Structural setting of the Candelaria Fe oxide Cu-Au deposit, Chilean Andes (27°30′ S)

Economic Geology

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 819-841

  Arévalo, Carlos ^a   Grocott, John ^b   Martin, Walter ^c   Pringle, Malcolm ^d   Taylor, Graeme ^e  

^a SERVICIO NACIONAL DE GEOLOGÍA Y MINERÍA   (Chile)

^b Osbourne House   (United Kingdom)

^c Compañía Contractual Minera Candelaria ^*  (Chile)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITTLENESS; COPPER DEPOSITS; DEFORMATION; DUCTILITY; GEOCHEMISTRY; GOLD DEPOSITS; IRON OXIDES; VOLCANIC ROCKS;

ECONOMIC MINERALIZATION; FRACTIONATING MAGMAS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; PLUTONIC COMPLEX; SHEAR ZONE; VOLCANICLASTIC ROCKS;

ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY;

BIOMINERALIZATION; BRITTLE DEFORMATION; COPPER; CRETACEOUS; DUCTILE DEFORMATION; GOLD; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM; IRON OXIDE; ORE DEPOSIT; ORE-FORMING FLUID; PLUTONIC ROCK; SHEAR ZONE; TECTONIC SETTING;

ATACAMA; CHILE; SOUTH AMERICA;

CANDELARIA;

