메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 503-513

Alcohol ethoxylates mediate their bacteriostatic effect by altering the cell membrane of Escherichia coli NCTC 8196

Author keywords

Alcohol ethoxylate; Antimicrobial; Bacterial membrane; Escherichia coli; Membrane bound dehydrogenases; Non ionic surfactant; Permeability

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL ENZYME; CARBON; NUCLEOTIDE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; POTASSIUM ION; SURFACTANT; TETRAZOLIUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 33751275702     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.023     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0024707830 scopus 로고
    • 14C-chlorhexidine diacetate to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its release by azolectin
    • 14C-chlorhexidine diacetate to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its release by azolectin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 60 (1989) 327-332
    • (1989) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.60 , pp. 327-332
    • Fitzgerald, K.A.1    Davies, A.2    Russell, A.D.3
  • 3
    • 0014530060 scopus 로고
    • Action of biguanides, phenols and detergents on Escherichia coli and its sphereoplasts
    • Davies A., and Field B.S. Action of biguanides, phenols and detergents on Escherichia coli and its sphereoplasts. J Appl Bacteriol 32 (1969) 233-243
    • (1969) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.32 , pp. 233-243
    • Davies, A.1    Field, B.S.2
  • 4
    • 0015132002 scopus 로고
    • Solubilization of the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli by Triton X-100
    • Schnaitman C.A. Solubilization of the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli by Triton X-100. J Bacteriol 108 (1971) 545-552
    • (1971) J Bacteriol , vol.108 , pp. 545-552
    • Schnaitman, C.A.1
  • 5
    • 0023153689 scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterisation of an outer membrane-bound protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli
    • Black P.N., Said B., Ghosn C.R., Beach J.V., and Nunn W.D. Purification and characterisation of an outer membrane-bound protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 262 (1987) 1412-1419
    • (1987) J Biol Chem , vol.262 , pp. 1412-1419
    • Black, P.N.1    Said, B.2    Ghosn, C.R.3    Beach, J.V.4    Nunn, W.D.5
  • 6
    • 33751299686 scopus 로고
    • Effects of detergents on bacterial cells. 1 - Alterations induced in Bacillus subtilis by Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate
    • Lima R.G., Macedo P.M., Goncalves A.F.S., and Silva M.T. Effects of detergents on bacterial cells. 1 - Alterations induced in Bacillus subtilis by Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Cienc Biol Mol Cell Biol 5 (1980) 25a
    • (1980) Cienc Biol Mol Cell Biol , vol.5
    • Lima, R.G.1    Macedo, P.M.2    Goncalves, A.F.S.3    Silva, M.T.4
  • 7
    • 0021110778 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Tween 80 on lipid vesicle permeability
    • Young M., Dinda M., and Singer M. Effect of Tween 80 on lipid vesicle permeability. Biochim Biophys Acta 735 (1983) 429-432
    • (1983) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.735 , pp. 429-432
    • Young, M.1    Dinda, M.2    Singer, M.3
  • 8
    • 0029911448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysis of filamentous bacteria by surfactants
    • Kitatsuji K., Miyata H., and Fukase T. Lysis of filamentous bacteria by surfactants. Water Sci Technol 34 (1996) 145-153
    • (1996) Water Sci Technol , vol.34 , pp. 145-153
    • Kitatsuji, K.1    Miyata, H.2    Fukase, T.3
  • 9
    • 0017744362 scopus 로고
    • Effects of polyethoxyalkyl phenols on the leakage of intracellular material from Staphylococcus aureus
    • Lamikanra A., and Allwood M.C. Effects of polyethoxyalkyl phenols on the leakage of intracellular material from Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Bacteriol 42 (1977) 379-385
    • (1977) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.42 , pp. 379-385
    • Lamikanra, A.1    Allwood, M.C.2
  • 10
    • 33751304820 scopus 로고
    • QSAR study on the biological activity of nonyl-phenyl-ethylene oxide polymers
    • Cserhati T., Szogyi M., and Bordas B. QSAR study on the biological activity of nonyl-phenyl-ethylene oxide polymers. Gen Physiol Biophys 1 (1982) 225-231
    • (1982) Gen Physiol Biophys , vol.1 , pp. 225-231
    • Cserhati, T.1    Szogyi, M.2    Bordas, B.3
  • 11
    • 0025868750 scopus 로고
    • Effects of nonionic tensides on the growth of some soil bacteria
    • Cserháti T., Illés Z., and Nemes I. Effects of nonionic tensides on the growth of some soil bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35 (1991) 115-118
    • (1991) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.35 , pp. 115-118
    • Cserháti, T.1    Illés, Z.2    Nemes, I.3
  • 12
    • 0017584191 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of some respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933
    • Gilbert P., Beveridge E.G., and Crone P.B. Inhibition of some respiration and dehydrogenase enzyme systems in Escherichia coli NCTC 5933. Microbios 20 (1977) 29-37
    • (1977) Microbios , vol.20 , pp. 29-37
    • Gilbert, P.1    Beveridge, E.G.2    Crone, P.B.3
  • 13
    • 33751259768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harding VD. Studies on the mode of action of preservatives and preservative combinations. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham; 1984.
