Dissolved oxygen as a physico-chemical supporting element in the Water Framework Directive

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 55, Issue 1-6, 2007, Pages 53-64

  Best, M A ^a   Wither, A W ^a   Coates, S ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT AGENCY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Classification schemes; Dissolved oxygen; Estuaries; Transitional and coastal waters; Water Framework Directive

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; TRANSITIONAL AND COASTAL WATERS; WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE;

BIOMATERIALS; ECOLOGY; ESTUARIES; MARINE POLLUTION; OXYGEN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; THERMAL EFFECTS;

LAWS AND LEGISLATION;

OXYGEN; WATER;

BIOMONITORING; COASTAL WATER; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; WATER QUALITY;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BIOLOGY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT; COASTAL WATERS; COMMUNITY; DISSOLUTION; ECOLOGY; HABITAT QUALITY; MORPHOLOGY; NUTRIENT; OXYGENATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; QUALITY CONTROL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE; WATER QUALITY;

ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EUROPE; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; OCEANOGRAPHY; OXYGEN; REFERENCE STANDARDS; SEAWATER;

EID: 33751285184     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.037     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aminot, A., Chaussepied, M., 1983. Manuel des analyses chimiques en milieu marin. Centre nationalpour l'exploration des oceans (CNEXO). Brest, p. 395.
2. Andrews M.J., and Rickard D.G. Rehabilitation of the inner Thames estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 11 (1980) 327-332
3. Araujo F.G., Bailey R.G., and Williams W.P. Seasonal and between-year variations of fish populations in the middle Thames estuary: 1980-1989. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 5 (1998) 1-21
4. Araujo F.G., Bailey R.G., and Williams W.P. Spatial and temporal variations in fish populations in the upper Thames estuary. J. Fish Biol. 55 (1999) 836-853
5. Balls P.W., Brockie N., Dobson J., and Johnston W. Dissolved oxygen and nitrification in the upper Forth estuary during Summer 1982-92: Patterns and Trends. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 42 (1996) 117-134
6. Bedford, K., Udal, I., 2003. The impact of organic enrichment from effluents - dissolved oxygen. The Solent European Marine Site. Environment Agency, Habitats Directive Stage 3 technical report, 10187. Environment Agency, Southern Region, p. 63.
7. Bone Q., Marshall N.B., and Blaxter J.H.S. Biology of Fishes. Second ed. (1995), Chapman & Hall, London
8. Borsuk M., Stow C.A., Luettich R.A., Paerl H.W., and Pinckney J.L. Probabilistic prediction of hypoxia in the Neuse River Estuary using an empirical model of oxygen dynamics. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 52 (2001) 33-49
9. Butler, Coste, 1924. Seasonal variations in the dissolved oxygen content of the water of the Thames estuary. With special reference to the phenomenon of superstauration.
10. CIS Guidance 2003. Overall approach to the classification of ecological status and ecological potential. Guidance document no 13. ISBN 92-894-6968-4.
11. Clark J.F., Simpson H.J., Bopp R.F., and Deck B.L. Dissolved oxygen in lower Hudson estuary: 1978-93. J. Environ. Eng. 121 (1995) 760-763
12. Colclough S.R., Gray G., Bark A., and Knights B. Fish and fisheries of the tidal Thames: research aims and future pressures. J. Fish Biol. (2002) 60
13. DEFRA, 1999. Nutrient input to the sea and the impact on the marine ecosystem (JoNuS). Contract Report. pp 179.
14. Diaz R.J. Overview of hypoxia around the world. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 275-281
15. Diaz R.J., and Rosenberg R. Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic macrofauna. Ocean. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 33 (1995) 245-303
16. Diaz R.J., Neubauer R.J., Schaffner R.J., Pihl L., and Baden S.P. Continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen in an estuary experiencing periodic hypoxia and the effect of hypoxia on macrobenthos and fish. Sci. Total Environ. Suppl. 1992 (1992) 1055-1068