EID: 33751571467     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.101.4.819     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Aguirre, L., 1985, The southern Andes, in Nairm, A.E.M., Stelhi, F.G., and Uyeda, S., ed., The ocean basins and margins: The Pacific Ocean: New York, Plenum Press, v. 7, p. 265-376.
2. Arévalo, C., 1995, Mapa Geológico de la Hoja Copiapó, Región de Atacama: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Santiago, Chile, Documentos de Trabajo 8, scale 1:100.000, 1 map.
3. Arévalo, C., 1999, The Coastal Cordillera/Precordillera boundary in the Tierra Amarilla area (27°20′-27°40′S/ 70°05′-70°20′ W), northern Chile, and the structural setting of the Candelaria, Cu-Au ore deposit: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Kingston-upon-Thames, U.K., Kingston University, 204 p.
4. Arévalo, C., and Grocott, J,, 1997, The tectonic setting of the Chañarcillo Group and the Bandurrias Formation: an early-Late Cretaceous transpressive belt between the Coastal Cordillera and Precordillera, Atacama region, Chile: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 8th, Antofagasta, v. 1, p. 1604-1607.
5. Arévalo, C., and Mpodozis, C., 1991, Tectónica del Grupo Chañarcillo: una franja de cabalgamientos con vergencia al oeste en el valle de Río Copiapó, Región de Atacama, Chile: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 6th, Viña del Mar, Actas, v. 6, p. 81-83.
6. Brown, M., 1991, Comparative geochemical interpretation of Permian-Triassic plutonic complexes of the coastal range and Altiplano (25°30′-26°30′ S), northern Chile: Geological Society of America Special Paper 265, p. 157-177.
7. Brown, M., Díaz, F., and Grocott, J., 1993, Displacement history of the Atacama fault system, 25°00′S 27°00′ S, northern Chile: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1165-1174.
8. Camus, F., 1980, Posible modelo genético para los yacimientos de cobre del distrito minero Punta del Cobre: Revista Geológica de Chile, v. 11, p. 51-76.
9. Cannell, J., Cooke, D.R., Walshe, J.L., and Stein, H., 2005, Geology, mineralization, alteration, and structural evolution of the El Teniente porphyry Cu-Mo deposit: Economic Geology, V. 100, p. 979-1003.
10. Cobbold, P.R., 1977, Description and origin of banded deformation structures. II. Rheology and the growth of banded perturbations: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 2510-2523.
11. Coira, B., Davidson, J., Mpodozis, C., and Ramos, V, 1982, Tectonic and magmatic evolution of northern Argentina and Chile: Earth and Science Reviews, v. 18, p. 303-332.
12. Cruden, A.R., 1998, On the emplacement of tabular granites: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 154, p. 853-862.
13. 39Ar mineral ages: Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 19-40.
14. 39Ar dating of Oligocene from Mogollon-Datil volcanic field using a continuous laser system: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 15, p. 463-466.
15. Díaz, A., Lledó, H., Gelcich, S., Espinoza, C., Portigliati, C., Vivallo, W., Vogel, S., and Carrasco, R., 1999, Atlas de Yacimientos Metalíferos de la III Región de Atacama entre los 26 y 28° S. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería: Informe Registrado IR 99-18, 18 mapas a escala. 1: 50.000. Santiago, Chile.
16. Gerla, P.J., 1988, Stress and fracture evolution in a cooling pluton: An example from the Diamond Joe stock, western Arizona: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 34, p. 267-282.
17. Godoy, E., Lara, L., and Ugalde, H., 1997, La Falla Chivato: Borde oriental plutonismo asociado al sistema de Falla Atacama: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 8th, Antofagasta, v. 1, p. 70-74.
18. Grocott, J., and Taylor, G., 2002, Deformation partitioning, magmatic arc fault systems and emplacement of granitic complex in the Coastal Cordillera, north Chilean Andes (25° 30′ S to 27° 00′ S): Journal of the Geological Society, v. 159, p. 425-442.
19. Grocott, J., Brown, M., Dallmeyer, G., Taylor, G., and Treloar, P, 1994, Mechanism of continental grow in extensional arcs: An example from the Andean plate boundary zone: Geology, v. 22, p. 391-394.
20. Hitzman, M.W., Oreskes, N., and Einaudi, M.T., 1992, Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits: Precambrain Research, v. 58, p. 241-287.
21. Jordan, T.E., Isack, B., Allmendinger, R., Brewer, J., Ramos, V, and Ando, C., 1983, Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plates: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 341-461.
22. Knipe, R.J., 1989, Deformation mechanism-recognition from natural tectonics: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 127-146.
23. Koenders, M.A., and Petford, N., 2003, Thermally induced primary fracture development in tabular granitic plutons: A preliminary analysis: Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 214, 248 p.
24. Lara, L., and Godoy, E., 1998, Mapa Geológico de la Hoja Quebrada Salitrosa, Región de Atacama: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Santiago, Chile, scale 1:100,000, 1 map.
25. Marschik, R., and Chiaradia, M., 2000, Lead isotope signatures of ore, volcanic, and batholithic rocks of the Candelaria-Punta del Cobre area, Chile [abs]: International Geological Congress, 31st, Río de Janeiro, Brazil, 2000, Abstracts (CD-ROM).
26. Marschik, R., and Fontboté, L., 1996, Copper (-iron) mineralization and superposition of alteration events in the Punta del Cobre belt, northern Chile: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 5, p. 171-189.
27. Marschik, R., and Fontboté, L., 2001a, The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre iron oxide Cu-Au (-Zn-Ag), Chile: Economic Geology, v. 96, p.1799-1826.
28. Marschik, R., and Fontboté, L., 2001b, The Punta del Cobre Formation, Punta del Cobre-Candelaria area, northern Chile: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 399-431.
29. Marschik, R., Singer, B.S., Munizaga, F., Tassinari, C., Moritz, R., and Fontboté, L., 1997, Age of Cu (-Fe)-Au mineralization and thermal evolution of the Punta del Cobre district, Chile: Mineralium Deposita, v. 32, p. 531-546.
