Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: Stae of the art

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 637-650

  Tschopp, Jean Marie ^a   Rami Porta, R ^b   Noppen, M ^c   Astoul, P ^d  

^a Valais Pneumology Centre   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^d HÔPITAL SAINTE MARGUERITE   (France)

Author keywords

Spontaneous pneumothorax; State of the art

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROMYCIN; SCLEROSING AGENT; SILVER NITRATE; TALC; TETRACYCLINE;

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASTHMA; CAUTERIZATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DOUBLE LUMEN TUBE; EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME; EUROPE; FEVER; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HEMATOMA; HISTIOCYTOSIS X; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LUNG ASPIRATION; LUNG CANCER; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG SARCOIDOSIS; LUNG SURGERY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS; MARFAN SYNDROME; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT SAFETY; PLEURECTOMY; PLEURODESIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PNEUMONIA; POLYMYOSITIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENCE RISK; REOPERATION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SARCOMA; SCLERODERMA; SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX; SUCTION DRAINAGE; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THORACOSCOPY; THORACOTOMY; TUBE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE RETENTION; WOUND INFECTION;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HUMANS; PNEUMOTHORAX; PRACTICE GUIDELINES;

EID: 33751277165     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00014206     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Gupta D, Hansell A, Nichols T, Duong T, Ayres JG, Strachan D. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England. Thorax 2000; 55: 666-671.
2. Light RW. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 148: 245-248.
3. Schramel FMNH, Postmus PE, Vanderschueren RGJRA. Current aspects of spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1372-1379.
4. Henry M, Arnold T, Harvey J. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 2003; 58: Suppl. 2, 39-52.
5. Melton LJ, Hepper NCG, Offord KP. Incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1950-1974. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 29: 1379-1382.
6. Wait MA, Estrera A. Changing clinical spectrum of spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Surg 1992; 164: 528-531.
7. Byrnes TA, Brevig JK, Yeoh CB. Pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficency syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 98: 546-550.
8. Sadikot RT, Greene T, Meadows K, Arnold AG. Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 1997; 52: 805-809.
9. Inderbitzi R. Chirurgische Thorakoskopie. [Surgical Thoracoscopy.] Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1993.
10. Boutin C, Viallat JR, Aelony Y. Practical Thoracoscopy. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1991.
11. Schramel FM, Golding RP, Haakman CD, Sutedja TG, de Jong KA, Postmus PE. Expiratory chest radiographs do not improve visibility of small apical pneumothoraces by enhanced contrast. Eur J Respir Dis 1996; 9: 406-409.
12. Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LG. Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 1987; 92: 1009-1112.
13. Jansveld CA, Dijkman JH. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax and smoking. BMJ 1975; 4: 559-560.
14. Sattler A. Zur Behandlung der Spontanpneumothorax mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Thorakoskopie. [Treatment of Spontaneous Pneumothorax from the Point of View of Thoracoscopy]. Beitr Klin Tuberk Spezif Tuberkuloseforsch 1937; 89: 394-408.
15. Radomsky J, Becker HP, Hartel W. Pleuroporosität beim idiopatischen Spontanpneumothorax. [Pleural porosity in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax]. Pneumologie 1989; 43: 250-253.
16. Ohata M, Suzuki H. Pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumothorax: with special reference to the ultrastructure of emphysematous bullae. Chest 1980; 77: 771-776.
17. Janssen JP, Schramel FMNH, Sutedja TG, Cuesta MA, Oosterhuis WP, Postmus PE. Videothoracoscopic appearance of first and recurrent pneumothorax. Chest 1995; 108: 330-334.
18. Hatz RA, Kaps MF, Meimarakis G, Loehe F, Müller C, Fürst H. Long-term results after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for first-time and recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 253-257.
19. Horio H, Nomori H, Kobayaski R, Narube T, Suemasu K. Impact of additional pleurodesis in video-assisted thoracoscopic bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 630-634.
20. Loubani M, Lynch V. Video-assisted thoracocopic bullectomy and acromycin pleurodesis: an effective treatment for spontaneous pneumothorax. Respir Med 2000; 94: 888-890.