  • 14
    • 0015817405 scopus 로고
    • Potassium fluxes, first indications of membrane damage in micro-organisms
    • Lambert P.A., and Hammond S.M. Potassium fluxes, first indications of membrane damage in micro-organisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 54 (1973) 796-799
    • (1973) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.54 , pp. 796-799
    • Lambert, P.A.1    Hammond, S.M.2
  • 15
    • 70449149637 scopus 로고
    • The properties of lysozyme and its action on microorganisms
    • Salton M.R.J. The properties of lysozyme and its action on microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev 21 (1951) 82-99
    • (1951) Bacteriol Rev , vol.21 , pp. 82-99
    • Salton, M.R.J.1
  • 16
    • 78651152530 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine
    • Hugo W.B., and Longworth A.R. Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine. J Pharm Pharmacol 16 (1964) 655-662
    • (1964) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 655-662
    • Hugo, W.B.1    Longworth, A.R.2
  • 17
    • 0014438862 scopus 로고
    • Mode of action of the antibacterial compound dequalinium acetate
    • Hugo W.B., and Frier M. Mode of action of the antibacterial compound dequalinium acetate. Appl Microbiol 17 (1969) 118-127
    • (1969) Appl Microbiol , vol.17 , pp. 118-127
    • Hugo, W.B.1    Frier, M.2
  • 18
    • 0015114293 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mode of action of the phenolic antibacterial agent fentichlor against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli II. The effects of fentichlor on the bacterial membrane and the cytoplasmic constituents of the cell
    • Hugo W.B., and Bloomfield S.F. Studies on the mode of action of the phenolic antibacterial agent fentichlor against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli II. The effects of fentichlor on the bacterial membrane and the cytoplasmic constituents of the cell. J Appl Bacteriol 34 (1971) 569-578
    • (1971) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.34 , pp. 569-578
    • Hugo, W.B.1    Bloomfield, S.F.2
  • 19
    • 0017211708 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial action of dodecyldiethanolamine: activation of ribonuclease I in Escherichia coli
    • Lambert P.A., and Smith A.R. Antimicrobial action of dodecyldiethanolamine: activation of ribonuclease I in Escherichia coli. Microbios 17 (1976) 35-49
    • (1976) Microbios , vol.17 , pp. 35-49
    • Lambert, P.A.1    Smith, A.R.2
  • 20
    • 0021823008 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between critical micelle concentrations and minimum inhibitory concentrations for some non-aromatic quaternary ammonium salts and amine oxides
    • Devinsky F., Lacko I., Mlynarcik D., Racansky V., and Krasnec L. Relationship between critical micelle concentrations and minimum inhibitory concentrations for some non-aromatic quaternary ammonium salts and amine oxides. Tenside Detergents 22 (1985) 10-15
    • (1985) Tenside Detergents , vol.22 , pp. 10-15
    • Devinsky, F.1    Lacko, I.2    Mlynarcik, D.3    Racansky, V.4    Krasnec, L.5
  • 21
    • 13344273848 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of charge density, antibacterial activity and micelle formation of quaternary ammonium salts
    • Cella J.A., Harriman L.A., Eggenberger D.N., and Harwood H.J. The relationship of charge density, antibacterial activity and micelle formation of quaternary ammonium salts. J Am Chem Soc 77 (1955) 4264-4266
    • (1955) J Am Chem Soc , vol.77 , pp. 4264-4266
    • Cella, J.A.1    Harriman, L.A.2    Eggenberger, D.N.3    Harwood, H.J.4
  • 22
    • 0017157658 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chain length on critical micelle formation and protein binding of quaternary ammonium compounds
    • Lein E.J., and Perrin J.H. Effect of chain length on critical micelle formation and protein binding of quaternary ammonium compounds. J Med Chem 19 (1976) 849-850
    • (1976) J Med Chem , vol.19 , pp. 849-850
    • Lein, E.J.1    Perrin, J.H.2
  • 23
    • 0022393739 scopus 로고
