Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Nepal: A cross-sectional survey on Leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 11, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1792-1799

  Schenkel, Karl ^a,b   Rijal, Suman ^c   Koirala, Siddhartha ^c   Koirala, Shekhar ^c   Vanlerberghe, Veerle ^b   Van Der Stuyft, Patrick ^b   Gramiccia, Marina ^d   Boelaert, Marleen ^b  

^a ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Belgium)

^c B P KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (Nepal)

^d ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

Author keywords

Environmental risk factors; Leishmania donovani; Leishmanin skin test; Nepal; Visceral leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEALTH SURVEY; IMMUNOASSAY; LEISHMANIASIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGGLUTINATION TEST; ARTICLE; CHILD; COMMUNITY; DIRECT AGGLUTINATION TEST; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HOUSING; HUMAN; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA SKIN TEST; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEPAL; NONHUMAN; RISK FACTOR; SKIN TEST; SOCIOECONOMICS; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGGLUTINATION TESTS; ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRADERMAL TESTS; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEPAL; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS; RURAL HEALTH; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

ASIA; EURASIA; KOSI; MORANG; NEPAL; SOUTH ASIA;

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; NASO HEXACANTHUS;

EID: 33751357898     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01735.x     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Abdel-Hameed AA, Harith AE & Abdel-Rahim IM (1989) Potential of a direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a known endemic area in Sudan. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 40, 470-471.
2. Alexander B (2002) Role of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) in the epidemiology of urban visceral leishmaniasis in Brasil. Emerging infectious diseases 8, 1480-1485.
3. Bern C, Joshi AB, Jha SN et al. (2000) Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63, 184-188.
4. Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R et al. (2005) Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 655-662.
5. Bista MB (1998) National overview of kala-azar in Nepal. In: Kala-azar in Nepal: Principles, Practice and Public Health Perspectives (eds S Bastola, P Karki, S Rijal & A Gautam). EDCD/BPKIHS/WHO, Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 1-5.
6. Boelaert M, El Safi S, Jacquet D, de Muynck A, van der Stuyft P & Le Ray D (1999) Operational validation of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 129-134.
7. Dinesh DS, Ranjan A, Palit A, Kishore K & Kar SK (2001) Seasonal and nocturnal landing/biting behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 95, 197-202.
8. Ho M, Koech DK, Iha DW & Bryceson AD (1983) Immunosuppression in Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 51, 207-214.
9. Joshi AB, Singhasivanon P, Khusmith S, Fungladda W & Nandy A (1999) Evaluation of direct agglutination test (DAT) as an immunodiagnostic tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 30, 583-585.
10. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE & Nizam A (1998) Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods, 3rd Edn. Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, USA.
11. Koirala S, Parija SC, Karki P & Das ML (1998) Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala-azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 76, 485-490.
12. Koirala S, Karki P, Das ML, Parija SC & Karki BM (2004) Epidemiological study of kala-azar by direct agglutination test in two rural communities of eastern Nepal. Tropical Medicine and International Health 9, 533-537.
13. Kumar V, Kesari SK, Sinha NK et al. (1995) Field trial of an ecological approach for the control of Phlebotomus argentipes using mud and lime plaster. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 101, 154-156.
14. Nadim A, Motabar B, Houshmand B, Keyghobadi K & Aflatonian M (2000) Evaluation of Pyrethroid Impregnated Bednets for Control of Anthroponotic Cutanious Leishmaniasis in BAM (Islamic Republic of Iran). (WHO/LEISH/95.37) World Health Organization, Geneva.
15. Rab MA & Evans DA (1994) The effect of BCG vaccination on the leishmanin skin test. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 541-542.
16. Ranjan A, Sur D, Singh VP et al. (2005) Risk factors for Indian kala-azar. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73, 74-78.
17. Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S & Vinayak V (1993) Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala azar in India. Transactions of the Royal of Society of Tropical Medicine Hygiene 87, 276-278.
18. Sokal J (1975) Measurement of delayed skin-test responses. New England Journal of Medicine 293, 501-502.
19. Srinivasan R & Panicker KN (1992) Biting rhythm & biting activity of phlebotomid sandflies. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 95, 301-304.
20. World Health Organization (1999) Recommended Surveillance Standards (WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2). WHO, Geneva.