The gawk, the glance, and the gaze: Ocular consumption and polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada

Current Issues in Tourism

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 516-534

  Lemelin, Raynald Harvey ^a  

^a LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Churchill; Human dimensions of wildlife management; Manitoba; Ocular consumption; Polar bears; Tourist gaze; Wildlife tourism

Indexed keywords

PHOTOGRAPHY; TOURISM; TOURIST BEHAVIOR; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

CANADA; CHURCHILL; MANITOBA; NORTH AMERICA;

URSUS MARITIMUS;

EID: 33845252958     PISSN: 13683500     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2167/cit294.0     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Albers, P.C. and James, W.R. (1988) Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of Tourism Research 15, 134-58.
2. Andrews, D. (2005) Watching Wildlife Galapagos Islands. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet.
3. Arluke A. and Sanders, C.R. (1996) Regarding Animals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
4. Aumiller, L. and Matt, C.A. (1994) Management of McNeil River State Game Sanctuary for viewing of brown bears. International Conference - Bears Resources and Management 9, 51-61.
5. Bath, A. (1994) Public attitudes toward polar bears: An application of human dimensions in wildlife resource research. International Union of Game Biologists XXI Congress 1, 168-74.
6. Bowen, D. (2002) Research through participant observation in tourism: A creative solution to the measurement of consumer satisfaction/ dissatisfaction (CS/D) among tourists. Journal of Travel Research 41, 4-14.
7. Bulbeck, C. (2005) Facing the Wild: Ecotourism, Conservation and Animal Encounters. London: Earthscan.
8. Chaney, D. (2002) The power of metaphors in tourism theory. In S. Coleman and M. Crang (eds) Tourism: Between Place and Performance (pp. 193-206). New York: Berghahn.
9. Chalfen, R.M. (1979) Photography's role in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 6, 435-47.
10. Comeau, P. (1997) Dangerous liaison. Canadian Geographic (September/ October), 57-60.
11. Crawshaw, C. and Urry J. (1997) Tourism and the photographic eye. In C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds) Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 176-95). New York: Routledge.
12. Creswell, J.W. (2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Curtin, S. (2005) Nature, wild animals and tourism: An experiential view. Journal of Ecotourism 4, 1-15.
14. Davenport, M.A., Borrie, W.T., Freimund, W.A. and Manning, R. (2002) Assessing the relationship between desired experiences and support for management actions at Yellowstone National Park using multiple methods. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 20, 51-64.
15. Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (eds) (2000) Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Desmond, C.J. (1999) Staging Tourism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Dillman, D.A. (2000) Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (2nd edn). Toronto: Wiley.
18. Dyck, M.G. and Baydack. K.R. (2004) Vigilance behaviour of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the context of wildlife-viewing activities at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Biological Conservation 116, 343-50.
19. Fagen, M.J. and Fagen, R. (1994) Interactions between wildlife viewers and habituated brown bears, 1987-1992. Natural Areas Journal 14, 159-64.
20. Farrell, B.H. and Runyan, D. (1991) Ecology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 18, 26-40.
21. Finkler, W. and Higham, J. (2004) The human dimensions of whale watching: An analysis based on viewing platforms. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9, 103-17.
22. Haldrup, M. and Larsen, J. (2003) The family gaze. Tourists Studies 3, 23-45.
23. Hammitt, W.E. and Wells, G.R. (1993) Determinants of quality wildlife viewing in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21, 21-30.
24. Harrison, J. (2002) Being a Tourist: Finding Meaning In Pleasure Travel. Vancouver, BC: UBC.
25. Hastings, B.C. and Hammitt, W.E. (1985) Public preferences and perceptions toward wildlife viewing. Proceedings of the Southeastern recreation research conference, February 28 - March 1, 1985, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
26. Haysmith, L. and Hunt, J.D. (1995) Nature tourism: Impacts and management. In R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller (eds) Wildlife and Recreationists - Coexistence Through Management and Research (pp. 203-19). Washington, DC: Island.
27. Hermer, J. (2002) Regulating Eden: The Nature of Order in North American Parks. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
28. Herrero, J. and Herrero, S. (1997) Visitor safety in polar bear viewing activities in the Churchill region of Manitoba, Canada. Report for Manitoba Natural Resources and Parks Canada. Calgary.
29. Higham, J. (2001) Managing ecotourism in Taiaroa Head Royal Albatross Colony. In M. Shackley (ed.) Flagship Species: Case Studies in Wildlife Tourism Management (pp. 17-30). Burlington, VE: International Ecotourism Society.
30. Higginbottom, K. (ed.) (2005) Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning. Gold Coast, MC: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (STCRC).
31. Hoaggland, P. and Meeks, A.E. (1997) The Demand for Whale Watching at Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
32. Jackson, R., Norton, R. and Anderson, R. (1981) The resource manager and the public: An evaluation of historical and current concepts and practices. Trans North American Wildlife Natural Resource Conference 46, 208-21.
33. Lee Y.S. (2001) Tourist gaze: Universal concept. Tourism Culture & Communication 3 (2), 93-9.
34. Lemelin, R.H. (2005) Wildlife tourism at the edge of chaos: Complex interactions between humans and polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba. In F. Berkes, R. Huebert, H. Fast, M. Manseau and A. Diduck (eds) Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North (pp. 183-202). Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press.