    • Non-plasmidic resistance of micro-organisms to chemical inactivation
    • Gilbert P. Non-plasmidic resistance of micro-organisms to chemical inactivation. Pharmacy Int 6 (1985) 209-212
    • (1985) Pharmacy Int , vol.6 , pp. 209-212
    • Gilbert, P.1
  • 24
    • 0014288253 scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity correlations for antibacterial agents on Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells
    • Lein E.J., Hansch C., and Anderson S.M. Structure-activity correlations for antibacterial agents on Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. J Med Chem 11 (1968) 430-441
    • (1968) J Med Chem , vol.11 , pp. 430-441
    • Lein, E.J.1    Hansch, C.2    Anderson, S.M.3
  • 25
    • 19444373080 scopus 로고
    • Solubilisation of Orange OT and dimethylaminobenzene
    • Rigg M.W., and Liu F.W. Solubilisation of Orange OT and dimethylaminobenzene. J Am Oil Chem Soc 30 (1953) 14-17
    • (1953) J Am Oil Chem Soc , vol.30 , pp. 14-17
    • Rigg, M.W.1    Liu, F.W.2
  • 26
    • 0027409195 scopus 로고
    • Determination of critical micelle concentration by solubilization of a colored dye
    • Vulliez-Le Normand B., and Eisele J.-L. Determination of critical micelle concentration by solubilization of a colored dye. Anal Biochem 208 (1993) 241-243
    • (1993) Anal Biochem , vol.208 , pp. 241-243
    • Vulliez-Le Normand, B.1    Eisele, J.-L.2
  • 28
    • 0010290679 scopus 로고
    • The assimilation of amino-acids by bacteria - nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Gale E.F., and Folkes J.P. The assimilation of amino-acids by bacteria - nucleic acid and protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem J 53 (1953) 483-492
    • (1953) Biochem J , vol.53 , pp. 483-492
    • Gale, E.F.1    Folkes, J.P.2
  • 30
    • 0013934936 scopus 로고
    • Variation in content and distribution of magnesium, and its influence on survival, in Aerobacter aerogenes grown in a chemostat
    • Tempest D.W., and Strange R.E. Variation in content and distribution of magnesium, and its influence on survival, in Aerobacter aerogenes grown in a chemostat. J Gen Microbiol 44 (1966) 273-279
    • (1966) J Gen Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 273-279
    • Tempest, D.W.1    Strange, R.E.2
  • 31
    • 33751278851 scopus 로고
    • Alkyl sulfates: their selective bacteriostatic action
    • Cowles P.B. Alkyl sulfates: their selective bacteriostatic action. Yale J Biol Med 11 (1938) 33-38
    • (1938) Yale J Biol Med , vol.11 , pp. 33-38
    • Cowles, P.B.1
  • 32
    • 85025377842 scopus 로고
    • The bactericidal action of synthetic detergents
    • Baker Z., Harrison R.W., and Miller B.F. The bactericidal action of synthetic detergents. J Exp Med 74 (1941) 611-620
    • (1941) J Exp Med , vol.74 , pp. 611-620
    • Baker, Z.1    Harrison, R.W.2    Miller, B.F.3
  • 33
    • 0027624518 scopus 로고
    • The effect of nonionic surfactant structure on hemolysis
    • Ohnishi M., and Sagitani H. The effect of nonionic surfactant structure on hemolysis. J Am Oil Chem Soc 70 (1993) 679-684
    • (1993) J Am Oil Chem Soc , vol.70 , pp. 679-684
    • Ohnishi, M.1    Sagitani, H.2
  • 34
    • 0018682496 scopus 로고
    • Action of surface-active substances on biological membranes. IV. Hemolytic and membrane-perturbing action of homologous series of β-d-glucpuranosyl-1-alkylphosphates
    • Zaslavsky B.Y., Ossipov N.N., Rogozhin S.V., Sebyakin Y.L., Volkova L.V., and Evstigneeva R.P. Action of surface-active substances on biological membranes. IV. Hemolytic and membrane-perturbing action of homologous series of β-d-glucpuranosyl-1-alkylphosphates. Biochim Biophys Acta 556 (1979) 314-321
    • (1979) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.556 , pp. 314-321
    • Zaslavsky, B.Y.1    Ossipov, N.N.2    Rogozhin, S.V.3    Sebyakin, Y.L.4    Volkova, L.V.5    Evstigneeva, R.P.6
  • 36
    • 0018077858 scopus 로고
    • Structure-function relationships of surfactants as antimicrobial agents
    • Kabara J.J. Structure-function relationships of surfactants as antimicrobial agents. J Soc Cosmet Chem 29 (1978) 733-741