30. Marschik, R., Leveille, R.A., and Martin, W., 2000, La Candelaria and the Punta del Cobre district, Chile: Early Cretaceous iron oxide Cu-Au (-Zn-Ag) mineralization, in Porter, T.M., ed., Hydrothermal iron-oxide cooper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective: Adelaide, Australian Mineral Foundation, p. 163-175
31. Martin, W., Díaz, R., Núñez, R., Olivares, R., Calderón, C., and Calderón, P., 1997, The updated Candelaria mine model: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 8th, Antofagasta, Actas, v. 2, p. 1063-1067.
32. Mathur, R.D., Marschik, R., Ruiz, J., Munizaga, F., and Martin, W., 2002, Age of mineralization of the Candelaria iron oxide Cu-Au deposit, and the origen of the Chilean iron belt based on Re-Os isotopes: Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 1799-1825.
33. McClay, K.R., 1983, Fabric of deformed sulphides: Geologische Rundschau, v. 72, p. 469-491.
34. 39Ar method: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 207 p.
35. 39Ar method: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 200 p.
36. Moore, C., 1978, Orientation of underthrusting during latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary time, Kodiak Islands, Alaska: Geology, v. 6, p. 209-213.
37. Mpodozis, C., and Allmendinger, R., 1993, Extensional tectonics, Cretaceous Andes, northern Chile (27°S): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1462-1477.
38. Mpodozis, C. and Kay, S.M., 1992, Late Paleozoic to Triassic evolution of the Gondwana margin: Evidence from Chilean Frontal Cordilleran batholiths (28°-31°S): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 999-1014.
39. Oyarzún, R., Rodríguez, M., Pincheira, M., Doblas, M., and Helle, S., 1999, The Candelaria (Cu-Fe-Au) and Punta del Cobre (Cu-Fe) deposits (Copiapó, Chile): A case of extension-related granitoid emplacement and mineralization processes?: Mineralium Deposita, v. 34, p.799-801.
40. Passchier, C.W., and Trouw, R.A.J., 2005, Microtectonics: Berlin-Heilderberg, Springer-Verlag, 366 p.
41. Paterson, M.S., 1973, Non-hydrostatic thermodynamics and its geological applications: Review of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 11, p. 355-389.
42. Poirier, J.P., 1985, Creep of crystals: High temperature deformation processes in metals, ceramic and materials: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 272 p.
43. 39Ar y K/Ar: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 9th, Puerto Varas, Actas, v. 2, p. 155-160.
44. Richards, J.P., 2000, Lineaments revisited: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 42, p. 14-21.
45. Ryan, P., Lawrence, A., Jenkins, R., Matthews, J., Zamora, J.C., and Marino, E., 1994, The Candelaria copper-gold deposit, Chile: Congreso Geológico Chileno, 7th, Concepción Actas, v. 2, p. 1616-1617.
46. Ryan, P., Lawrence, A., Jenkins, R., Matthews, J., Zamora, J.C., Marino, E., and Urqueta, I., 1995, The Candelaria copper gold deposit, Chile. Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 625-645.
47. Scheuber, E., and Andriessen, P.A.M., 1990, The kinematic and geodynamic significance of the Atacama fault zone, northern Chile: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 243-257.
48. Scheuber, E., and González, G., 1999, Tectonics of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic arc of the north Chilean Coastal Cordillera (22°-26°S): A story of crustal deformation along a convergent plate boundary: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 895-910.
49. Segerstrom, K., 1960, Cuadrángulo Quebrada Paipote, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Chile, scale 1: 50,000, v. 1, no. 1, 55 p.
50. Segerstrom, K., 1968, Geología de las Hojas Copiapó y Ojos del Salado, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Chile, scale 1: 250,000, v. 24, 58 p.
51. Segerstrom, K., and Parker, R.L., 1959, Cuadrángulo Cerrillos, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Chile, scale 1: 50,000, v. 1, 33 p.
52. Segerstrom, K., and Ruiz, C., 1962, Cuadrángulo Copiapó, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Chile, scale 1: 50,000, v. 3, no. 1, 115 p.
53. Segerstrom, K., Thomas, H. and Tilling, R., 1963, Cuadrángulo Pintadas, Provincia de Atacama: Instituto de Investigaciones Geológicas, Santiago, Chile, scale 1: 50.000, v. 12, 53 p.
54. Sillitoe, R., 2003, Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: An Andean view: Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, p. 787-812.
55. Steiger, R.H., and Jäeger, E., 1977, Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 36, p. 359-362.
56. 39Ar ages of 65.0 millions years ago from Chicxulub Crater melt rock and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary tektites: Science, v. 257, p. 954-958.
57. Taylor, G.K.T., and Randall, D.E., 2000, Structural analysis of dyke emplacement directions as an aid to palaeomagnetic studies: An example from northern Chile: Geophysical Journal International, v. 141, p. 253-258.
58. Tilling, R., 1976, El Batolito andino cerca de Copiapó, Provincia de Atacama. Geología y Petrología: Revista Geológica de Chile, v. 3, p. 1-24.
59. Ullrich, T., and Clark, A., 1999, The Candelaria copper-gold deposit, Region III, Chile: Paragenesis, geochronology and fluid compositon, in Stanley, C.J. et al., eds., Mineral deposits: Processes to processing: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 201-204.
60. Urai, J.L., Means, W.D., and Lister, G.S., 1986, Dynamic recrystallization of minerals: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, v. 36, p. 161-199.
61. White, S.H., Burrows, S.E., Carreras, J., Shaw, N.D., and Humphreys, F.J., 1980, On mylonites in ductile shear zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 2, p. 175-187.
62. Weinberg, R.F., Sial, A.N., and Mariano, G., 2004, Close spatial relationship between pluton and shear zones: Geology, v. 32, p. 377-380.
63. Wilson J., and Grocott, 1999, The emplacement of the Las Tazas complex, northern Chile: the relationship between local and regional strain: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 21, p. 1513-1523.
64. Zentilli, M., 1974, Geological evolution and metallogenic relationships in the Andes of northern Chile between 26° and 29°: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Kingston, Ontario, Queen's University, 394 p.