Waking up to shell shock: psychiatry in the US military during World War II

Endeavour

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 144-149

  Pols, Hans ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MILITARY APPLICATIONS;

MILITARY OFFICERS; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS;

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH;

HISTORY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; REVIEW; SOLDIER; UNITED STATES; WAR;

COMBAT DISORDERS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; UNITED STATES; WORLD WAR II;

EID: 33751346839     PISSN: 01609327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2006.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (35)

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4. Glass, A.J. et al. (1959) Psychiatric prediction and military effectiveness (Part I & II). US Armed Forces Medical Journal 7, pp. 1427-1443 and pp. 1575-1588, respectively; see also Ginzberg, E. et al. (1955) The Lost Divisions, New York: Columbia University Press
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7. For an overview of American military psychiatry during World War II see Glass, A.J. and Bernucci, R.J., eds (1966) Neuropsychiatry in World War II: Zone of the Interior (Vol. 1), Government Printing Office (Washington, DC, USA); and Glass, A.J. and Bernucci, R.J. eds (1966), Neuropsychiatry in World War II: Overseas Theaters (Vol. 2), Government Printing Office
8. Jonas C.H. Psychiatry has growing pains. American Journal of Psychiatry 102 (1946) 819-821
9. For a historical overview of screening in the military which draws the same conclusion see:. Jones E., et al. Screening for vulnerability to psychological disorders in the military: an historical survey. Journal of Medical Screening 10 (2003) 40-46
10. Grinker, R. and Spiegel, J.P. (1943)
11. Miller M.L. Aftermath of operational fatigue in combat aircrews. American Journal of Psychiatry 101 (1944) 325-330
12. Grinker, R. and Spiegel, J.P. (1943), p. 115
13. For the origins and the popularization of the term 'stress' see Viner, R. (1999) Putting stress in life: Hans Selye and the making of stress theory. Social Studies of Science 29, pp. 391-410. Its popularity in military psychiatry is reflected in the title of the second book of Grinker and Spiegel: Grinker, R. and Spiegel, J.P. (1945) Man under Stress, Blakiston
14. Smith E.R. Neurosis resulting from combat. American Journal of Psychiatry 100 (1943) 94-95
15. In: Hanson F. (Ed). Combat Psychiatry: Experiences in the North African and Mediterranean Theaters of Operation, American Ground Forces, World War II (2005), University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI, USA
16. Grinker, R. and Spiegel, J.P. (1943), p. 82
17. Recently, historians have embarked on a reappraisal of World War II, which has been represented as the just and glorious war fought by the best generation. See Fussell, P. (1989) Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War, Oxford University Press, New York; and Polenberg, R. (1992) The good war? A reappraisal of how World War II affected American society. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100, pp. 295-322
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19. Menninger W.C. Psychiatric experience in the war, 1941-1946. American Journal of Psychiatry 103 (1947) 577-586
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21. Stouffer, S.A. et al. (1949) The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life (Vol. 1 - Studies in Social Psychology in World War II), Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ, USA); Stouffer, S.A. et al. (1949) The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath (Vol. 2 - Studies in Social Psychology in World War II), Princeton University Press
22. For an overview of these studies see. Wessely S. Twentieth-century theories on combat motivation and breakdown. Journal of Contemporary History 41 (2006) 269-286
23. It has since become known that Marshall fabricated most of his statistics. This, however, does not detract from his enormous influence on US Army training practices. See Spiller, R.J. (1988) S.L.A. Marshall and the ratio of fire. RUSI Journal 133, pp. 63-71
24. Marshall S.L.A. Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (1947), William Morrow and Infantry Journal Press, Washington, DC, USA p. 79
25. Ibid., p. 42
26. Ibid., pp. 44-45
27. Ibid., p. 61
28. Ibid., preface
29. See also Jones, E. et al. (2003)
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31. See Hale N.G. Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985: The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States (1995), Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA
32. Wessely S. Twentieth-century theories on combat motivation and breakdown. Journal of Contemporary History 41 (2006) 281-282
33. Kulka R.A., et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (1990), Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY, USA
34. Kulka R.A. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study: Tables of Findings and Technical Appendices (1990), Brunner/Mazel
35. Lt. Col. Grossman, D. (1995) On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, Back Bay (Boston, MA, USA)