    • (1978) J Soc Cosmet Chem , vol.29 , pp. 733-741
    • Kabara, J.J.1
  • 39
    • 0008803154 scopus 로고
    • The action of lytic agents on the surface structures of the bacterial cell
    • Schulman J.H. (Ed), Butterworth, London, UK
    • Salton M.R.J. The action of lytic agents on the surface structures of the bacterial cell. In: Schulman J.H. (Ed). Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity (1957), Butterworth, London, UK 245-253
    • (1957) Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity , pp. 245-253
    • Salton, M.R.J.1
  • 40
    • 33751282105 scopus 로고
    • Lysis by physical and chemical methods
    • Pethica B.A. Lysis by physical and chemical methods. J Gen Microbiol 18 (1958) 473
    • (1958) J Gen Microbiol , vol.18 , pp. 473
    • Pethica, B.A.1
  • 41
    • 33751301541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gilbey AR, Few AV. Surface chemical studies on the protoplast membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. In: Surface activity: solid/liquid interface and cell/water interface. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Surface Activity, vol. IV. London, UK: Butterworth Scientific Publications; 1957. p. 262-70.
  • 42
    • 0006032562 scopus 로고
    • Lysis of protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by ionic detergents
    • Gilbey A.R., and Few A.V. Lysis of protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by ionic detergents. J Gen Microbiol 23 (1960) 19-26
    • (1960) J Gen Microbiol , vol.23 , pp. 19-26
    • Gilbey, A.R.1    Few, A.V.2
  • 43
    • 0013945641 scopus 로고
    • The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli
    • Hugo W.B., and Longworth A.R. The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli. J Pharm Pharmacol 18 (1966) 569-578
    • (1966) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 569-578
    • Hugo, W.B.1    Longworth, A.R.2
  • 44
    • 0017569657 scopus 로고
    • Effect of phenoxyethanol on the permeability of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 to inorganic ions
    • Gilbert P., Beveridge E.G., and Crone P.B. Effect of phenoxyethanol on the permeability of Escherichia coli NCTC 5933 to inorganic ions. Microbios 19 (1977) 17-26
    • (1977) Microbios , vol.19 , pp. 17-26
    • Gilbert, P.1    Beveridge, E.G.2    Crone, P.B.3
  • 45
    • 0017609203 scopus 로고
    • The lethal action of 2-phenoxyethanol and its analogues upon Escherichia coli NCTC 5933
    • Gilbert P., Beveridge E.G., and Crone P.B. The lethal action of 2-phenoxyethanol and its analogues upon Escherichia coli NCTC 5933. Microbios 19 (1977) 125-141
    • (1977) Microbios , vol.19 , pp. 125-141
    • Gilbert, P.1    Beveridge, E.G.2    Crone, P.B.3
  • 46
    • 0024949563 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of amine oxides and quaternary ammonium salts with membranes and membrane-associated processes in E. coli cells: mode of action
    • Kopecka-Leitmanova A., Devinsky F., Mlynarcik D., and Lacko I. Interaction of amine oxides and quaternary ammonium salts with membranes and membrane-associated processes in E. coli cells: mode of action. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 7 (1989) 29-51
    • (1989) Drug Metabol Drug Interact , vol.7 , pp. 29-51
    • Kopecka-Leitmanova, A.1    Devinsky, F.2    Mlynarcik, D.3    Lacko, I.4
  • 47
    • 0020008559 scopus 로고
    • Transport of antibiotics into bacteria
    • Chopra I., and Ball P. Transport of antibiotics into bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 23 (1982) 183-240
    • (1982) Adv Microb Physiol , vol.23 , pp. 183-240
    • Chopra, I.1    Ball, P.2
  • 48
    • 0015730606 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the mode of action of 4-ethylphenol on Escherichia coli
    • Hugo W.B., and Bowen J.G. Studies on the mode of action of 4-ethylphenol on Escherichia coli. Microbios 8 (1973) 189-197
    • (1973) Microbios , vol.8 , pp. 189-197
    • Hugo, W.B.1    Bowen, J.G.2
  • 49
    • 0024336669 scopus 로고