21. Mitlehner W, Friedrich M, Dissmann W. Value of computer tomography in the detection of bullae and blebs in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Respiration 1992; 59: 221-227.
22. LesurO, Delorme N, Fromaget JM, Bernardac P, Polu JM. Computed tomography in the etiologic assessment of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 1990; 98: 341-347.
23. 1-antitrypsin deficiency-induced emphysema in nonsmokers with healed spontaneous pneumothorax, identified by computed tomography of the lungs. Chest 1993; 103: 433-438.
24. Smit HJM, Devillé WL, Schramel FM, Postmus PE. Spontaneous pneumothorax; predictable mini-epidemics? Lancet 1997; 350: 1450.
25. Noppen M, Stratakos G, Verbanck S, D'Haese J, Meysman M, Vincken W. Fluoresceine-enhanced auto-fluorescence thoracoscopy in primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 680-682.
26. Luck SR, Raffensperger JG, Sullivan HJ, Gibson LE. Management of pneumothorax in children with chronic pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74: 834-839.
27. Spector ML, Stern RC. Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis: a 26-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47: 204-207.
28. Dines DE, Clagett OT, Payne WS. Spontaneous pneumothorax in emphysema. Mayo Clin Proc 1970; 45: 481-487.
29. Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 868-874.
30. Bourgoin P, Cousineau G, Lemire P, Hebert G. Computed tomography used to exclude pneumothorax in bullous lung disease. J Can Assoc Radiol 1985; 36: 341-342.
31. Noppen M, Schramel F. Pneumothorax. Eur Respir Mon 2002; 22: 279-296.
32. Tumbarello M, Tacconelli E, Pirronti T, Cauda R, Ortona L. Pneumothorax in HIV-infected patients: role of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1332-1335.
33. Alifano M, Roth T, Broet SC, Schussler O, Magdeleinat P, Regnard JF. Catamenial pneumothorax: a prospective study. Chest 2003; 124: 1004-1008.
34. Andrivert P, Djdaini K, Teboul JL, Brochard L, Dreyfuss D. Spontaneous pneumothorax. Comparison of thoraric drainage versus immediate or delayed needle aspiration. Chest 1995; 108: 335-340.
35. Liu CM, Hang LW, Chen WK, Hsia TC, Hsu WH. Pigtail tube drainage in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21: 241-244.
36. Noppen M, Alexander P, Driesen P, Slabbynck H, Vertraeten A. Manual aspiration versus chest tube drainage in first episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. A multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1240-1244.
37. Noppen M, Baumann MH. Pathogenesis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: an overview. Respiration 2003; 70: 431-438.
38. Miller AC, Harvey JE, on behalf of Standards of Care Committee, Guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. BMJ 1993; 307: 114-116.
39. Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al. for the ACCP pneumothorax consensus group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest 2001; 119: 590-602.
40. Jutley RS, Mason R, Cockburn JS. Discrepancies in the detection and management of spontaneous pneumothorax: eight years after publication of guidelines. Scot Med J 2003; 46: 111-113.
41. Mendis D, El-Shanawany T, Mathur A, Redington AE. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: are British Thoracic Society guidelines being followed? Postgrad Med J 2002; 78: 80-84.
42. Falcoz PE, Binquet C, Clement F, et al. Management of the second episode of spontaneous pneumothorax: a decision analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1843-1848.
43. Almind M, Lange P, Viskum K. Spontaneous pneumothorax: comparison of single drainage, talc pleurodesis, and tetracycline pleurodesis. Thorax 1989; 44: 627-630.
44. Tschopp JM, Boutin C, Astoul P, et al. and the ESMEVAT team. Talcage by medical thoracoscopy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax is more cost-effective than drainage: a randomised study. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 1003-1009.
45. Gobbel W. Spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963; 46: 331-345.
46. Lippert HL, Lund O, Blegvad S, Larsen HV. Independent risk factors for cumulative recurrence rate after first spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 324-331.
47. Kroegel C, Antony VB. Immunobiology of pleural inflammation: potential implications for pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2411-2418.
48. Rodriguez-Panadero F, Antony VB. Pleurodesis: state of the art. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1648-1654.
