Protecting threatened identity: Sticking with the group by emphasizing ingroup heterogeneity

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 32, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1620-1632

  Hutchison, Paul ^a   Jetten, Jolanda ^b   Christian, Julie ^c   Haycraft, Emma ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Group identification; Group processes; Group variability; Social identity; Stereotypes; Threat

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; PERCEPTION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; JUDGMENT; MALE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 33751342499     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167206292235     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Allen, V. L. (1985). Infra-group, intra-group and inter-group: Construing levels of organization in social influence. In S. Moscovici, G. Mugny, & E. van Avermaet (Eds.), Perspectives on minority influence (pp. 217-238). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2. Branscombe, N., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 35-58). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
3. Brauer, M. (2001). Intergroup perception in the social context: The effects of social status and group membership on perceived out-group homogeneity and ethnocentrism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 15-31.
4. Cameron, J. E., Duck, J. M., Terry, D. J., & Lalonde, R. N. (2005). Perceptions of self and group in context of a threatened national identity: A field study. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 73-88.
5. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioural Science, 3, 14-25.
6. Castano, E., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1998). The highs and lows of group homogeneity. Behavioural Processes, 42, 219-238.
7. Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1997). Stereotyping under threat: The role of group identification. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 257-272). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
8. Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436.
9. Doosje, B., Spears, R., & Ellemers, N., & Koomen, W. (1999). Perceived group variability in intergroup relations: The distinctive role of social identity. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 41-74). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
10. Durkheim, E. (1984). The division of labor in society (W. D. Halls, Trans.). London: Macmillan Education. (Original work published 1893)
11. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626.
12. Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621-628.
13. Guinote, A. (2004). Group size, outcome dependency, and power: Effects on perceived and objective variability. In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 221-236). New York: Psychology Press.
14. Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach (2nd ed.). London: Sage Ltd.
15. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 809-818.
16. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C., & McGarty, C. (1995). Social categorization and group homogeneity: Changes in the perceived applicability of stereotype content as a function of comparative context and trait favourableness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 139-160.
17. Jetten, J., & Postmes, T. (2006). "I did it my way": Collective expressions of individualism. In T. Postmes & J. Jetten (Eds.), Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity (pp. 116-136). London: Sage.
18. Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). We're all individuals: Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 189-207.
19. Jetten, J., Spears, R., Hogg, M. A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2000). Discrimination constrained and justified: The variable effects of group variability and ingroup identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 329-356.
20. Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1988). Out-group homogeneity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 778-788.
21. Kelly, C. (1989). Political identity and perceived intragroup homogeneity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 239-250.
22. Lee, Y. T., & Ottati, V. (1995). Perceived in-group homogeneity as a function of group membership salience and stereotype threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 610-619.
23. Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distribution of characteristics of ingroup and outgroup members: Empirical evidence and a computer simulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 165-188.
24. Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). They all look alike, but so do we, sometimes.... Perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity as a function of gender and context. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 111-124.
25. Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., Eagly, A. H., & Stewart, T. (1995). Homogeneity of gender groups in memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 193-217.
26. Mael, F. A. (1988). Organizational identification: Construct redefinition and a field application with organizational alumni. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit.
27. McAuliffe, B. J., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2003). Individualist and collectivist norms: When it's OK to go your own way. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 57-70.
28. Mullen, B., & Hu, L. (1989). Perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability: A meta-analysis integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 233-252.
29. Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
30. Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (1990). Measures and models of perceived group variability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 173-191.
31. Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Ryan, C. (1991). Social categorization and the representation of variability information. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 211-245). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
32. Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1051-1068.
33. Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of decision making and group norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 918-930.
34. Quattrone, G. A. (1986). On the perception of group's variability. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 25-48). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
35. Reicher, S. D. (1996). Social identity and social change: Rethinking the context of social psychology. In W. P. Robinson (Ed.), Social groups and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel (pp. 317-336). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
36. Reynolds, K. J., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., & Ryan, M. K. (2004). Social identity as the basis of group entitativity: Elaborating the case for the "science of social groups per se." In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 317-334). New York: Psychology Press.
37. Rothgerber, H. (1997). External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1206-1212.
38. Simon, B. (1992). The perception of ingroup and outgroup homogeneity: Reintroducing the intergroup context. European Review of Social Psychology, 3, 1-30.
39. Simon, B., & Brown, R. J. (1987). Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 703-711.
40. Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56, 319-331.
41. Simon, B., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1990). Social identity and perceived group homogeneity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 269-286.
42. Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538-553.
43. Stott, C. J., & Drury, J. (2004). The importance of social structure and social interaction in stereotype consensus and content: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts? European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 11-23.
44. Stott, C. J., Hutchison, P., & Drury, J. (2001). " Hooligans" abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity, and participation in collective "disorder" at the 1998 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 359-384.
45. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). Northridge, CA: HarperCollins.
46. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson Hall.
47. Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 77-122). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
48. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
49. van Knippenberg, D., & Haslam, S. A. (2003). Realizing the diversity dividend: Exploring the subtle interplay between identity, ideology, and reality. In S. A. Haslam, D. van Knippenberg, M. J. Platow, & N. Ellemers (Eds.), Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice (pp. 61-80). New York: Psychology Press.
50. Voci, A. (2000). Perceived group variability and the salience of personal and social identity. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 177-222). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
51. Voci, A., & Capozza, D. (1999, July 6-11). Outgroup homogeneity: Measures and determinants of the effect. Paper presented at the 12th general meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychologists, Oxford.
52. Wright, S. C. (2001). Strategic collective action: Social psychology and social change. In R. J. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 409-431). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.