Atherosclerosis imaging and heart failure

Heart Failure Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 279-288

  Fernandes, Verônica Rolim S ^a   Cheng, Susan ^a   Lima, João A C ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiac disease; Heart failure; Myocardial imaging

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ARTERY DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; BRACHIAL ARTERY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG RESPONSE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ECHOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOGENESIS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RADIODIAGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

BRACHIAL ARTERY; CAROTID ARTERIES; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 33751509672     PISSN: 13824147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-006-0229-7     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Anderson RN, Scott C. Deaths: Final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2004;53:1-115.
2. Redfield MM. Heart failure - an epidemic of uncertain proportions. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1442-4.
3. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-7.
4. Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: The Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet 1994;344:633-8.
5. Breslow JL. Cardiovascular disease burden increases, NIH funding decreases. Nat Med 1997;3:600-1.
6. Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture - cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: Triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1360-9.
7. Sampath S, Derbyshire JA, Atalar E, Osman NF, Prince JL. Real-time imaging of two-dimensional cardiac strain using a harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (HARP-MRI) pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50:154-3.
8. Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Baumbach A, et al. Noninvasive detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques with multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1430-5.
9. Leber AW, Knez A, von Ziegler F, et al. Quantification of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary lesions by 64-slice computed tomography: A comparative study with quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:147-54.
10. Lederman RJ, Raylman RR, Fisher SJ, et al. Detection of atherosclerosis using a novel positron-sensitive probe and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Nucl Med Commun 2001;22:747-53.
11. Chu B, Ferguson MS, Underhill H, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Detection of carotid atherosclerotic plaque ulceration, calcification, and thrombosis by multicontrast weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2005;112:e3-4.
12. Takaya N, Yuan C, Chu B, et al. Presence of intraplaque hemorrhage stimulates progression of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: A high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation 2005;111:2768-75.
13. Yuan C, Kerwin WS. MRI of atherosclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;19:710-9.
14. Yuan C, Miller ZE, Cai J, Hatsukami T. Carotid atherosclerotic wall imaging by MRI. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2002;12:391-401, vi.
15. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302.
16. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study. Circulation 1997;96:1432-7.
17. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:483-94.
18. Adams MR, Celermajer DS. Detection of presymptomatic atherosclerosis: a current perspective. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999;97:615-24.
19. Poli A, Tremoli E, Colombo A, Sirtori M, Pignoli P, Paoletti R. Ultrasonographic measurement of the common carotid artery wall thickness in hypercholesterolemic patients. A new model for the quantitation and follow-up of preclinical atherosclerosis in living human subjects. Atherosclerosis 1988;70:253-61.
20. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste P, Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: A direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986;74:1399-1406.
21. Sonoda M, Yonekura K, Yokoyama I, Takenaka K, Nagai R, Aoyagi T. Common carotid intima-media thickness is correlated with myocardial flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease: A useful non-invasive indicator of coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2004;93:131-6.
22. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasonographically assessed carotid morphology and the risk of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:1245-9.
23. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:262-9.
24. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK, Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:14-22.
25. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Davis V, et al. Risk factors for progression of common carotid atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 1987-1998. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:38-47.
26. Nagai Y, Metter EJ, Earley CJ, et al. Increased carotid artery intimal-medial thickness in asymptomatic older subjects with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1998; 98:1504-9.
27. Baldassarre D, Amato M, Bondioli A, Sirtori CR, Tremoli E. Carotid artery intima-media thickness measured by ultrasonography in normal clinical practice correlates well with atherosclerosis risk factors. Stroke 2000;31:2426-30.
28. Okada M, Miida T, Hama H, et al. Possible risk factors of carotid artery atherosclerosis in the Japanese population: A primary prevention study in non-diabetic subjects. Intern Med 2000;39:362-8.
29. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression. Circulation 1993;87:II56-65.
30. de Groot E, Jukema JW, Montauban van Swijndregt AD, et al. B-mode ultrasound assessment of pravastatin treatment effect on carotid and femoral artery walls and its correlations with coronary arteriographic findings: A report of the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1561-7.
31. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Ramaswami G, et al. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: A 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(1)). Atherosclerosis 2001;156:379-87.
