Loyalty questioned: Nuevomexicanos in the great war

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 629-666

  Gonzales, Phillip ^a   Massmann, Ann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; OIL INDUSTRY; OIL PIPELINE; POLITICAL ECONOMY;

ARCTIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 33751359240     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/phr.2006.75.4.629     Document Type: Article

References (240)

1. "Discurso Pronunciado Extemporaneamente Por L. Pascuál Martínez, el día de Decoración en el Cementerio Kit Carson," Taos Valley News, June 12, 1917, p. 4. All Spanish translations are those of co-author Phillip Gonzales.
2. Robert W. Larson, New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, 1846-1912 (Albuquerque, 1968), 154-155, 202, 215-216
3. Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Confl icting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, Conn., 1997)
4. Phillip B. Gonzales, "'La Junta de Indignación': Hispano Repertoire of Collective Protest, 1884-1933," Western Historical Quarterly, 31 (2000), 169, 170-171.
5. John Nieto-Phillips, The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish American Identity in New Mexico, 1850s-1930s (Albuquerque, 2004), 13-17
6. Richard L. Nostrand, The Hispano Homeland (Norman, Okla., 1992)
7. Gonzales, " 'La Junta de Indignación,' " 173-174. In this article, "Nuevomexicano" refers to that sub-population in the Southwest whose ancestors settled in New Mexico under the Spanish crown in colonial times, and those who settled in later periods and adopted a "Spanish American/Hispano" heritage for purposes of their own self-identity.
8. Richard Melzer and Phyllis Ann Mingus, "Wild to Fight: The New Mexico Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War," New Mexico Historical Review, 59 (1984), 111, 126
9. Miguel Antonio Otero, My Nine Years as Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, 1897-1906 (Albuquerque, 1940), 35-38
10. "Lealtad de los Nuevo-Mexicanos," El Boletín Popular [Taos, N.M.], April 28, 1898, p. 2
11. Benjamin Read, Illustrated History of New Mexico (Sante Fe, N.M., 1912), 506, 509. Benjamin Read was "the most authoritative and articulate spokesman in the Neomexicano community" and the "leading fi gure in the civic life of New Mexico through many years of work and service in law and politics, gaining ... prominence ... as an author ... presenting a Nuevomexicano perspective in history." Nuevomexicanos often called themselves "Neomexicanos" in Spanish, a term that A. Gabriel Meléndez adopts as well.
12. See A. Gabriel Meléndez, So All Is Not Lost: The Poetics of Print in Nuevomexicano Communities, 1834-1958 (Albuquerque, 1997), 123-124.
13. "A Congress 100 Per Cent American," New York Times, Feb. 1, 1918
14. "Sedition Bill is Passed 293-1: Socialists Quick to Recognize It," Albuquerque Morning Journal, May 8, 1918, p. 1
15. "Support the Government: An Appeal to the Voters of the United States to Elect a War-Till-Victory Congress Next No vem ber (issued by the League for National Unity, Jan. 30, 1918)," in New Mexico Democratic State Central Committee Records, 1916-1936, box 2, 1917-1918, Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
16. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, 2004), 64-65, 73-75, 83-84
17. "Resolutions," Santa Fe New Mexican, Jan. 15, 1916, p. 6
18. "La Lealtad Hispano-Americana," La Revista de Taos, Aug. 20, 1915, p. 1.
19. June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism: Slovaks and Other New Immigrants in the Interwar Era (Philadelphia, 2004), 16
20. quotation from Kennedy, Over Here, 24.
21. Lucy E. Salyer, "Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and U.S. Citizenship Policy, 1918-1935," Journal of American History, 92 (2004), 847-875, esp. 851
22. Elizabeth McKeown, War and Welfare: American Catholics and World War I (New York, 1988), 9-29.
23. Renato Rosaldo, "Cultural Citizenship, Inequality, and Multiculturalism," in William V. Flores and Rina Benmayor, eds., Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights (Boston, 1997), 27-53
24. Flores with Benmayor, "Constructing Cultural Citizenship," in Latino Cultural Citizenship, 1-23
25. Alexander, Ethnic Pride, 16
26. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
27. Kennedy, Over Here, 46-49
28. McKeown, War and Welfare, 49, 50, 52-53.
29. Final three stanzas of Enrique Fierro, "Abolengo: A Los Hispano Americanos Que Combatiran en Europa," El Heraldo
30. [Socorro, N.M.], reprinted in La Voz del Pueblo [Las Vegas, N.M.], Sept. 29, 1917, p. 3.
