000. Density variations in iron powder caused by die filling. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 1: 617-620.
35. Hjortsberg, E. & B. Bergquist. 2002. Filling induced density variations in metal powder. Powder Metall. 45 (2): 146-153.
36. Holst, J. M. F. G., J. Y. Ooi, J. M. Rotter, & G. H. Rong. 1999. Numerical modeling of silo filling. I: Continuum analyses. J. Eng. Mech. 125: 94-103.
37. Huntington, A. P. & N. M. Rooney. 1971. Discharge of granular materials from hoppers. Project Report, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge.
38. Jenike, A. W. 1961. Gravity Flow of Bulk Solids. Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah Engineering Experimental Station, University of Utah.
39. Kamath, S. & V. M. Puri. 1990. Measurement of powder flow constitutive model parameters using a cubical triaxial tester. Powder Technol. 90: 59-70.
40. Kamath, S. & V. M. Puri. 1999. Finite element model development and validation for incipient flow analysis of cohesive powder from hopper bins. Powder Technol. 102: 184-193.
41. Ketchum, M. S. 1929. The Design of Walls, Bins and Grain Elevators. New York: McGraw-Hill.
42. Kolbuszewski, J. 1950. Notes on the deposition of sands. Research 3: 478-483.
43. Kondoh, M. & S. Takemoto. 1996. Visualization of powder behavior for gravity filling. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 2 (7): 117-129.
44. Kotchanova, I. I. 1970. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the discharge of granular materials from bins. Powder Technol. 4 (1): 32.
45. Larsson, M. & H. Vidarsson. 2000. Efficient bonding for dimensional stability. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 2: 41-53.
46. Lawrence, L. R. & J. K. Beddow. 1968. Some effects of vibration upon powder segregation during die filling. Powder Technol. 2 (2): 125-130.
47. Lawrence, L. R. & J. K. Beddow. 1969. Powder segregation during die filling. Powder Technol. 2 (5): 253-259.
48. Macrae, J. C. & W. A. Gray. 1961. Significance of the properties of materials in the packing of real spherical particles. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 12 (4): 164-172.
49. Mittal, B. & V. M. Puri. 2001. A real-time mass deposition tester for bulk solids deposition profiles in non-simple shape storage containers. ASAE paper. no. 014023., St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
50. Mittal, B., V. M. Puri, & W. Shaffer. 2001a. Analysis of feed shoe powder deposition method using a real-time cumulative mass deposition tester. KONA 19: 144-154.
51. Mittal, B., H. Yi, V. M. Puri, A. S. McNitt, & C. F. Mancino. 2001b. Measurement of bulk mechanical properties and modeling the load-response of rootzone sands. Part 2: Effect of moisture on continuous sand mixtures. Part. Sci. Technol. 19: 369-386.
52. Mroz, Z. & C. Z. Szymanski. 1971. Gravity flow of a granular material in a converging channel. Arch. Mech. 23 (6): 897-917.
53. Myers, M. E. & M. Sellers. 1978. Rate of discharge from wedge-shaped hoppers. Project Report, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge.
54. Nedderman, R. M., U. Tüzün, S. B. Savage, & G. T. Houlsby. 1982. The flow of granular materials. 1: Discharge rates from hoppers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 37 (11): 1597-1609.
55. Oman, A. O. & K. M. Watson. 1944. Pressure drops in granular beds. Nat. Pet. News 36 (44): R795-R796+R798-R802.
56. Peterson, J. E. & A. M. Small. 1994. Evaluation of metal powders using Arnold density meter and Hall flowmeter. Powder Metall. 37 (1): 37-41.
57. Puri, V. M. & P. S. Dhanoa. 2000. Real-time spatial particulate mass deposition testers. U. S. patent no: 6,089,100.
58. Readey, M. J. & F. M. Mahoney. 1995. Compaction of spray-dried ceramic powders: an experimental study of the factors that control green density. In Diversity into the Next Century: 27th International SAMPE Technical Conference, ed. R. J. Martinez. Covina, Calif.: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering.
59. Reed, J. S. 1995. Principles of Ceramics Processing. New York: John Wiley.
60. Rice, E. R. & J. Tengzelius. 1986. Die filling characteristics of metal powders. Powder Metall. 29 (3): 183-194.
61. Richards, J. C. 1966. The Storage and Recovery of Particulate Solids. London: Institute of Chemical Engineers.
62. Ridgway, K. & K. J. Tarbuck. 1966. Radial voidage variation in randomly-packed beds of spheres of different sizes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18: 1685-1755.