32. Bots ML, Grobbee DE. Intima media thickness as a surrogate marker for generalised atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2002;16:341-51.
33. Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators. Stroke 1993;24:1297-304.
34. Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala E, et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation 1995;92:1758-64.
35. Crouse JR, 3rd, Craven TE, Hagaman AP, Bond MG. Association of coronary disease with segment-specific intimal-medial thickening of the extracranial carotid artery. Circulation 1995;92:1141-7.
36. Fernandes VET, Carvalho B, Bluemke D, Nasir K, O'Leary D, Lima J. Subclinical atherosclerosis and incipient regional myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2420-2428.
37. Byington RP, Evans GW, Espeland MA, et al. Effects of lovastatin and warfarin on early carotid atherosclerosis: Sex-specific analyses. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation 1999;100:e14-7.
38. Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC, Vasan RS. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation 2003;108:977-82.
39. Mann DL. Mechanisms and models in heart failure: A combinatorial approach. Circulation 1999;100:999-1008.
40. Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, et al. Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients >or = 65 years of age. CHS Research Group. Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:413-9.
41. Blankenhorn DH, Stern D. Calcification of the coronary arteries. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1959;81:772-7.
42. Detrano RC, Anderson M, Nelson J, et al. Coronary calcium measurements: effect of CT scanner type and calcium measure on rescan reproducibility-MESA study. Radiology 2005;236:477-84.
43. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, et al. Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography. Circulation 2000;101:850-5.
44. Thompson BH, Stanford W. Update on using coronary calcium screening by computed tomography to measure risk for coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2005;21:39-53.
45. Budoff MJ, Diamond GA, Raggi P, et al. Continuous probabilistic prediction of angiographically significant coronary artery disease using electron beam tomography. Circulation 2002;105:1791-6.
46. Budoff MJ, Georgiou D, Brody A, et al. Ultrafast computed tomography as a diagnostic modality in the detection of coronary artery disease: A multicenter study. Circulation 1996;93:898-904.
47. Tanenbaum SR, Kondos GT, Veselik KE, Prendergast MR, Brundage BH, Chomka EV. Detection of calcific deposits in coronary arteries by ultrafast computed tomography and correlation with angiography. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:870-2.
48. Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Feuerstein I, Cao F, Brazaitis M, O'Malley PG. Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: Mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:807-14.
49. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M, Newstein D, Guerci AD. Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: The St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:158-65.
50. Hoffmann U, Butler J. Noninvasive detection of coronary atherosclerotic plaque by multidetector row computed tomography. Int J Obes 2005;29 (Suppl 2):S46-53.
51. Taylor AJ, Feuerstein I, Wong H, Barko W, Brazaitis M, O'Malley PG. Do conventional risk factors predict subclinical coronary artery disease? Results from the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium Project. Am Heart J 2001;141:463-8.
52. Edvardsen T, Detrano R, Rosen BD, et al. Coronary artery atherosclerosis is related to reduced regional left ventricular function in individuals without history of clinical cardiovascular disease: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:206-11.
53. Manning WJ. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
54. Buecker A, Adam GB, Neuerburg JM, et al. Simultaneous real-time visualization of the catheter tip and vascular anatomy for MR-guided PTA of iliac arteries in an animal model. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002;16:201-8.
55. Ohlstein EH, Romanic AM, Clark LV, et al. Application of in vivo and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of tranilast on neointima formation following balloon angioplasty of the rat carotid artery. Cardiovasc Res 2000;47:759-68.
56. Nikol S, Esin S, Nekolla S, et al. Use of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging angiography to follow-up arterial remodeling in an animal model. Angiology 1998;49:251-8.
57. Castillo E, Lima JA, Bluemke DA. Regional myocardial function: Advances in MR imaging and analysis. Radiographics 2003;23:S127-40.
58. Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging - a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 1988;169:59-63.
59. Axel L, Dougherty L. MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. Radiology 1989;171:841-5.
60. Moore CC, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA. Noninvasive measurement of three-dimensional myocardial deformation with tagged magnetic resonance imaging during graded local ischemia. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 1999;1:207-22.