31. At the word "treachery," the printed Spanish is "taidor," likely a typographical error; "traidor" is likely correct. Kennedy, Over Here, 178-185, 218-224
32. Nancy Gentile Ford, Americans All! Foreign Born Soldiers in World War I (College Station, Tex., 2001), 28.
33. Daisy Cocco De Filippis, "Red de Pescadora: Reflections on Dominican Studies in the United States," paper presented at the Earth Institute at Columbia University, Oct. 13, 2003.
34. "Srta. Jesusa Alfau," La Prensa, May 8, 1919, p. 3,
35. and "A¿ quién debe el mundo el descubrimiento de America?" in ibid., May 9, 1919, p. 8 (copies available in the New York Public Library).
36. Lansing B. Bloom, "To the Colors," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War (Santa Fe, N.M., 1927), 112
37. P. G. [an abbreviation for the frequently used pen-name "Per Orgullo," implying pride in oneself], "Despedida a los Soldados de Nuevo México que se Marcharon de Nuevo México el D-acia 18 de Octubre de 1917," La Revista de Taos, Oct. 26, 1917, p. 1
38. José O. Gonzales, "El Kaiser Orando," in ibid., Sept. 27, 1918, p. 4
39. Andr-aces Martínez y Ortega, "Por La Pátria," El Crepúsculo (a Taos Valley News insert; hereafter cited as El Crepúsculo), July 30, 1918, p. 1
40. Ford, Americans All!, 19-20
41. Paul A. F. Walter, "The Press and Public Opinion," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 86
42. Meléndez, So All Is Not Lost, 21-24
43. Doris Meyer, Speaking for Themselves: Neomexicano Cultural Identity and the Spanish-Language Press, 1880-1920 (Albuquerque, 1996)
44. "Tengamos Páz," El Nuevo Estado [Tierra Amarilla, N.M.], Sept. 28, 1914, p. 2
45. "Por el Terror," El Crepúsculo, April 30, 1918, p. 1.
46. David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin, Tex., 1987), 123
47. "Sección Editorial," La Voz del Pueblo, March 3, 1917 [misdated Feb. on masthead], 2
48. "Las Simpatías de los Mexicanos por los Alemanes No Tiene Razón de Ser," in ibid., March 9, 1918, p. 4.
49. "El País Está Listo," La Voz del Pueblo, March 24, 1917, p. 2
50. La Suerte Esta Echada," in ibid., April 7, 1917, p. 2
51. "El País Esta Listo," in ibid., April 7, 1917, p. 2
52. "En Una Acometida Feroz de las Tropas Franco-Inglesas Salta Hecha Pedazos la Linea de Hindenburg," in ibid., April 21, 1917, p. 1
53. "Continuan los Combates en el Espacio," El Nuevo Estado, Sept. 10, 1917, p. 1
54. "Yankees y Franceses en la Mas Grande Batalla de la Guerra al Sur y Oriente de Verdun," in ibid., Sept. 16, 1918, p. 1
55. "Mensaje del Presidente al Ejercito Nacional," La Revista de Taos, Sept. 14, 1917, p. 1
56. "Como Entró América en la Guerra," La Voz del Pueblo, May 18, 1918, p. 2
57. "Como Entró América en la Guerra," in ibid., Aug. 7, 1918, p. 2
58. Richard Melzer, "Stage Soldiers of the Southwest: New Mexico's Four Minute Men of World War I," Military History of the Southwest, 20 (1990), 23-42
59. "30,000 in New Mexico," and "Women Want Idlers Drafted," Nara Visa News [Nara Visa, N.M.], June 21, 1917, p. 11
60. "Militant Patriotism is Needed Now - Gov. Lindsey," New Mexico War News, April 2, 1918, pp. 1, 4
61. "El Alma de América," El Eco del Norte [Mora, N.M.], June 2, 1913, p. 1
62. "The Star Spangled Banner" and "Battle Hymn of the Republic," transl. Eleuterio Baca, El Crepúsculo, Feb. 5, 1918, p. 3
63. Mario M. Vavellaneda, "El Heroismo," La Revista de Taos, June 8, 1917, p. 4
64. "C¿omo se Entiende y Practica en Nuestros Días el Patriotismo?" El Crepúsculo, Oct. 30, 1917, p. 2
65. "La Integridad del Ciudadano," reprinted in ibid., Sept. 18, 1917, p. 1.
