The obese surgical patient: A susceptible host for infection

Surgical Infections

Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 473-480

  Anaya, Daniel A ^a   Dellinger, E Patchen ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BODY MASS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MORBIDITY; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL PATIENT; SURGICAL RISK; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

HUMANS; OBESITY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 33845252888     PISSN: 10962964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/sur.2006.7.473     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Sturm R. Increases in clinically severe obesity in the United States, 1986-2000. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 2146-2148.
2. Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who's paying? Health Aff 2003;Suppl Web Exclusives:W3-219-226.
3. Anaya DA, Dellinger EP. Update on preventing surgical site infections. Contemp Ob/Gyn 2004;49:35-48.
4. Anaya DA, Dellinger EP. Challenges in the prevention of surgical site infections. Infect Med 2006;23: 120-126.
5. Johnson E. Weight-loss surgery demand soars. Courier Press January 2004.
6. Pope GD, Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR. National trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:855-860.
7. Choban PS, Flancbaum L. The impact of obesity on surgical outcomes: A review. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185:593-603.
8. Pemberton LB, Manax WG. Relationship of obesity to postoperative complications after cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 1971;121:87-90.
9. Pitkin RM. Abdominal hysterectomy in obese women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;142:532-536.
10. Gillon G, Engelstein D, Servadio C. Risk factors and their effect on the results of Burch colposuspension for urinary stress incontinence. Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28:354-356.
11. Prasad US, Walker WS, Sang CT, et al. Influence of obesity on the early and long term results of surgery for coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1991;5:67-72.
12. Holley JL, Shapiro R, Lopatin WB, et al. Obesity as a risk factor following cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 1990;49:387-389.
13. Merion RM, Twork AM, Rosenberg L, et al. Obesity and renal transplantation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;172:367-376.
14. Jiganti JJ, Goldstein WM, Williams CS. A comparison of the perioperative morbidity in total joint arthroplasty in the obese and nonobese patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1993;289:175-179.
15. Dindo D, Muller MK, Weber M, Clavien PA. Obesity in general elective surgery. Lancet 2003;361:2032-2035.
16. Birkmeyer NJ, Charlesworth DC, Hernandez F, et al. Obesity and risk of adverse outcomes associated with coronary artery bypass surgery. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Circulation 1998;97:1689-1694.
17. Moulton MJ, Creswell LL, Mackey ME, et al. Obesity is not a risk factor for significant adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. Circulation 1996;94(9 Suppl): II87-II92.
18. Kim J, Hammar N, Jakobsson K, et al. Obesity and the risk of early and late mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J 2003;146:555-560.
19. Lindhout AH, Wouters CW, Noyez L. Influence of obesity on in-hospital and early mortality and morbidity after myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;26:535-541.
20. Keats AS. The ASA classification of physical status: A recapitulation. Anesthesiology 1978;49:233-236.
21. Choban PS Heckler R, Burge JC, Flancbaum L. Increased incidence of nosocomial infections in obese surgical patients. Am Surg 1995;61:1001-1005.
22. Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Coleman ML, et al. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. Am J Med 1981; 70:677-680.
23. Canturk Z, Canturk NZ, Cetinarslan B, et al. Nosocomial infections and obesity in surgical patients. Obes Res 2003;11:769-775.
24. Pessaux P, Msika S, Atalla D, et al. Risk factors for postoperative infectious complications in noncolorectal abdominal surgery: A multivariate analysis based on a prospective multicenter study of 4718 patients. Arch Surg 2003;138:314-324.
25. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991;91: 152S-157S.
26. Harrington G, Russo P, Spelman D, et al. Surgical-site infection rates and risk factor analysis in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:472-476.
27. Lu JC, Grayson AD, Jha P, et al. Risk factors for sternal wound infection and mid-term survival following coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:943-949.
28. Russo PL, Spelman DW. A new surgical-site infection risk index using risk factors identified by multivariate analysis for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:372-376.
29. Smith RL, Bohl JK, McElearney ST, et al. Wound infection after elective colorectal resection. Ann Surg 2004;239:599-605.
30. Morris CD, Sepkowitz K, Fonshell C, et al. Prospective identification of risk factors for wound infection after lower extremity oncologic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:778-782.
31. Myles TD, Gooch J, Santolaya J. Obesity as an independent risk factor for infectious morbidity in patients who undergo cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:959-964.
32. Postlethwait RW, Johnson WD. Complications following surgery for duodenal ulcer in obese patients. Arch Surg 1972;105:438-440.
33. Engelman DT, Adams DH, Byrne JG, et al. Impact of body mass index and albumin on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:866-873.