61. Pan L, Lima JA, Osman NF. Fast tracking of cardiac motion using 3D-HARP. Inf Process Med Imaging 2003;18:611-22.
62. McVeigh ER. MRI of myocardial function: Motion tracking techniques. Magn Reson Imaging 1996;14:137-50.
63. Kuijer JP, Marcus JT, Gotte MJ, van Rossum AC, Heethaar RM. Three-dimensional myocardial strains at end-systole and during diastole in the left ventricle of normal humans. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2002;4:341-51.
64. Mosher TJ, Smith MB. A DANTE tagging sequence for the evaluation of translational sample motion. Magn Reson Med 1990;15:334-9.
65. Reichek N. MRI myocardial tagging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;10:609-16.
66. Dornier C, Somsen GA, Ivancevic MK, et al. Comparison between tagged MRI and standard cine MRI for evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1348-52.
67. Wu KC, Lima JA. Noninvasive imaging of myocardial viability: Current techniques and future developments. Circ Res 2003;93:1146-58.
68. Moore CC, Reeder SB, McVeigh ER. Tagged MR imaging in a deforming phantom: Photographic validation. Radiology 1994; 190:765-9.
69. Young AA, Axel L, Dougherty L, Bogen DK, Parenteau CS. Validation of tagging with MR imaging to estimate material deformation. Radiology 1993;188:101-8.
70. Kramer CM, Reichek N, Ferrari VA, Theobald T, Dawson J, Axel L. Regional heterogeneity of function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994;90:186-94.
71. Kramer CM, Lima JA, Reichek N, et al. Regional differences in function within noninfarcted myocardium during left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 1993;88:1279-88.
72. Lima JA, Judd RM, Bazille A, Schulman SP, Atalar E, Zerhouni EA. Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms. Circulation 1995;92:1117-25.
73. Young AA, Kramer CM, Ferrari VA, Axel L, Reichek N. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994;90:854-67.
74. Lima JA, Ferrari VA, Reichek N, et al. Segmental motion and deformation of transmurally infarcted myocardium in acute postinfarct period. Am J Physiol 1995;268:H1304-12.
75. Lima JA, Jeremy R, Guier W, et al. Accurate systolic wall thickening by nuclear magneticvadjust resonance imaging with tissue tagging: correlation with sonomicrometers in normal and ischemic myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1741-51.
76. O'Dell WG, Moore CC, Hunter WC, Zerhouni EA, McVeigh ER. Three-dimensional myocardial deformations: Calculation with displacement field fitting to tagged MR images. Radiology 1995;195:829-35.
77. Spotnitz HM. Macro design, structure, and mechanics of the left ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1053-77.
78. Lieberman AN, Weiss JL, Jugdutt BI, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography and infarct size: Relationship of regional wall motion and thickening to the extent of myocardial infarction in the dog. Circulation 1981;63:739-46.
79. Mirsky I, Parmley WW. Assessment of passive elastic stiffness for isolated heart muscle and the intact heart. Circ Res 1973;33:233-43.
80. Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Angelsen B, Smiseth OA. Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation 2000;102:1158-64.
81. Kraitchman DL, Sampath S, Castillo E, et al. Quantitative ischemia detection during cardiac magnetic resonance stress testing by use of FastHARP. Circulation 2003;107:2025-30.
82. Clark NR, Reichek N, Bergey P, et al. Circumferential myocardial shortening in the normal human left ventricle. Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging using spatial modulation of magnetization. Circulation 1991;84:67-74.
83. Garot J, Bluemke DA, Osman NF, et al. Fast determination of regional myocardial strain fields from tagged cardiac images using harmonic phase MRI. Circulation 2000;101:981-8.
84. Gerber BL, Rochitte CE, Melin JA, et al. Microvascular obstruction and left ventricular remodeling early after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:2734-41.
85. Guttman RL, Zerhouni EA, McVeigh ER. Analysis of cardiac function from MR images. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE 1997;17:30-8.
86. Croisille P, Moore CC, Judd RM, et al. Differentiation of viable and nonviable myocardium by the use of three-dimensional tagged MRI in 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. Circulation 1999;99:284-91.
87. Moore CC, Lugo-Olivieri CH, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA. Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR imaging. Radiology 2000;214:453-66.
88. Kim D, Gilson WD, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: Development and initial evaluation. Radiology 2004;230:862-71.