66. Alexander, Ethnic Pride, 30
67. Rupert F. Asplund, "Civilian Activities," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 108-122, 40
68. Kennedy, Over Here, 150, 155
69. Martínez, "Discurso Pronunciado Extemporaneamente."
70. Alexander, Ethnic Pride, 30
71. "Gran Junta de Lea[l]dad," La Voz Pública [Santa Rosa, N.M.], April 13, 1917, p. 1
72. "Junta Patriótica," El Crepúsculo, April 24, 1917, p. 2
73. "Spanish-American Normal School Celebration of the Fourth of July at Ojo Caliente," Taos Valley News, July 17, 1917, p. 2
74. Kennedy, Over Here, 105-106
75. Alexander, Ethnic Pride, 33-34, 41
76. Ford, Americans All!, 24
77. "Lista de Honor: Los Taoseños Patriotas que Ayudan á su Gobierno Comprando Bonos de la Libertad," La Revista de Taos, Oct. 11, 1918, p. 4
78. Kennedy, Over Here, 284, 30
79. Charlotte Whaley, Nina Otero-Warren of Santa (Albuquerque, 1994), 88
80. Joan M. Jensen, "'Disfranchisement is a Disgrace': Women and Politics in New Mexico, 1900-1940," New Mexico Historical Review, 56 (1981), 5-35, esp. 5-16, 18
81. Ann M. Massmann, "Adelina 'Nina' Otero-Warren: A Spanish-American Cultural Broker," Journal of the Southwest, 42 (2000), 877-896.
82. Eleanor Flexner and Ellen Fitzpatrick, Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 276
83. Whaley, Nina Otero-Warren, 89, 91
84. "Santa Fe County Organizes for Effective War Work," New Mexico War News, May 29, 1918, p. 4
85. Woman's Committee [of the State Council of Defense], "Taos Auxiliary Renders Aid to Our Government," in ibid., March 12, 1918, p. 6
86. "Entusiasmo en los Bonos de Libertad," El Crepúsculo, April 30, 1918, p. 1
87. "El Primer Trabajo," La Revista de Taos, July 27, 1917, p. 8
88. Walter Danburg, "The State Council of Defense," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War," 30-31
89. "La Junta de Señoras" and "El Día de Registración Militar," La Revista de Taos, June 8, 1917, p. 4
90. "La Juventúd de la Nación Ofreció en Masa sus Servicios al Gobierno el Martes," La Voz del Pueblo, June 9, 1917, p. 1.
91. "La Cuarta Emisión," El Crepúsculo, Oct. 8, 1918, p. 3
92. "El Quinto Préstamo a la Libertád," El Eco del Norte, March 7, 1919, p. 2
93. "Lista de Honor: Los Taoseños Patriótas que Ayudan á su Gobierno Comprando Bonos de la Libertad," La Revista de Taos, Oct. 1, 1918, p. 4
94. "Entusiasmo en los Bonos de Libertad," 1.
95. Sarah Deutsch, No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (New York, 1987), 113
96. Asplund, "Civilian Activities," 44-45
97. "El Emprestito de la Victoria," La Voz del Pueblo, May 3, 1919, p. 7.
