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Volumn 55, Issue 5, 1990, Pages 1649-1664

Chiral Cooperativity: The Nature of the Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Step in the Gold(I)-Catalyzed Aldol Reaction Utilizing Chiral Ferrocenylamine Ligands

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EID: 33751553776     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: 15206904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo00292a046     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (199)

References (148)
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    • The original ee of 94% was revised in a subsequent paper by Ito et al. to 91%, which is in agreement with our results
    • The original ee of 94% was revised in a subsequent paper by Ito et al. to 91%, which is in agreement with our results; see: Ito, Y.; Sawamura, M.; Hayashi, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 6215–6218.
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    • For the original papers describing the dilithiation of ferrocene with n-BuLi and TMEDA
    • For the original papers describing the dilithiation of ferrocene with n-BuLi and TMEDA, see: Rausch, M. D.; Ciappenelli, D. J. J. Organomet. Chem. 1967, 10, 127–136.
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    • For a discussion on the stability, structure, and possible modes of charge delocalization in ferrocenyl-substituted carbenium ions
    • Wilkinson, G., Stone, F. G. A., Abel, E. W., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford
    • For a discussion on the stability, structure, and possible modes of charge delocalization in ferrocenyl-substituted carbenium ions, see: Watts, W. E. In Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry; Wilkinson, G., Stone, F. G. A., Abel, E. W., Eds.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1982; pp 1052–1055 and references therein.
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    • For a review on gold(I) coordination chemistry
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    • For a review on gold(I) coordination chemistry, see: Puddephatt, R. J. In Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, Vol. 5; Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon: Oxford, 1987; pp 861–923.
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    • In contrast, an alkyl group bonded directly to iron is strongly shielded
    • In contrast, an alkyl group bonded directly to iron is strongly shielded; see: Piper, T. S.; Wilkinson, G. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1956, 3, 104–124.
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    • For a nonchiral synthesis of 5e by a zinc(II)-catalyzed aldol reaction of Id with 2b
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    • For leading references discussing aldol TS structure
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    • Morrison, J. D., Ed.; Academic Press: New York
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    • The possible existence of bonding between the gold(I) atom with orbitals of proper symmetry on the ferrocenyl iron atom is not implicitly considered. The existence of an Fe-Au bond would further reduce the conformational probability of the proposed stereoselective TS. See: Akabori, S.; Kumagal, T.; Shirahige, T.; Sato, S.; Kawazoe, K.; Tamura, C. Organometallics 1987, 6, 2105–2109.
    • (1987) Organometallics , vol.6 , pp. 2105-2109
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    • A referee has pointed out that the Hammett and NMR studies do not necessarily rule out coordination of the carbonyl oxygen atom to the gold(I) atom in the transition state of the rate-determining step, i.e., rate-determining car-bon-carbon bond formation occurs in a transition state containing a tetracoordinate gold(I) atom bonded to two phosphorus atoms, iso-cyanoacetate, and aldehydic oxygen
    • A referee has pointed out that the Hammett and NMR studies do not necessarily rule out coordination of the carbonyl oxygen atom to the gold(I) atom in the transition state of the rate-determining step, i.e., rate-determining car-bon-carbon bond formation occurs in a transition state containing a tetracoordinate gold(I) atom bonded to two phosphorus atoms, iso-cyanoacetate, and aldehydic oxygen. The lack of change in the 31P NMR spectrum of the gold(I) complex of 4 upon addition of benzaldehyde suggests that prior coordination of the aldehydic oxygen does not occur.
    • The lack of change in the 31P NMR spectrum of the gold(I) complex of 4 upon addition of benzaldehyde suggests that prior coordination of the aldehydic oxygen does not occur
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    • For the development of mathematical models for the inherent steric congestion at a reaction center
    • For the development of mathematical models for the inherent steric congestion at a reaction center, see: Wipke, W. T.; Gund, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 299–301.
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    • For a discussion on topicity
    • For a discussion on topicity, see ref 4, pp 9–12.
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    • The E-Z convention used herein is the normal convention with the modification that is used in the excellent review by Evans, in that the negatively charged oxygen atom of the enolate has the highest priority regardless of the counterion. This nomenclature avoids ambiguity arising as to whether the counterion, e.g., in the present case, is a proton or the nitrogen atom of the ammonium ion
    • The E-Z convention used herein is the normal convention with the modification that is used in the excellent review by Evans, in that the negatively charged oxygen atom of the enolate has the highest priority regardless of the counterion. This nomenclature avoids ambiguity arising as to whether the counterion, e.g., in the present case, is a proton or the nitrogen atom of the ammonium ion. See: Evans, D. A. In Asymmetric Synthesis, Vol. 3; Morrison, J. D., Ed.; Academic: New York, 1983; pp 111–212.
    • (1983) Asymmetric Synthesis , vol.3 , pp. 111-212
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    • Reference 56a, pp 149–156.
    • Reference 56a , pp. 149-156
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    • In principle, proton exchange of the product oxazoline with the chiral amine ligand could lead to a kinetic amplification of product ee
    • However, the reaction of lb with 2b at 50 °C monitored every 10 min over a period of 2 h showed no significant change in ee
    • In principle, proton exchange of the product oxazoline with the chiral amine ligand could lead to a kinetic amplification of product ee; see: Bergens, S.; Bosnich, B. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1987, 6, 85–90. However, the reaction of lb with 2b at 50 °C monitored every 10 min over a period of 2 h showed no significant change in ee.
    • (1987) Comments Inorg. Chem. , vol.6 , pp. 85-90
    • Bergens, S.1    Bosnich, B.2
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    • Reference 56a, pp 234–239.
    • Reference 56a , pp. 234-239


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