17. Edwards A., and Edelesten D. Deep water renewal of Loch Etive: a three basin Scottish fjord. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 5 (1977) 575-595
18. Elliott M., Hemmingway K.L., Costello M.J., Duhamel S., Hostens K., Labropoulou M., Marshall S., and Winkler H. Links between fish and other trophic levels. In: Elliott M., and Hemmingway K.L. (Eds). Fishes in Estuaries (2002), Blackwell Science, Oxford 124-216
19. Environment Agency. The Water Quality of the Tidal Thames (1997), HMSO
20. Falkowski P.G., Hopkins T.S., and Walsh J.J. An analysis of factors affecting oxygen depletion in the New York Bight. J. Mar. Res. 38 (1980) 479-506
21. Frodge J.D., Thamas G.L., and Pauley G.B. Effects of canopy formation by floating and submergent aquatic macrophytes on the water quality of two shallow Pacific Northwest lakes. Aquat. Botany 38 (1990) 231-248
22. Foundation for Water Research (FWR). 1998 Urban Pollution Manual Second Edition. FR/CL0009.
23. Gade H.G., and Edwards A. Deep water renewal in fjords. In: Freeland H.J., Farmer D.M., and Levings C.D. (Eds). Fjord Oceanography (1980), Plenum, New York 453-489
24. Gehrke. Ann. Hydrog. 44 (1916) 177
25. In: Grasshoff K., Ehrhardt M., and Kremling K. (Eds). Methods of Seawater Analysis. Second ed. (1983), Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
26. Head P.C. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients. In: Head P.C. (Ed). Practical Estuarine Chemistry (1985), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 94-125
27. Henriksen K., and Kemp W.M. Nitrification in estuarine and marine sediments. In: Blackburn T.H., and J. Sørensen J. (Eds). Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal and Marine Environments (1988), John Wiley and Sons 207-250
28. Hopkinson C.S., Giblin A.E., Tucker J., and Garritt R.H. Benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling along an estuarine salinity gradient. Estuaries 22 (1999) 863-881
29. Humber Estuary Committee 1982. The quality of the Humber estuary: A review of the results of monitoring 1961-1981, p. 88.
30. Humber Estuary Committee 1988. The water quality of the Humber estuary.
31. IMPRESS, 2002. Guidance for the analysis of pressures and impacts in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. Common Implementation Strategy Working Group 2.1, 156pp. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved on July 12, 2005 from http://forum.europa.eu.int/Public/irc/env/wfd/library, ISBN: 92-894-5123.
32. Jones P.D. The Mersey estuary-back from the dead: solving a 150-year old problem. J. CIWEM (2000) 14124-14130
33. Jones, P.D., 2005. Breathing new life into the Mersey. Water quality and fisheries in the Mersey estuary: a historical Perspective.
34. Jones K.J., Ayres P., Bullock A.M., Roberts R.J., and Tett P. A red tide of Gyrodinium aureolum in sea lochs of the firth of Clyde and associated mortality of pond-reared salmon. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom 62 (1982) 771-782
35. Jorgensen B.B. Seasonal oxygen depletion in the bottom waters of a Danish fjord and its effect on the benthic community. Oikos 34 (1980) 68-76
36. Josefson A.B., and Widbom B. Differential response of benthic macrofauna and meiofauna to hypoxia in the Gullmar Fjord basin. Mar. Biol. 100 (1988) 31-40
37. Kemp W.M., Sampou P., Caffey J., Mayer M., Henriksen K., and Boynton W.R. Ammonium recycling versus denitrification in Chesapeake Bay sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35 (1990) 1545-1563
38. Kennish M. The Ecology of Estuaries. Physical and Chemical aspects vol. 1 (1986), CRC Press
39. Knowles R. Denitrification. Microbiol. Rev. 46 (1982) 43-70
40. In: Kramer K., Brockmann U., and Warwick R. (Eds). Tidal Estuaries: Manual of Sampling and Analytical Procedures (1994), A.A.Balkema/Rotterdam, Brookfield. 9054106018 304
41. Lovley D.R. Anaerobes into heavy metal: dissimilatory metal reduction in anoxic environments. Trends in Ecol. Evol. 8 (1993) 193-227