49. Bresticker MA, Oba J, LoCicero J 3rd. Greene R. Optimal pleurodesis: a comparative study. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 364-366.
50. Colt HG, Russack V, Chiu Y, et al. A comparison of thoracoscopic talc insufflation, slurry, and mechanical abrasion pleurodesis. Chest 1997; 111: 442-448.
51. Heffner JE, Unruh LC. Tetracycline pleurodesis: adios, farewell, adieu. Chest 1992; 101: 5-6.
52. Carvalho P, Knight LL, Olson R, Crowley JJ, Hawk PA, Charan NB. Effects of erythromycin on the rabbit pleura: its potential role as a pleural sclerosant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1228-1232.
53. Vargas FS, Teixeira LR, Silva LM, Carmo AO, Light RW. Comparison of silver nitrate and tetracycline as pleural sclerosing agents in rabbits. Chest 1995; 108: 1080-1083.
54. Vargas FS, Teixeira LR, Vaz MAC, et al. Silver nitrate is superior to talc slurry in producing pleurodesis in rabbits. Chest 2000; 118: 808-813.
55. Vargas FS, Teixeira LR, Antonangelo L, et al. Experimental pleurodesis in rabbits induced by silver nitrate and talc: 1-year follow-up. Chest 2001; 119: 1516-1520.
56. Wied U, Halkier E, Hoeier-Madsen K, Plucnar B, Rasmussen E, Sparup J. Tetracycline versus silver nitrate pleurodesis in spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 591-593.
57. Marchi E, Vargas FS, Acencio MM, et al. Talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits. Chest 2004; 125: 2268-2277.
58. Bouros D, Froudarakis M, Siafakas NM. Pleurodesis: everything flows. Chest 2000; 118: 577-579.
59. Baumann MH, Strange C. Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. A more aggressive approach? Chest 1997; 112: 789-804.
60. Berger R. Pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax: will the procedure of choice please stand up? Chest 1994; 16: 992-994.
61. Aelony Y. Talc pleurodesis. Talc slurry versus talc poudrage. Chest 1995; 108: 289.
62. Colt H, Dumon JF. Development of a disposable spray canister for talc pleurodesis. A preliminary report. Chest 1994; 106: 1776-1780.
63. Mager HJ, Maesen B, Verzijlbergen F, Schramel F. Distribution of talc suspension during treatment of malignant pleural effusion with talc pleurodesis. Lung Cancer 2002; 36: 77-81.
64. Weissberg D, Refaely Y. Pneumothorax. Experience with 1,199 patients. Chest 2000; 117: 1279-1285.
65. el Khawand C, Marchandise FX, Mayne A, et al. Pneumothorax spontané: résultats du talcage sous thoracoscopie. [Spontaneous pneumothorax. Results of pleural talc therapy using thoracoscopy]. Rev Mal Respir 1995; 12: 275-281.
66. Milanez de campos JR, Vargas FS, Werebe EC, et al. Thoracoscopic talc poudrage: a 15-year experience. Chest 2001; 119: 801-806.
67. Cardillo G, Facciolo F, Giunti R, et al. Videothoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a 6-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 357-361.
68. Tschopp JM, Bolliger CT, Boutin C. Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: why not simple talc pleurodesis by medical thoracoscopy? Respiration 2000; 67: 108-111.
69. Rehse DH, Aye RW, Florence MG. Respiratory failure following talc pleurodesis. Am J Surg 1999; 177: 437-440.
70. Campos JR, Werebe EC, Vargas FS, Jatene FB, Light RW. Respiratory failure due to insufflated talc. Lancet 1997; 349: 251-252.
71. Kennedy L, Rush VW, Strange C, Ginsberg RJ. Pleurodesis using talc slurry. Chest 1994; 106: 342-346.
72. Rodriguez-Panadero F. Talc pleurodesis for treating malignant pleural effusions. Chest 1995; 108: 1178-1179.
73. Sahn SA. Talc should be used for pleurodesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 2023-2026.
74. Kennedy L, Sahn SA. Talc pleurodesis for the treatment of pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Chest 1994; 106: 1215-1222.
75. Werebe EC, Pazetti R, Milanez-de Campos JR, et al. Systemic distribution of talc after intrapleural administration in rats. Chest 1999; 115: 190-193.