63. Rose, H. F. & T. Tanaka. 1959. Rate of discharge of granular materials from bins and hoppers. The Engineer (London) 208: 465.
64. Sawayama, T. & Y. Seki. 1999. The effect of filling conditions on die filling. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 1 (2): 61-72.
65. Schulze, D. 1998. Measurement of the flowability of bulk solids. Silos: Fundamentals of Theory, Behaviour and Design. London: E & Fn Spon., pp. 18-52.
66. Shergold, F. A. 1953. Percentage voids in compacted gravel as measure of its angularity. Mag. Concr. Res. 13: 3-10.
67. Sohn, H. Y. & C. Moreland. 1968. The effect of particle size distribution on packing density. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 46 (3): 162-167.
68. Sundaresan, S. 2001. Some outstanding questions in handling of cohesionless particles. Powder Technol. 115: 2-7.
69. Suzuki, H., M. Lutheran, T. Sawayama, & Y. Seki. 1997. Die flowability test and weight variation. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 1 (2): 3-11.
70. Tang, P. & V. M. Puri. 2004. Methods for minimizing segregation, a review. Part. Sci. Technol. 22 (4): 321-337.
71. Tejchman, J. 1998. Numerical simulation of filling in silos with a polar hypoplastic constitutive model. Powder Technol. 96: 227-239.
72. Urata, I., S. Takemoto, & M. Kondoh. 1998. Improvement of dimensional tolerance for automotive PM parts by aeration powder filling method. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. 91-96.
73. Verghese, T. M. & R. M. Nedderman. 1995. The discharge of fine sands from conical hoppers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 50 (9): 3143-3153.
74. Vidarsson, H. & J. Arvidsson. 2000. Die filling capability of powder mixes. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 1: 413-416.
75. Wadsworth, J. 1960. Experimental examination of local processes in packed beds of homogeneous spheres. Nat. Res. Council Can. Mech. Eng. Report. MT-41. NRC No. 5895.
76. Wakeman, R. J. 1975. Packing densities of particles with log-normal size distributions. Powder Technol. 11 (3): 297-299.
77. Walker, D. M. 1967. Basis for bunker design. Powder Technol. 1 (4): 228-236.
78. Wieghardt, V. K. 1952. Über einige versuche an strömungen in sand. Ing. Arch. 20: 109-115.
79. Williams, J. C. 1976. The segregation of particulate materials: A review. Powder Technol. 15 (2): 245-251.
80. Wu, C. & A. C. F. Cocks. 2004. Flow behavior of powders during die filling. Powder Metall. 47 (2): 127-136.
81. Wu, C., A. C. F. Cocks, & O. T. Gillia. 2002. Experimental and numerical investigations of die filling and powder transfer. Adv. Powder Metall. Part. Mater. Part 4: 258-272.
82. Wu, C., A. C. F. Cocks, & O. T. Gillia. 2003a. Die filling and powder transfer. Int. J. Powder Metall. 39 (4): 51-64.
83. Wu, C., L. Dihoru, & A. C. F. Cocks. 2003b. The flow of powder into simple and stepped dies. Powder Technol. 134: 24-39.
84. Xie, X. & V. M. Puri. 2003. Uniformity of simultaneous powder deposition in multiple dies-Tester design and development, measurement, and modeling. Paper no. 032. Presented at PSA 2003, Particulate System Analysis, Harrogate, UK.
85. Xie, X. & V. M. Puri. 2004. Evaluation of fill uniformity of simultaneous powder deposition in multiple dies. PARTEC paper no. P804. Presented at PARTEC 2004 International Congress for Particle Technology, Nuremberg, Germany.
86. Yang, C. & X. Fu. 2004. Development and validation of a material-labeling method for powder process characterization using X-ray computed tomography. Powder Technol. 146 (1-2): 10-19.
87. Zahrah, T. F., R. Rowland, & G. Gasbarre Jr. 2001. Fluidized fill shoe for uniform die filling. Key Eng. Mater. 189-191: 288-294.
88. Zhang, J. Y. & V. Rudolph. 1991. Effect of shear friction on solid flow through an orifice. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 30: 1977-1981.
89. Zhang, Q., V. M. Puri, & H. B. Manbeck. 1986. Finite element modeling of thermally induced pressures in grain bins filled with cohesionless granular materials. Trans. ASAE 29 (1): 248-256.