42. Matson E.A., and Brinson M.M. Stable carbon isotopes and the C:N ratio in the estuaries of the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers, North Carolina. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35 (1990) 1290-1300
43. Mersey & Weaver River Authority, 1971. Report on the condition of the river Mersey and adjacent coastline.
44. Morren 1843. Journal fur praktishe chemie/chemiker-zeitung 1834-1998.
45. MPMMG 1998. National Marine Program Survey of Quality of UK Coastal Waters. Marine Pollution Management Group Aberdeen. ISBN 0953283836.
46. MPMMG 2004. National Marine Program. Second report (1999-2001). Marine Pollution Management Group. ISBN 0907545203.
47. National Rivers Authority. 1993. The Quality of the Humber estuary 1980-1990. 108pp ISBN 1 873160313.
48. Nedwell D.B., and Trimmer M. Nitrogen fluxes through the upper estuary of the Great Ouse, England: the role of bottom sediments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series 142 (1996) 273-280
49. Nixon, S.C., 1990. oxygen balance in estuaries. WRc report No. PRS 2462-M.
50. Nixon S.W. Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41 (1995) 199-219
51. Nixon et al., 1994. Development of General Quality Assessment Schemes. National Rivers Authority. Interim report 469/2/HO, p. 196.
52. Nixon, S.C., Gunby, A., Ashley, S.J., Lewis, S., Naismith, I., 1995a. Development and testing of General Quality Assessment schemes: Dissolved oxygen and ammonia in estuaries. Environment Agency R& D Project Record PR 469/15/HO.
53. Nixon et al., 1995b. Development and Testing of General Quality Assessment Schemes: Dissolved oxygen and Ammonia in Estuaries. National Rivers Authority Project record 469/15/HO, p. 183.
54. OSPAR, 2005. Revised common procedure for the identification of the eutrophication status of the OSPAR Maritime Area. Ref. Numb. 2005-3. OSPAR Commission.
55. Owens N.J.P. Estuarine nitrification: a naturally occurring fluidized bed reaction?. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Sci. 22 (1986) 31-34
56. Parsons T.R., Maita Y., and Lalli C.M. A Manual for the Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis (1984), Pergamon Press, Oxford. 0-08-030287-4 p. 173
57. In: Prosser C.L. (Ed). Comparative Animal Physiology: Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology v1 (1991), John Wilely and Sons 0-47-85767-X, p. 592
58. Rabalais N.N., Turner R.E., Justic D., Dortch Q., Wiseman Jr. W.J., and Sen Gupta B.K. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi River and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries 19 (1996) 386-407
59. Reynolds P.J., Bealing D.J., Sidorowicz S.V., and Watson S.J. Nitrification rates in rivers and estuaries. NRA R& D Note 346 (1994)
60. Rosenthal, H., Weston, D., Gowen, R., Black, E., 1988. Report of the ad hoc Study Group on Environmental Impact of Mariculture. Copenhagen, Denmark.
61. Ross A.H., Gurney W.S.C., and Heath M.R. Ecosystem models of Scottish sea lochs for assessing the impact of nutrient enrichment. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 50 (1993) 359-367
62. Ross A.H., Gurney W.S.C., and Heath M.R. A comparative study of the ecosystem dynamics of four fjordic sea-lochs. Limnol.Oceanogr. 39 (1994) 318-343
63. Schulz B. Ann. Hydrog. 50 (1922) 33
64. Shang E.H.H., Yu R.M.K., and Wu R.S.S. Hypoxia affects sex differentiation and development, leading to a male-dominated population in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Sci. Technol 40 (2006) 3118-3122
65. Stanley D.W. Long-term trends in Pamlico River estuary nutrients, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, and watershed nutrient production. Water Resourc. Res. 29 8 (1993) 2651-2662
66. Stanley D.W., and Nixon S.W. Stratification and bottom-water hypoxia in the Pamlico River Estuary. Estuaries 15 (1992) 270-281
67. Stiff, M.J., Cartwright, N.G., Crane, R.I., 1992. Environmental quality standards for dissolved oxygen. R & D Note 130. WRc Report no. NR 2415/1/4226. pp. 58.
68. Strickland, J.D.H., Parsons, T.R., 1972. A practical handbook of Seawater analysis, Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
69. Tett, P., 2004. Detecting undesirable disturbance in the context of europhication. CoastNet October 2004 Conference paper.