98. Kennedy, Over Here, 118
99. "Se Crea un Concilio de Guerra en Nuevo Mexico," La Voz del Pueblo, April 28, 1917, pp. 1, 3
100. Danburg, "The State Council of Defense," 31
101. "Se Reune en Sesion Extraordinaria la Legislatura de Nuevo Mexico," La Voz del Pueblo, May 5, 1917, p. 1
102. "La Legislatura del Estado Vota la Suma de $750.000 Para la Preparación Agrícola del Estado," in ibid., May 12, 1917, p. 1
103. untitled editorial, in ibid., May 12, 1917, p. 2
104. "El Condado de San Miguel se Prepara para Aumentar su Producción," in ibid., May 5, 1917, pp. 1, 4.
105. "Se Crea un Concilio de Guerra en Nuevo Mexico" Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, 114
106. Walter Danburg, "New Mexico in the Great War," New Mexico Historical Review, 1 (1926), 112-114
107. Asplund, "Civilian Activities," 52-53
108. "Government Will Get Many Pintos in San Miguel," Las Vegas Optic
109. reprinted in New Mexico War News, Feb. 26, 1918, p. 3.
110. Phillip B. Gonzales, "Struggle for Survival: The Hispanic Land Grants of New Mexico," Agricultural History, 77 (2003), 293-324
111. "Cercado Ajeno: Para Que el Pueblo Sepa," La Cometa
112. reprinted in La Voz del Pueblo, May 18, 1918, p. 2.
113. Jack E. Holmes, Politics in New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1967), 20
114. Lansing B. Bloom, "The Breaking of the Storm," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 10
115. "La Legislatura y el Gobernador de Nuevo Mexico Aprueban la Actitud del Presidente," La Voz del Pueblo, Feb. 10, 1917, p. 1
116. La Bandera Americana [Albuquerque]
117. reprinted in La Voz del Pueblo, March 10, 1917, p. 2
118. Meléndez, So All Is Not Lost, 87.
119. "Se Crea un Concilio de Guerra en Nuevo Mexico," 1, 3
120. Danburg, "The State Council of Defense," 23-25
121. "State Chairman Attends Washington Conference," Las Vegas Optic
122. reprinted in New Mexico War News, April 9, 1918, p. 1
123. B. C. Hernández, letter to El Nuevo Estado, May 13, 1918, p. 1
124. Kennedy, Over Here, 88
125. Richard Melzer, "Exiled in the Desert: The Bisbee Deportees' Reception in New Mexico, 1917," New Mexico Historical Review, 67 (1992), 269-284
126. "No Vagrant, Loafer nor Slacker Will be Allowed to Get By In this State," Santa Fe New Mexican, July 6, 1918, p. 3
127. W. W. Risdon to W. E. Lindsey, Aug. 7, 1917, and Risdon to His Excellency, W. E. Lindsey, Governor of the State of New Mexico, folder 181, box 9, Governor Washington E. Lindsey Papers [hereafter Lindsey Papers], New Mexico State Records Center and Archives [hereafter NMSRCA]
128. B. C. Hernández to editor ("Hernández Favorece que se Forme un Regimiento de Hispano-Americanos"), El Nuevo Estado, Aug. 13, 1917, p. 1.
129. State of New Mexico, The New Mexico Blue Book (Santa Fe, N.M., 1917), 62-63
130. "La Legislatura y el Gobernador de Nuevo Mexico Aprueban la Actitúd del Presidente," 1
131. "Se Reune en Sesión Extraordinaria la Legislatura de Nuevo México," in La Voz del Pueblo, May 5, 1917, p. 4
132. Walter, "The Press and Public Opinion," 70
133. "Patriotismo y Republicanismo," in ibid., Dec. 25, 1915, p. 2
134. Kennedy, Over Here, 155.
135. For Lindsey's defense of his tenure against charges of wartime partisanship, see W. E. Lindsey, Review of the Republican War Administration, pamphlet, folder 184,
136. Lindsey Papers; untitled editorial, La Voz del Pueblo, June 2, 1917, p. 2
137. "Se Celebra en Las Vegas Una Reunión Patriótica," in ibid., April 21, 1917, p. 1
138. "Los Piratas de la Politica," in ibid., May 12, 1917, p. 2
139. Walter, "The Press and Public Opinion," in Bloom, New Mexico in the Great War, 82-83
140. "Se Quieren Ofi ciales Patriotas, Hombres Competentes," La Estrella [Las Cruces, N.M.]