34. Benoist S, Panis Y, Alves A, Valleur P. Impact of obesity on surgical outcomes after colorectal resection. Am J Surg 2000;179:275-281.
35. Tsukada K, Miyazaki T, Kato H, et al. Body fat accumulation and postoperative complications after abdominal surgery. Am Surg 2004;70:347-351.
36. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Lakka HM, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2004;36:332-346.
37. Malone DL, Genuit T, Tracy JK, et al. Surgical site infections: Reanalysis of risk factors. J Surg Res 2002; 103:89-95.
38. Tang R, Chen HH, Wang YL, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infection after elective resection of the colon and rectum: A single-center prospective study of 2,809 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 2001;234: 181-189.
39. Marema RT, Perez M, Buffington CK. Comparison of the benefits and complications between laparoscopic and open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgeries. Surg Endosc 2005;19:525-530.
40. Oh CH, Kim HJ, Oh S. Weight loss following transected gastric bypass with proximal Roux-en-Y. Obes Surg 1997;7:142-147.
41. Balsiger BM, Kennedy FP, Abu-Lebdeh HS, et al. Prospective evaluation of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as primary operation for medically complicated obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:673-680.
42. See C, Carter PL, Elliott D, et al. An institutional experience with laparoscopic gastric bypass complications seen in the first year compared with open gastric bypass complications during the same period. Am J Surg 2002;183:533-538.
43. Podnos YD, Jimenez JC, Wilson SE, Stevens CM, Nguyen NT. Complications after laparoscopic gastric bypass: A review of 3464 cases. Arch Surg 2003;138: 957-961.
44. Christou NV, Jarand J, Sylvestre JL, McLean AP. Analysis of the incidence and risk factors for wound infections in open bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2004;14:16-22.
45. Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM Jr, Reines HD, et al. Greater risk of incisional hernia with morbidly obese than steroid-dependent patients and low recurrence with prefascial polypropylene mesh. Am J Surg 1996;171: 80-84.
46. Nguyen NT, Paya M, Stevens CM, et al. The relationship between hospital volume and outcome in bariatric surgery at academic medical centers. Ann Surg 2004;240:586-593.
47. Schauer PR, Ikramuddin S, Gourash W, et al. Outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2000;232:515-529.
48. DeMaria EJ, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, et al. Results of 281 consecutive total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses to treat morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2002;235:640-645.
49. Wittgrove AC, Clark GW. Laparoscopic gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y, in 500 patients: Technique and results, with 3-60 month follow-up. Obes Surg 2000; 10:233-239.
50. Higa KD, Ho T, Boone KB. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: Technique and 3-year follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2001;11:377-382.
51. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity: Washington, D.C. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. 2001.
52. Czupryniak L, Strzelczyk J, Pawlowski M, Loba J. Mild elevation of fasting plasma glucose is a strong risk factor for postoperative complications in gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg 2004;14:1393-1397.
53. Pomposelli JJ, Baxter JK 3rd, Babineau TJ, et al. Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998;22:77-81.
54. Latham R, Lancaster AD, Covington JF, et al. The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: 607-612.
55. Sorensen LT, Hemmingsen U, Kallehave F, et al. Risk factors for tissue and wound complications in gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg 2005;241:654-658.
56. Bowditch MG, Villar RN. Do obese patients bleed more? A prospective study of blood loss at total hip replacement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1999;81:198-200.
57. Greif R, Akca O, Horn EP, et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. Outcomes Research Group. N Engl J Med 2000;342:161-167.
58. Hopf HW, Hunt TK, West JM, et al. Wound tissue oxygen tension predicts the risk of wound infection in surgical patients. Arch Surg 1997;132:997-1004.
59. Knighton DR, Fiegel VD, Halverson T, Schneider S, Brown T, Wells CL. Oxygen as an antibiotic: The effect of inspired oxygen on bacterial clearance. Arch Surg 1990;125:97-100.
60. Kabon B, Nagele A, Reddy D, et al. Obesity decreases perioperative tissue oxygenation. Anesthesiology 2004;100:274-280.
61. Goldmann DA, Hopkins CC, Karchmer AW, et al. Cephalothin prophylaxis in cardiac valve surgery: A prospective, double-blind comparison of two-day and six-day regimens. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 73:470-479.
62. Platt R, Munoz A, Stella J, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiovascular surgery: Efficacy with coronary artery bypass. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:770-774.
63. Polk HC Jr, Lopez-Mayor JF. Postoperative wound infection: A prospective study of determinant factors and prevention. Surgery 1969;66:97-103.
64. Scher KS. Studies on the duration of antibiotic administration for surgical prophylaxis. Am Surg 1997; 63:59-62.
65. Forse RA, Karam B, MacLean LD, Christou NV. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery in morbidly obese patients. Surgery 1989;106:750-756.
66. Edmiston CE, Krepel C, Kelly H, et al. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the gastric bypass patient: Do we achieve therapeutic levels? Surgery 2004;136: 738-747.