70. Tett, P. et al., 2004a. Understanding of undesirable disturbance in the contex of Eutrophication, and the development of UK assessment methodology for coastal and marine waters.: Stage 1 Report: What is undesirable disturbance? Prepared (March 2004) for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by: Napier University, Edinburgh; Centre for Environmental, Fisheries and Aquacultural Science, Lowestoft; Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast; Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh; and Liverpool University, Port Erin Marine Laboratory, Isle of Man. Available from Defra.
71. Tett et al., 2004b. Understanding of undesirable disturbance in the contex of Eutrophication, and the development of UK assessment methodology for coastal and marine waters. Stage 2 Report: Measuring undesirable disturbance. Prepared (July 2004) for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by: Napier University, Edinburgh; Centre for Environmental, Fisheries and Aquacultural Science, Lowestoft; Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast; Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh; and Liverpool University, Port Erin Marine Laboratory, Isle of Man. Available from Defra.
72. Thomas M. Temporal changes in the movements and abundance of Thames estuary fish populations. In: Attrill M.J. (Ed). A Rehabilitated Estuarine Ecosystem - The Environment and Ecology of the Thames Estuary (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers 115-213
73. Trimmer M., Nedwell D.B., Sivyer D., and Malcolm S.J. Nitrogen flux through the lower estuary of the river Great Ouse, England: the role of the bottom sediments. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 163 (1998) 109-124
74. Turner R.E., Schroeder W.W., and Wiseman W.J. The role of stratification in the deoxygenation of Mobile Bay and adjacent shelf bottom-waters. Estuaries 10 (1987) 13-19
75. Turnpenny A.W.H., Clough S.C., Holden S.D.J., Bridges M., Bird H., O'Keeffe N.J., Johnson D., Edmonds M., and Hinks C. Thames Tideway Strategy: Experimental Studies on the Dissolved Oxygen Requirements of Fish. Internal Report (2004), Thames Water Utilities Ltd
76. UKTAG, 2005a. WP11a(I). Classification schemes in river basin planning: An overview. Available from: .
77. UKTAG. 2005b. WP14e. Environmental standards for use in classification and program of measures for the Water Framework Directive. Available from: .
78. UNESCO. 1973. International Oceanographic Tables. Volume 2. Oxygen Solubility in Sea Water.
79. UNESCO. 1981. Technical Papers in Marine Science No 36. Tenth Report of the Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards. p. 22.
80. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2000. Ambient Water Quality.Criteria for Dissolved oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. EPA-822-R-00-012. Office of Water (4304), Washington, DC.
81. Vincent, C., Heinrich, H., Edwards, A., Nygaard, K., Haythornthwaite, J., 2002. Guidance on typology, reference conditions and classification systems for transitional and coastal waters. Produced by: Common Implementation Strategy Working Group 2.4 (Coast), Common Implementation Strategy of the Water Framework Directive, European Commission, 116 pp. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, ISBN: 92-894-5125. Retrieved on July 12, 2005 from .
82. Water Research Centre 1990. Oxygen balance in estuaries, Report no. PRS 2462-M, p. 59.
83. Weiss. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 17 (1970) 721-735
84. Welsh B.L., and Eller F.C. Mechanisms controlling summertime oxygen depletion in Western Long. Island Sound Estuaries 14 (1991) 265-278
85. Wetzel R.G. Limnology. Second ed. (1983), Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
86. Wheeler A.C. The Tidal Thames: The History of a River and its Fishes (1979), Routledge & Kegan Paul, London
87. Woods B.J.B., Tett P.B., and Edwards A. An introduction to the phytoplankton, primary production and relevant hydrography of Loch Etive. J. Ecol. 61 (1973) 569-585
88. Wu R.S.S., Zhou B.S., Randall D.J., Woo N.Y.S., and Lam P.K.S. Aquatic hypoxia is an endocrine disruptor and impairs fish reproduction. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 1137-1141