76. Ferrer J, Villarino MA, Tura JM, Traveria A, Light RW. Talc preparations used for pleurodesis vary markedly from one preparation to another. Chest 2001; 119: 1901-1905.
77. Fraticelli A, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Riera H, Monjanel-Mouterde S, Cau P, Astoul P. Distribution of calibrated talc after intrapleural administration: an experimental study in rats. Chest 2002; 122: 1737-1741.
78. Ferrer J, Montes JF, Villarino MA, Baeza B, Crespo M, Garcia-Valero J. Influence of particle size on extrapleural talc dissemination after slurry pleurodesis. Chest 2002; 122: 1018-1027.
79. Maskell NA, Lee YC, Gleeson FV, Hedley EL, Pengelly G, Davies RJ. Randomized trials describing lung inflammation after pleurodesis with talc of varying particle size. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 377-382.
80. Viskum K, Lange P, Mortensen J. Long-term sequelae after talc pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax. Pneumologie 1989; 43: 105-106.
81. Noppen M, Meysman M, d'Haese J, et al. Comparison of video-assisted thoracoscopic talcage for recurrent primary versus persistent secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 412-416.
82. Baumann MH, Noppen M. Pneumothorax. Respirology 2004; 9: 157-164.
83. Lee P, Yap WS, Pek WY, et al. An audit of medical thoracoscopy and talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in advanced COPD. Chest 2004; 125: 1315-1320.
84. Le Chevalier B, Jehan A, Gallet E, Charbonneau PCB. Le talcage pleural par thoracoscopie clans le pneumothorax du grand insuffisant respiratoire obstructif. [Talc pleurodesis by thoracoscopy in pneumothorax accompanying severe respiratory insufficiency]. Réanim Soins Intens Méd Urg 1987; 3: 215-217.
85. Tschopp JM, Brutsche M, Frey JG. Treatment of complicated spontaneous pneumothorax by simple talc pleurodesis under thoracoscopy and local anaesthesia. Thorax 1997; 52: 329-332.
86. Massard G, Thomas P, Wihlm JM. Minimally invasive management for first and recurrent pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66: 592-599.
87. Olsen PS, Andersen HO. Long-term results after tetra-cycline pleurodesis in spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53: 1015-1017.
88. van de Brekel JA, Dourkens VAM, Vanderschueren RGJRA. Pneumothorax. Results of thoracotomy and pleurodesis with talc poudrage and thoracotomy. Chest 1993; 103: 345-347.
89. Baumann MH, Strange C. The clinician's perspective on pneumothorax management. Chest 1997; 112: 822-828.
90. Nkere UU, Kumar RR, Fountain SW, Townsend ER. Surgical management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 42: 45-50.
91. Murray KD, Matheny RG, Howanitz EP, Myerowitz PD. A limited axillary thoracotomy as primary treatment for recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 1993; 103: 137-142.
92. Simansky DA, Yellin A. Pleural abrasion via axillary thoracotomy in the era of video assisted thoracic surgery. Thorax 1994; 49: 922-923.
93. Körner H, Anderson KS, Stangeland L, Ellingsen I, Engedal H. Surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax by wedge resection without pleurodesis or pleurectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996; 10: 656-659.
94. Donahue DM, Wright CD, Viale G, Mathisen DJ. Resection of pulmonary blebs and pleurodesis for spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 1993; 104: 1767-1769.
95. Athanassiadi K, Kalavrouziotis G, Loutsidis A, Hatzimichalis A, Bellenis I, Exarchos N. Surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: ten-year experience. World J Surg 1998; 22: 803-806.
96. Cannon WB, Vierra MA, Cannon A. Thoracoscopy for spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 686-687.
97. Mukaida T, Andou A, Date H, Motoi A, Shimizu N. Thoracoscopic operation for secondary pneumothorax under local and epidural anesthesia in high-risk patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 924-926.
98. de la Torre Bravos M, Rivas de Andrés JJ. Treatment of pneumothorax with VATS and bullectomy under local anesthesia. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 2383.
99. Kaiser D, Ennker IC, Hartz C. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery - indications, results, complications, and contraindications. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 41: 330-334.