35. Leopold, A. (1970) A Sand County Almanac. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club/ Ballantine.
36. Liliehom, R.J. and Romney, L.R. (2000) Tourism, national parks and wildlife. In R. Butler and S. Boyd (eds) Tourism and National Parks: Issues and Implications (pp. 138-51). Toronto: Wiley.
37. Lindberg, K. and McKercher, B. (1997) Ecotourism: A critical overview. Pacific Tourism Review 1, 65-79.
38. Linden, E. (2000) The big meltdown. Times 156, 24-31.
39. Litchfield, C. (2001) Responsible tourism with great apes in Uganda. In S.F. McCool and R.F. Moisey (eds) Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment (pp. 105-32). New York: CABI.
40. Lück, M. (2003) Environmentalism and on-tour experiences of tourists on wildlife watch tours in New Zealand: A study of visitors watching and/ or swimming with wild dolphins. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
41. Maddock, A.H. and Mills, M.G.L. (1994) Population characteristics of African wild dogs (lycaon pictus) in the eastern Transvaal lowveld, South Africa, as revealed through photographic records. Biological Conservation 6, 57-62.
42. Martin, R.S. (1997) Specialization and differences in setting preferences among wildlife viewers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2, 1-18.
43. McFarlane, B.L. (1994) Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22, 361-70.
44. McIntosh, W.D. and Schmeichel, B. (2004) Collectors and collecting: A social psychological perspective. Leisure Sciences 26, 85-97.
45. McKercher, B. (1996) Differences between tourism and recreation in parks. Annals of Tourism Research 23, 563-75.
46. National Geographic (1982) Polar bear alert. Videocassette. Produced and directed by James Lipscomb. 60 min. National Geographic Videos.
47. Neumann, M. (1992) The travelling eye: Photography, tourism and ethnography. Visual Sociology 7, 22-38.
48. Newsome, D., Dowling, R.K. and Moore, S.A. (eds) (2005) Wildlife Tourism. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
49. Norton, A. (1996) Experiencing nature: The reproduction of environmental discourse through safari tourism in East Africa. Geoforum 27, 355-73.
50. Orams, M. (1999) Marine Tourism. New York, NY: Routledge.
51. Roe, D., Leader-William, N. and Dalal-Clayton, B. (1997) Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism. IIED wildlife and development Series 10. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
52. Russell, C. (1995) The social construction of orangutan: An ecotourist experience. Ontario Institute for Studies In Education 3, 151-70.
53. Russell, C. and Ankemanm, M.J. (1996) Orangutans as photographic collectibles: Ecotourism and the commodification of nature. Tourism Recreation Research 21, 71-8.
54. Russell, C.L. and Hodson, D. (2002) Whalewatching as critical education? Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education 2, 485-504.
55. Ryan, C., Huges, K. and Chirgwin, S. (1999) The gaze, spectacle and ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research 27, 148-63.
56. Scarce, R. (1998) What do wolves, mean? Conflicting social constructions of canis lupus in 'Bordertown', Human Dimensions of Wildlife 3, 26-45.
57. Schanzel, H.A. and McIntosh, A.J. (2000) An insight into the personal and emotive context of wildlife viewing at the penguin place, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8, 36-52.
58. Schullery, P. (1992) The Bears of Yellowstone. Worland, WY: High Plains.
59. Shackley, M. (1996) Wildlife Tourism. Boston: International Thomson Business.
60. Shackley, M. (1998) 'Stingray city' - managing the impacts of underwater tourism in the Cayman Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6, 328-38.
61. Shackley, M. (2001) Flagship Species: Case Studies in Wildlife Tourism Management. Burlington, VT: International Ecotourism Society.
62. Sharpley, R. and Sundaram, P. (2005) Tourism a sacred journey? The case of ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 161-71.
63. Slocum, R. (2004) Polar bears and energy-efficient lightbulbs: Strategies to bring climate change home. Environment and Planning: Society and Space 22, 413-38.
64. Sontag, S. (1977) On Photography. Toronto, ON: Anchor.
65. Steele, P. (1995) Ecotourism: An economic analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 3, 29-44.
66. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (1998) Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
67. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (eds) (2003) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioural Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
68. Teillet, D.J. (1988) The Churchill Wildlife Management Area: Management guidelines. Unpublished report produced for the Manitoba Department of Natural Resources.
69. Tremblay, P. (2001) Wildlife tourism consumption: Consumptive or non-consumptive? International Journal of Tourism Research 3, 81-6.
70. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze (2nd edn). London: Sage.
71. Vaske, J., Wittmann, K. and Williams, T.V. (2001) Wildlife Viewing in Colorado: A Review and Synthesis of Existing Data. Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit, Colorado State University.
72. Walpole, J.M. (2001) Feeding dragons in Komodo National Park: A tourism tool with conservation complications. Animal Conservation 4, 67-73.
73. Whittaker, D. (1997) Capacity norms on bear viewing platforms. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2, 37-49.
74. Williams, D.R. (2001) Sustainability and public access to nature: Contesting the right to roam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9, 361-71.
75. Wilson, A. (1991) The Culture of Nature. Toronto: Between the Lines.
76. Wilson, M.A. and Heberlein, T.A. (1996) The wolf, the tourists, and the recreational context: New opportunity or uncommon circumstance? Human Dimensions of Wildlife 1, 38-53.
77. Wright, R.G. (1998) A review of the relationships between visitors and ungulates in national parks. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26, 471-6.