The face of Kasovar Albanian nationalism: A violent and volatile transformation of the Balkan political landscape

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 142-159

  Graczyk, Donald A ^a   Giannakos, Symeon A ^a  

^a SALVE REGINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTONOMY; ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; LANGUAGE; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL VIOLENCE; RELIGION; TERRITORIALITY;

ALBANIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; KOSOVO; SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

EID: 33751430817     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-2006-027     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Vanessa Pupavac, "Disputes over War Casualties in former Yugoslavia," Radstats Journal, no. 69 (1998), http://www.radstats.org.uk/no069/article3.htm.
2. Edward S. Herman, "Good versus Evil: How the Media Got it Wrong in Yugoslavia," Book review of Peter Brock, Media Cleansing. Dirty Reporting - Journalism and Tragedy in Yugoslavia (Los Angeles: Graphics Management, 2005), www.coldtype.net/Assets.06/Essays.06/0206.Ed.Good.pdf.
3. Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History (New York: Vintage, 1993).
4. Ed Vulliamy, Seasons in Hell - Understanding Bosnia's War (New York: St. Martin's, 1994), 51;
5. see Alex N. Dragnich, Serbs and Croats: The Struggle in Yugoslavia (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992), 16;
6. Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milosevic - Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: Free Press, 1999), 3-6.
7. Charles A. Kupchan, "Independence for Kosovo," Foreign Affairs (Nov/Dec 2005): 14.
8. Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren, "History of Kosovo and Metohija," www.kosovo.net/kosovo1.html, accessed 22 May 2006.
9. BBC, "Seb Leader Unyielding on Kosovo," 13 February 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1hi/world/europe/4261185.stm, accessed 11 May 2006.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Kupchan, 17.
15. Symeon Giannakos, Ethnic Conflict (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002), 63;
16. US Department of Defense (DOD), Kfor (Kosovo International Security Force) Handbook: A Field-Ready Reference Publication July 1999 (Washington, DC: DOD, 1999), 2.22-2.23.
17. Susan L. Woodward, Balkan Tragedy (Washington, DC: Brooking Institution Press, 1995), 34.
18. For an extensive analysis of Yugoslavia's nationality policy. see Dusco Seculie, Garth Massey, and Randy Hodson, "Who Were the Yugoslavs? Failed Sources of a Common Identity in the Former Yugoslavia," American Sociological Review 59, no. 1 (1994): 83-97.
19. "Chronology of Events Relating to the Kosovo Conflict," New York Times, 24 March 1999.
20. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo - A Short History (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), 318.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 327-8.
23. Robert Lee Wolf, The Balkans in Our Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1956), 27.
24. Peter Sugar and Ivo Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969), 286.
25. Ibid.
26. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991).
27. The entire poem may be found at www.shkoder.net/en/pvasa_re.htm, accessed 24 April 2006.
28. Ibid.
29. "Albania," Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006, Encylopedia Britannica Premium Service, www.britannica.com/eb/article-42623, accessed 24 April 2006.
30. See a translation of the poem at www.shkoder.net/en/fishta.htm, accessed 27 April 2006.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. See comments by Robert Elsie in his translation of the "Saga of the Mountains" at www.Shkoder.net/en/fishta.htm, accessed 27 April 2006.
34. For a detailed analysis of how language was used in the nationalization process in the Balkans, see Paschalis Kitromilides, "Imagined Communities and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans," European History Quarterly 19, no. 2 (April 1989).
35. See United Nations, Statistical Office of Kosovo, "Kosovo and Its Population: A Brief Description," www.sok-kosovo.org/pdf/population/ kosovo_and_its_population.pdf, accessed 15 July 2006.
36. This report indicates that roughly 80 percent of Kosovo's population was agrarian in 1945. See also Kfor Handbook, 2-10.
37. Kaplan, 23.
38. Misha Glenny, The Balkans (1804-1999): Nationalism, War and the Great Power (New York: Viking, 2000), 587-8.
39. Ibid., 653;
40. Lord Robertson, NATO secretary-general, "NATO and Kosovo, One Year On: Achievement and Challenge," 21 March 2000, 1, www.nato.int/ kosovo/repo2000/index.htm, accessed 15 July 2006.
41. James Anderson, The Kosovo Liberation Army and the Future of Kosovo (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 999), 1-14, www.heritage.org/ Research/Europe/BG1280.cfm, accessed 15 July 2006;
42. Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly - NATO's War to Save Kosovo (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), 36;
43. Glenny, 654-5;
44. Sabrina Petra Ramet, Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia from the Death of Tito to the War for Kosovo (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999), 191;
45. Janez Drnovsek, "Yugoslavia in Retrospect: Lessons from the War," Harvard International Review 23, no. 1 (2001).
46. Greg Campbell, The Road to Kosovo: A Balkan Diary (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000), 153.
47. David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harvest, 1995), 129.
48. Daalder and O'Hanlon, 15.
49. Ibid.
50. For a comprehensive evaluation of the accords, see United Kingdom Parliament, Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, "Fourth Report, The Kosovo Crisis after May 1997," www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm199900/emselect/cmfaff/28/2809.htm, accessed 15 July 2006.
51. For a summary of the essential provisions of the accords, see www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/fs_990301_rambouillet.html, accessed 30 March 2006.
52. For the complete document, see Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government In Kosovo, a presentation of JURIST: The Law Professors' Network, jurist.law.pitt.edu/ramb.htm.
53. NATO, "NATO's Role in Relation to the Conflict in Kosovo," www.nato.int/Kosovo/history.htm, 4.
54. Ibid.;
55. Daalder and O'Hanlon, 17.
56. Ibid., 19.
57. Ibid., 17.
58. Daalder and O'Hanlon, 10.
59. See "Kosovo: The Way for War," NATO Review (winter 2004): 18.
60. For more, see www.unmikonline.org.
61. Assembly of Kosovo News, June 2005, www.assembly-kosova.org/ ?krye=news&lang=en.
62. R. Nicholas Burns, US under secretary of state, "Kosovo - Current and Future Status," 18 May 2005, www.state.gov/p/us/rm/2005/ 46471.htm.
63. United Nations Security Council letter dated 11 April 2005 (S/2005/ 241)(05-30737 (E) 140405).
64. Burns.
65. Glenny, 662.
66. NATO Briefing, "NATO in the Balkans," February 2005, 6;
67. Adam Kobieracki, "NATO's Evolving Operations," NATO Review (summer 2004).
68. Human Rights Watch, "Kosovo: Failure of NATO, UN to Protect Minorities," 26 July 2004, hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/ 27serbia9136.htm.
69. "UN Urges Serbia's Leaders to Encourage Kosovo Serbs to Join in Political Process," UNMIK Online, News Coverage Archives, March 2005, www.unmikonline.org/archives/news03_05full.htm.
70. Drnovsek.
71. Spyros Sofos, "The Albanian Question: Macedonia at the Crossroads," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 2 (2001).
72. Kupchan, 20.
73. Giannakos, 65.