The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 244-251

  Reinecke, S A ^a   Reinecke, A J ^a  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Azinphos methyl; Biomarker; Biomass; ChE; Chlorpyrifos; Earthworms; Microcosms; Organophosphates; Runoff; Spray drift

Indexed keywords

AZINPHOS METHYL; CHLORPYRIFOS; CHOLINESTERASE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE;

CHLORPYRIFOS; EARTHWORM; ORCHARD; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PESTICIDE; POPULATION DECLINE;

ARTICLE; BIOMASS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; EARTHWORM; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME INHIBITION; MICROCOSM; NONHUMAN; POPULATION DENSITY; SEASON; SOIL; SOUTH AFRICA;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; AZINPHOSMETHYL; BIOMASS; CHLORPYRIFOS; CHOLINESTERASES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INSECTICIDES; OLIGOCHAETA; POPULATION DENSITY; SOIL POLLUTANTS; SOUTH AFRICA;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WESTERN CAPE;

EID: 33751394202     PISSN: 01476513     EISSN: 10902414     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.10.006     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Bailie R., and London L. Enhanced surveillance for pesticide poisoning in the Western Cape. S. Afr. Med. J. 88 (1998) 1105-1109
2. Booth L.H., and O'Halloran K. A comparison of biomarker responses in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa to the organophosphorous insecticides Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 (2001) 2494-2502
3. Booth, L.H., Heppelthwaite, V., Eason, C.T., 1998. Cholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase in the earthworm Apporectodea calignosa as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure. Proceedings of the 51st N. Z. Plant Protect. Confernce, pp. 138-142.
4. Booth L.H., Hodge S., and O'Halloran K. Use of cholinesterase in Aporrectodea calignosa (Oligochaeta; Lumbricidae) to detect organophosphate contamination: comparison of laboratory tests, mesocosms, and field studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 (2000) 417-422
5. Booth L.H., Hodge S., and O'Halloran K. Use of biomarkers in earthworms to detect use and abuse of field applications of a model organophosphate pesticide. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (2001) 633-640
6. Chan K.Y. An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity-implications for functioning soils. Soil Tillage Res. 57 (2001) 179-192
7. Clements R.O., Murray P.J., and Sturdy R.G. The impact of 20 years' absence of earthworms and three levels of N fertilizer on a grassland soil environment. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 36 (1991) 75-85
8. Curry J.P. Factors affecting the abundance of earthworms in soils. In: Edwards C.A. (Ed). Earthworm Ecology (2004), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 91-114
9. Edwards C.A., and Bohlen P.J. Effects of agricultural practices and chemicals on earthworms. In: Edwards C.A., and Bohlen P.J. (Eds). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms (1996), Chapman & Hall, London 268-299
10. Ellman G.L., Courtney K.D., Andres Jr. V., and Featherstone R.M. A new and rapid calorimetric determination of acethylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7 (1961) 88-95
11. FAO, 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main Report 2001.
12. Gibson J.E., Peterson R.K.D., and Shurdut B.A. Human exposure and risk from indoor use of chlorpyrifos. Environ. Health Perspect. 106 (1998) 303-306
13. Gupta S.K., and Sundaraman V. Correlation between burrowing capability and AChE activity in the earthworm, Pheretima posthuma, on exposure to carbaryl. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46 (1991) 859-865
14. Handy R.D. Intermittent exposure to aquatic pollutants: assessment, toxicity and sub lethal responses in fish and invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 107 (1994) 171-184
15. Haque A., and Ebing W. Toxicity determination of pesticides to earthworms in the soil substrate. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 90 (1983) 395-408
16. Hodge S., Webster K.M., Booth L.H., Heppelthwaite V., and O'Halloran K. Non-avoidance of organophosphate insecticides by the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Lumbricidae). Soil Biol. Biochem. 32 (2000) 425-428
17. Knuth M.L., Heinis L.J., and Anderson L.E. Persistence and distribution of azinphos-methyl following application to littoral enclosure mesocosms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 47 (2000) 167-177
18. Kokta C., and Rothert H. A hazard and risk assessment scheme for evaluating effects of pesticides on earthworms: the approach in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Greig-Smith P.W., Becker H., Edwards P.J., and Heimbach F. (Eds). Ecotoxicology in Earthworms (1992), Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK 169-176
19. Lee K.E. Earthworms. Their Ecology and Relations to Soils and Land Use, First (1985), Academic Press, Sydney
20. London L., Ehrlich R., Rafudien S., Krige F., and Vurgarellis P. Notification of pesticide poisoning in the Western Cape. S. Afr. Med. J. 84 (1994) 269-272
21. Muir D.C.G., Teixeira C., and Wania F. Empirical and modeling evidence of regional atmospheric transport of current-use pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (2004) 2421-2432
22. O'Halloran K., Booth L.H., Hodge S., Thomsen S., and Wratten S.D. Biomarker responses of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa to organophosphates: hierarchical tests. Pedobiologia 43 (1999) 646-651
23. Racke K.D. Environmental fate of chlorpyrifos. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 144 (1993) 1-93
24. Rao J.V., Pavan Y.S., and Madhavendra S.S. Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on morphology and acethylcholinesterase activity in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxcol. Environ. Saf. 54 (2003) 296-301
25. Raw F. Studies of earthworm populations in orchards. 1. Leaf burial in apple orchards. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50 (1962) 389-404
26. Reinecke A.J., and Reinecke S.A. Earthworms as test organisms in ecotoxicological assessment of toxicant impacts on ecosystems. In: Edwards C.A. (Ed). Earthworm Ecology (2004), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 299-320
27. Reinecke A.J., and Venter J. Moisture preferences, growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Biol. Fertil. Soils 3 (1987) 135-141
28. In: Richardson M.L., and Gangolli S. (Eds). The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects vol. 2C (1993), Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK
29. Schulz R. Comparison of spray drift- and runoff-related input of azinphos-methyl and endosulfan from fruit orchards into the Lourens River, South Africa. Chemosphere 45 (2001) 543-551
30. Schulz R. Rainfall-induced sediment and pesticide input from orchards into the Lourens River, Western Cape, South Africa: Importance of a single event. Water Res. 35 (2001) 1869-1876
31. Schulz R., Peall S.K.C., Dabrowski J.M., and Reinecke A.J. Spray deposition of two insecticides into surface waters in a South African orchard area. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 814-822
32. Scott-Fordsmand J.J., and Weeks J.M. Review of selected biomarkers in earthworms. In: Sheppard S., Bembridge J., Holmstrup M., and Posthuma L. (Eds). Advances in Earthworm Ecotoxicology (1998), SETAC, Amsterdam, Netherlands 173-189
33. Springett J.A., and Gray R.A.J. Effect of repeated low doses of biocides on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in laboratory culture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24 (1992) 1739-1744
34. Stenersen J. Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part I: the toxicity of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides to earthworms as evaluated by laboratory tests. Pestic. Sci. 10 (1979) 66-74
35. Timchalk C. Organophosphate pharmacokinetics. In: Krieger R. (Ed). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Agents vol. 2 (2001), Academic Press, San Diego 929-951
36. Viljoen S.A., and Reinecke A.J. Moisture and growth, maturation and cocoon production of Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 26 (1998) 291-303
37. Wauchope R.D., Butler T.M., Hornsby A.J., Augusteijn-Beckers P.W.M., and Burt J.P. SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision making. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 123 (1992) 1-157
38. Wu J., and Laird D.A. Abiotic transformation of chlorpyrifos oxon in chlorinated water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 (2003) 261-264