141. reprinted in El Nuevo Estado, Sept. 16, 1918, p. 2.
142. Secretary of State, New Mexico Blue Book, 1919 (Santa Fe, N.M., 1919), 71
143. Benigno Hernández, "National Guard Prepares for War," El Combate [Wagon Mound, N.M.], Oct. 13, 1911, p. 1
144. National Guard Enlistments, World War I - 1917-1918, A-Z, Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA
145. Lansing Bloom, "New Mexico in the Great War: VIII - To the Colors," New Mexico Historical Review, 1 (1926), 419-433, esp. 420
146. "Las Tropas de la Guardia Nacional de Nuevo México en California," La Voz del Pueblo, Oct. 27, 1917, p. 1
147. "Taos Ha Contestado al Llamado de la Pátria," La Revista de Taos, June 8, 1917, p. 4.
148. Bloom to R. E. Dickerson, Feb. 18, 1921, Correspondence of Lansing B. Bloom Re: New Mexico Servicemen folder [hereafter Bloom letters], Historical Services Board, Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA
149. Ira V. Boldt to Bloom, Aug. 2, 1920, Bloom letters; "El Porvenir del Hijo del País," La Revista de Taos, June 22, 1917, p. 1
150. Woman's Committee [of the State Council of Defense], "Woman's Auxiliary Reorganized," New Mexico War News, March 5, 1918, p. 4.
151. Newton Baker quoted in Kennedy, Over Here, 152, 153
152. Ford, Americans All!, 33, 51, 53
153. "Proclamación del Presidente," El Nuevo Estado, May 28, 1917, p. 1
154. "Princípio el Martes el Trabajo de Examen y Selección," La Revista de Taos, Aug. 10, 1917, p. 1
155. "La Juventud de la Nación Ofreció en Masa sus Servicios al Gobierno el Martes," La Voz del Pueblo, June 9, 1917, p. 1
156. "El Registro de los Varones de Edad Militar Tendra Lugar el Martes," La Revista de Taos, June 1, 1917, p. 1
157. untitled editorial, La Voz del Pueblo, May 12, 1917, p. 2
158. "Proclamación del Presidente Llamando a los Hombres de la Nación a sus Deberes en la Guerra," El Nuevo Estado, May 28, 1917, p. 1
159. "El Alistamiento," La Revista de Taos, July 27, 1917, p. 8
160. "Aviso a los Registrados," in ibid., Dec. 7, 1917, p. 1
161. "A¡ Registrarse!," El Crepúsculo, June 11, 1918, p. 1
162. "Todos los Hombres de Edad Militar Deben Registrar sus Nombres el Día 5," La Voz del Pueblo, June 2, 1917, p. 1.
163. Kennedy, Over Here, 150, 152-153
164. Bloom, "To the Colors," 111
165. "Registration Day," Nara Visa News, June 7, 1917
166. "El Día de Registración Militar," La Revista de Taos, June 8, 1917, p. 4
167. "La Juventud de la Nación Ofreció en Masa sus Servicios al Gobierno el Martes," La Voz del Pueblo, June 9, 1917, p. 1
168. "Patriotas Unos, Canallas Otros," La Voz Pública, Nov. 2, 1917, p. 1
169. "Todos los Hombres de Edad Militar Deben Registrar sus Nombres el Día 5," p. 1
170. "Salen los Primeros Reclutas del Condado de Taos," La Revista de Taos, Sept. 7, 1917, p. 1
171. "Immense Crowd Bids Farewell to Drafted Men," Albuquerque Morning Journal, Aug. 28, 1918, p. 8
172. "La Movilicación Americana," La Revista de Taos, Dec. 7, 1917, p. 1.