100. Mack MJ, Scruggs GR, Kelly KM, Shennib H, Landreneau RJ. Video-assisted thoracic surgery: has technology found its place? Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 211-215.
101. Inderbitzi RGC, Leiser A, Furrer M, Althaus U. Three years experience in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 1410-1415.
102. Gossot D, Galetta D, Stern JB, et al. Results of thoracoscopic pleural abrasion for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surg Endosc 2004; 18: 466-471.
103. Liu HP, Lin PJ, Hsieh MJ, Chang JP, Chang CH. Thoracoscopic surgery as a routine procedure for spontaneous pneumothorax. Results from 82 patients. Chest 1995; 107: 559-562.
104. Naunheim KS, Mack MJ, Hazelrigg SR, et al. Safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgical techniques for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 1198-1204.
105. Bertrand PC, Regnard JF, Spaggiari L, et al. Immediate and long-term results after surgical treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax by VATS. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1641-1645.
106. Mouroux J, Elkaïm D, Padovani B, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: technique and results of one hundred cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 112: 385-391.
107. Passlick B, Born C, Häussinger K, Thetter O. Efficiency of video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 324-327.
108. Rieger R, Woisetschläger R, Schrenk P, Wayand W. Thoracoscopic bleb resection selectively combined with pleurectomy for complicated spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur J Surg 1998; 164: 333-338.
109. Andrés B, Luján J, Robles R, Aguilar J, Flores B, Parrilla P. Treatment of primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax using videothoracoscopy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1998; 8: 108-112.
110. Ayed AK, Al-Din J. The results of thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 2000; 118: 235-238.
111. Casadio C, Rena O, Giobbe R, Maggi G. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Is video-assisted thoracoscopy stapler resection with pleural abrasion the gold-standard? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 897-898.
112. Sawabata N, Ikeda M, Matsumura A, Maeda H, Miyoshi S, Matsuda H. New electroablation technique following the first-line stapling method for thoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 2002; 121: 251-255.
113. Lang-Lazdunski L, Chapuis O, Bonnet PM, Pons F, Jancovici R. Videothoracoscopic bleb excision and pleural abrasion for the treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: long-term results. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 960-965.
114. Margolis M, Gharagozloo F, Tempesta B, Trachiotis G, Katz NM, Alexander P. Video-assisted thoracic surgical treatment of initial spontaneous pneumothorax in young patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1661-1664.
115. Czerny M, Salat A, Fleck T, et al. Lung wedge resection improves outcome in stage I primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 1802-1805.
116. Chen JS, Hsu HH, Kuo SW, et al. Effects of additional minocycline pleurodesis after thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 2004; 125: 50-55.
117. Yamaguchi A, Shinonaga M, Tatebe S, Souma T, Tsuchida M, Saito A. Thoracoscopic stapled bullectomy supported by suturing. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 691-693.
118. Takeno Y. Thoracoscopic treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 688-690.
119. Inderbitzi RGC, Furrer M, Striffeler H, Althaus U. Thoracoscopic pleurectomy for treatment of complicated spontaneous pneumothorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 84-88.
120. Waller DA, Forty J, Soni AK, Conacher ID, Morrit GN. Videothoracoscopic operation for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57: 1612-1615.
121. Horio H, Nomori H, Fuyuno G, Kobayashi R, Suemasu K. Limited axillary thoracotomy vs video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Surg Endosc 1998; 12: 1155-1158.
122. Sihoe ADL, Au SSW, Cheung ML, et al. Incidence of chest wall paresthesia after video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 1054-1058.
123. Hazama K, Akashi A, Shigemura N, Nakagiri T. Less invasive needle thoracoscopic laser ablation of small bullae for primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 24: 139-144.
124. Chen JS, Hsu HH, Kuo SW, et al. Needlescopic versus conventional video-assisted thoracic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a comparative study. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 1080-1085.
125. Tagaya N, Kasama K, Suzuki N, Taketsuka S, Horie K, Kubota K. Video-assisted bullectomy using needlescopic instruments for sponaneous pneumothorax. Surg Endosc 2003; 17: 1486-1487.