89. Osman NF, Kerwin WS, McVeigh ER, Prince JL. Cardiac motion tracking using CINE harmonic phase (HARP) magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42:1048-60.
90. Denney TS, Jr. Estimation and detection of myocardial tags in MR image without user-defined myocardial contours. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1999;18:330-44.
91. Osman NF, McVeigh ER, Prince JL. Imaging heart motion using harmonic phase MRI. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2000;19:186-202.
92. Garot J, Bluemke DA, Osman NF, et al. Transmural contractile reserve after reperfused myocardial infarction in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2339-46.
93. Paetsch I, Foll D, Kaluza A, et al. Magnetic resonance stress tagging in ischemic heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;288:H2708-14.
94. Rosen BD, Edvardsen T, Bluemke D, et al. Reduction in regional myocardial function is associated with concentric left ventricular remodeling: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:A221.
95. Harrison DG, Armstrong ML, Freiman PC, Heistad DD. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1987;80:1808-11.
96. McLenachan JM, Vita J, Fish DR, et al. Early evidence of endothelial vasodilator dysfunction at coronary branch points. Circulation 1990;82:1169-73.
97. Corretti MC, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound. Am J Physiol 1995;268:H1397-1404.
98. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;340:1111-5.
99. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Changes in flow-mediated brachial artery vasoactivity with lowering of desirable cholesterol levels in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:37-40.
100. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: A report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:257-65.
101. Doi H, Kugiyama K, Ohgushi M, et al. Remnants of chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein impair endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:341-9.
102. Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA 1997;278:1682-6.
103. Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1235-41.
104. Hashimoto M, Eto M, Akishita M, et al. Correlation between flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and intima-media thickness in the carotid artery in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2795-2800.
105. Chan SY, Mancini GB, Kuramoto L, Schulzer M, Frohlich J, Ignaszewski A. The prognostic importance of endothelial dysfunction and carotid atheroma burden in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1037-43.
106. Hijmering ML, Stroes ES, Pasterkamp G, Sierevogel M, Banga JD, Rabelink TJ. Variability of flow mediated dilation: Consequences for clinical application. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:369-73.
107. Vita JA. Endothelial function and clinical outcome. Heart 2005;91:1278-9.
108. Modena MG, Bonetti L, Coppi F, Bursi F, Rossi R. Prognostic role of reversible endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:505-10.
109. Moens AL, Goovaerts I, Claeys MJ, Vrints CJ. Flow-mediated vasodilation: a diagnostic instrument, or an experimental tool? Chest 2005;127:2254-63.
110. Pasternak RC, Criqui MH, Benjamin EJ, et al. Atherosclerotic vascular disease conEerence: Writing group I: epidemiology. Circulation 2004;109:2605-12.
111. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997;96:44-9.
112. Fronek K, Fung YC. Mechanical properties of arteries as a function of topography and age. Biorheology 1980;17:227-34.
113. Yao ST, Hobbs JT, Irvine WT. Ankle pressure measurement in arterial disease of the lower extremities. Br J Surg 1968;55:859-60.
114. Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP, et al. Prevention Conference V: Beyond secondary prevention: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: Noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden: Writing Group III. Circulation 2000;101:E16-22.
115. Kannel WB, Skinner JJ, Jr, Schwartz MJ, Shurtleff D. Intermittent claudication. Incidence in the Framingham Study. Circulation 1970;41:875-83.
116. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Nieto K, Larson MG, Levy D, Wilson PW. Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am Heart J 2002;143:961-5.
117. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor E, Gabriel S. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: Results from noninvasive testing in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:516-22.
118. McDermott MM, Liu K, Criqui MH, et al. Ankle-brachial index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:33-41.
119. Faxon DP, Creager MA, Smith SC, Jr, et al. Atherosclerotic vascular disease conference: Executive summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004;109:2595-2604.
120. McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:119-28.
121. Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PW. The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1939-42.
122. Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 1993;88:837-45.
123. Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, et al. Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. The Cardiovascular Health Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:538-45.
124. Newman AB, Tyrrell KS, Kuller LH. Mortality over four years in SHEP participants with a low ankle-arm index. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:1472-8.
125. O'Hare AM, Katz R, Shlipak MG, Cushman M, Newman AB. Mortality and cardiovascular risk across the ankle-arm index spectrum: Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 2006;113:388-93.