173. Ford, Americans All!, 15, 112-120, 75-87, 35-37, 38-41, 62-63
174. Kennedy, Over Here, 158-163
175. "A Spanish-American Regiment," Santa Fe New Mexican, Aug. 2, 1917, p. 4
176. "Hernandez Favorece que se Forme un Regimiento de Hispano-Americanos," 1
177. "O. A. Larrazolo and Malaquías Martínez Favor S. A. Regiment," Santa Fe New Mexican, Aug. 6, 1917, p. 2.
178. "Antonio Lucero Against 'Segregation' Regiment," Santa Fe New Mexican, Aug. 25, 1917, p. 3
179. "No se Crearán Regimientos Especiales de Hispano Americanos," La Voz del Pueblo, Sept. 1, 1917, p. 1.
180. "Por el Estado," La Revista de Taos, Aug. 3, 1917, p. 7
181. R. C. Reid to the Provost Marshal General, July 31, 1918, folder 190, box 9, Lindsey Papers, NMSRCA
182. "Las Tropas Hispano-Americanas de Nuevo Mexico Permaneceran Juntas," El Nuevo Estado, Sept. 10, 1917, p. 1
183. "No se Crearán Regimientos Especiales de Hispano Americanos," p. 1
184. "New Mexico-Spanish Speaking Troops to be Kept Together," Santa Fe New Mexican, Sept. 3, 1917, p. 2.
185. "Los Soldados Hispano-Americanos," La Revista de Taos, Nov. 29, 1918, p. 1
186. "Todos Somos Americanos," Taos Valley News
187. reprinted in La Revista de Taos, Oct. 19, 1917, p. 5.
188. Ford, Americans All!, 13-14, 126, 109
189. P. A. F. Walter, "Life in Camp and Cantonment," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 125, 135-136
190. Maj. Gen. F. S. Strong to Charles Springer, Jan. 24, 1918, Alleged Hispano Sentiment and War folder, State Council of Defense (WWI), Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA
191. Frank H. H. Roberts, "The War Executive," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 14-21, esp. 21
192. Christina Krysto, "Bringing the World to Our Foreign-Language Soldiers," National Geographic Magazine, 34 (1918), 87-90
193. "Los Soldados Hispano-Americanos," La Revista de Taos, Nov. 29, 1918, p. 1.
194. Lawrence F. Lee to Leslie's Weekly, Jan. 14, 1918, Alleged Hispano Sentiment Folder, Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA
195. Henry Wray, "America's Unguarded Gateway," North American Review, 208 (1918), 312-314. Wray was actually H. R. Walmsley of Kansas City, Missouri.
196. W. A. Sutherland to Springer, Aug. 9, 1918, Springer to Sutherland, n.d., and, Lee to Col. George Harvey, Aug. 27, 1918, all in Alleged Hispano Sentiment folder, Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA.
197. M. C. Mechem to Springer, April 12, 1918, Alleged Hispano Sentiment folder, Adjutant General Records, NMSRCA; "In Publicity Work," New Mexico War News, June 6, 1918, p. 2
198. Danburg, "The State Council of Defense," 30.
199. Copies of the Spanish edition apparently did not survive. Walter, "The Press and Public Opinion," 80-83
200. Pearce S. Grove, Becky J. Barnett, and Sandra J. Hansen, eds., New Mexico Newspapers: A Comprehensive Guide to Bibliographical Entries and Locations (Albuquerque, 1975), 461.
201. "Roll of Honor, State of New Mexico: Died in Service," in Bloom, ed., New Mexico in the Great War, 148-164
202. "Manuel Ruiz, Old Town Hero, Tells of the Severest Fighting He Experienced," Albuquerque Morning Journal, Sept. 2, 1919, p. 5
203. "Luis Otero, Killed in France, Comes Back Home," in ibid., Oct. 1, 1920, p. 1
204. "Los Soldados Hispano-Americanos," 1
205. "El Americanismo de los Hispano-Americanos esta bien Demostrado," El Boletín Popular, in La Voz del Pueblo, June 7, 1919, p. 2
206. "Nuestros Soldados," La Bandera Americana, Oct. 31, 1919, p. 2
207. "No Han Desmentido su Sangre Valor," in ibid., Jan. 24, 1920, p. 2.