126. Inderbitzi R, Furrer M. The surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax by video-thoracoscopy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 40: 330-333.
127. Cardillo G, Facciolo F, Regal M, Carbone L, Corzani F, Ricci A. Recurrences following videothoracoscopic treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: the role of redo-videothoracoscopy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19: 396-399.
128. Nazari S, Buniva P, Aluffi A, Salvi S. Bilateral open treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: a new access. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 18: 608-610.
129. Wu YC, Chu Y, Liu YH, Yeh CH, Chen TP, Liu HP. Thoracoscopic ipsilateral approach to contralateral bullous lesion in patients with bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1665-1667.
130. Ayed AK. Bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 2002; 122: 2234-2237.
131. Yim APC. Simultaneous vs staged bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 1996; 10: 1029-1030.
132. Waller DA, Forty J, Moritt GN. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 372-376.
133. Kim KH, Kim HK, Han JY, Kim JT, Won YS, Choi SS. Transaxillary minithoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1510-1512.
134. De Giacomo T, Rendina EA, Venuta F, Ciriaco P, Lena A, Ricci C. Video-assisted thoracoscopy in the management of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur J Surg 1995; 161: 227-230.
135. Crisci R, Coloni GF. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. A comparison of results and cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996; 10: 556-560.
136. Miller JD, Simone C, Kahnamoui K, et al. Comparison of videothoracoscopy and axillary thoracotomy for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Am Surg 2000; 66: 1014-1015.
137. Jiménez-Merchán R, García-Díaz F, Arenas-Linares C, Girón-Arjona JC, Congregado-Loscertales M, Loscertales J. Comparative retrospective study of surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thoracotomy vs thoracoscopy. Surg Endosc 1997; 11: 919-922.
138. Atta HM, Latouf O, Moore JE, Caudill DR, Snyder AB. Thoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracoscopic pleurectomy for spontaneous pneumothorax. Am Surg 1997; 63: 209-212.
139. Cole FH Jr., Cole FH, Khandekar A, Maxwell JM, Pate JW, Walker WA. Video-assisted thoracic surgery: primary therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax? Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 931-935.
140. Van Schil P. Cost analysis of video-assisted thoracic surgery versus thoracotomy: critical review. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 735-738.
141. Torresini G, Vaccarili M, Divisi D, Crisci R. Is video-assisted thoracic surgery justified at first spontaneous pneumothorax? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 42-45.
142. Morimoto T, Shimbo T, Noguchi Y, et al. Effects of timing of thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax on prognosis and costs. Am J Surg 2004; 187: 767-774.
143. Schramel FMNH, Sutedja TG, Braber JCE, van Mourik JC, Postmus PE. Cost-effectiveness of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus conservative treatment for first time or recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 1821-1825.
144. Smit HJM, Chatrou M, Postmus PE. The impact of spontaneous pneumothorax and its treatment on the smoking behaviour of young adult smokers. Respir Med 1998; 91: 1132-1136.
145. Soulsby T. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax: do we comply with them and do they work? J Accid Emerg Med 1998; 15: 317-321.
146. Selby CD, Sudlow MF. Deficiencies in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Scot Med J 1994; 39: 75-76.
147. Daly RC, Mucha P, Pairolero PC, Farnell MB. The risk of percutaneous chest tube thoracostomy for blunt thoracic trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 865-870.
148. Miller KS, Sahn FA. Chest tubes; indications, technique, management and complications. Chest 1987; 91: 258-264.
149. Chan L, Reilly KM, Henderson C, Kahn F, Salluzo RF. Complication rates of tube thoracostomy. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 368-370.
150. Baldt MM, Bankier AA, Germann PS, Poschl GP, Skrbensky GT, Herold CJ. Complications after emergency tube thoracostomy: assessment with CM. Radiology 1995; 195:539-543.
151. Tschopp JM, Frey JG. Treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax by simple talcage under medical thoracoscopy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2002; 57: 88-92.
152. LoCicero J 3rd. Video-assisted thoracoscopy's anniversary. Chest 1997; 111: 268-269.
153. Heffner JE, Huggins JT. Management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: there's confusion in the air. Chest 2004; 125: 1190-1192.