208. Perfectita Martinez, "A los Soldados," El Heraldo, published in La Bandera Americana, Jan. 31, 1919, p. 3
209. Mrs. G. Benavides, "A Los Hispano-Americanos en el Servicio," published in ibid., April 11, 1919, p. 3
210. Silverio Valencia, A. Pino, J. F. Gonzales, and A. Garcia, "Primera Infanteria de Nuevo Mexico, published in ibid., March 21, 1919, p. 3.
211. "Larrazolo And The Democrats, Albuquerque Morning Journal, Oct. 8, 1918, p. 6
212. "Personal Gossip of the Old Town," Santa Fe New Mexican, April 12, 1919, p. 3
213. "'God Bless You,' Wireless Words by Governor to Returning Men," in ibid., March 13, 1919, p. 3
214. Paul F. Larrazolo, Octaviano A. Larrazolo: A Moment in New Mexico History (New York, 1986), 91
215. Elizabeth Salas, "Ethnicity, Gender, and Divorce: Issues in the 1922 Campaign by Adelina Otero-Warren for the U.S. House of Representatives," New Mexico Historical Review, 70 (1995), 367-382, esp. 372.
216. Herman G. Baca to Bronson Cutting, Nov. 16, 1923, folder 24, box 1, Richard Lowitt Papers, Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; "Los Veteranos de Este Condado," La Voz del Pueblo, Aug. 30, 1919, p. 1
217. "La Legión Americana y la Politica," in ibid., Sept. 13, 1919, p. 1
218. "Una Nueva Posta," El Santa Fe Nuevo Mexicano, Feb. 27, 1930, p. 1
219. Richard Lowitt, Bronson M. Cutting: Progressive Politician (Albuquerque, 1992), 103
220. Wilson quoted in Kennedy, Over Here, 87
221. Gustav L. Seligmann, "Bronson Cutting, Politician," in R. N. Ellis, ed., New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader (Albuquerque, 1971), 223
222. Kennedy, Over Here, 217-218
223. Felipe Maximiliano Chacón, "Oda a los Heroes," in F. M. Chacón, Obras de Felipe Maximiliano Chacón, "El Cantor Neomexicano," Poesía y Prosa (Albuquerque, 1924), 18, 21
224. Meléndez, So All Is Not Lost, 189.
225. Stanley Lemons, The Woman Citizen: Social Feminism in the 1920s (Urbana, Ill., 1973), 3-5
226. Whaley, Nina Otero-Warren, 91
227. Jensen, "'Disfranchisement is a Disgrace,' " 22-23.
228. Jensen, "'Disfranchisement is a Disgrace,'" 26
229. Whaley, Nina Otero Warren, 97-98
230. Janine A. Young, " 'For the Best Interests of the Community': The Origins and Impact of the Women's Suffrage Movement in New Mexico, 1900-1930" (M.A. thesis, University of New Mexico, 1984), 77-78
231. Maurilio E. Vigil, "The Political Development of New Mexico's Hispanas," Latino Studies Journal, 7 (1996), 3-28.
232. Tomás McGrath to El Combate
233. reprinted in "Distinciones de Raza," La Voz del Pueblo, May 29, 1920, p. 2.
234. Gino Speranza, "The Immigration Peril II: New Mexico an Example," The World's Work, 47 (1923), 147-157, esp. 148
235. Frank W. Clancy to Santa Fe New Mexican, Dec. 10, 1924, p. 2
236. Nina Otero-Warren, Old Spain in Our Southwest (New York, 1936).
237. Stephen C. Martínez, "Civic Ideals in New Mexico: The Sacred Quest for Citizenship 1848-1922" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, 1996)
238. Phillip B. Gonzales, Forced Sacrifice as Ethnic Protest: The Hispano Cause in New Mexico and the Racial Attitude Confrontation of 1933 (New York, 2001)
239. George I. Sanchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940).
240. Ford, Americans All!, 44.