    • Partition behaviour of a nonionic detergent, octyl glucoside, between membrane and water phases, and its effect on membrane permeability
    • Ueno M. Partition behaviour of a nonionic detergent, octyl glucoside, between membrane and water phases, and its effect on membrane permeability. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 5631-5634
    • (1989) Biochemistry , vol.28 , pp. 5631-5634
    • Ueno, M.1
  • 50
    • 0033852036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surfactant sealing of membranes permeabilized by ionizing radiation
    • Hannig J., Zhang D., Cabaday D.J., et al. Surfactant sealing of membranes permeabilized by ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 154 (2000) 171-177
    • (2000) Radiat Res , vol.154 , pp. 171-177
    • Hannig, J.1    Zhang, D.2    Cabaday, D.J.3
  • 51
    • 33751279835 scopus 로고
    • Effects of butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the leakage of cytoplasmic materials from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
    • Lamikanra A. Effects of butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the leakage of cytoplasmic materials from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Appl Bacteriol 53 (1982) R16
    • (1982) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.53
    • Lamikanra, A.1
  • 52
    • 0019350515 scopus 로고
    • Potassium leakage as a lethality index of phenol and the effect of solute and water activity
    • Kroll R.G., and Anagnostopoulos G.D. Potassium leakage as a lethality index of phenol and the effect of solute and water activity. J Appl Bacteriol 50 (1981) 139-147
    • (1981) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.50 , pp. 139-147
    • Kroll, R.G.1    Anagnostopoulos, G.D.2
  • 53
    • 0024425491 scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of alexidine and chlorhexidine to Escherichia coli and membrane components
    • Chawner J.A., and Gilbert P. Adsorption of alexidine and chlorhexidine to Escherichia coli and membrane components. Int J Pharm 55 (1989) 209-215
    • (1989) Int J Pharm , vol.55 , pp. 209-215
    • Chawner, J.A.1    Gilbert, P.2
  • 55
    • 36949083936 scopus 로고
    • Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemiosmotic type of mechanism
    • Mitchell P. Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemiosmotic type of mechanism. Nature 191 (1961) 144-148
    • (1961) Nature , vol.191 , pp. 144-148
    • Mitchell, P.1
  • 56
    • 0013942130 scopus 로고
    • Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation
    • Mitchell P. Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 41 (1966) 445-502
    • (1966) Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , vol.41 , pp. 445-502
    • Mitchell, P.1
  • 57
    • 0034909360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscopic simulation of cell membrane damage, morphology change and rupture by nonionic surfactants
    • Groot R.D., and Rabone K.L. Mesoscopic simulation of cell membrane damage, morphology change and rupture by nonionic surfactants. Biophys J 81 (2001) 725-736
    • (2001) Biophys J , vol.81 , pp. 725-736
    • Groot, R.D.1    Rabone, K.L.2
  • 58
    • 0023666958 scopus 로고
    • Binding of a nonionic detergent to membranes: flip-flop rate and location of the bilayer
    • Le Maire M., Moller J.V., and Champeil P. Binding of a nonionic detergent to membranes: flip-flop rate and location of the bilayer. Biochemistry 26 (1987) 4803-4810
    • (1987) Biochemistry , vol.26 , pp. 4803-4810
    • Le Maire, M.1    Moller, J.V.2    Champeil, P.3
  • 59
    • 0016657917 scopus 로고
    • Solubilization of membranes by detergents
    • Helenius A., and Simons K. Solubilization of membranes by detergents. Biochim Biophys Acta 415 (1975) 29-79
    • (1975) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.415 , pp. 29-79
    • Helenius, A.1    Simons, K.2
  • 60
    • 0015505878 scopus 로고
    • Hydrophobic free energy, micelle formation and the association of proteins with amphiphiles
    • Tanford C. Hydrophobic free energy, micelle formation and the association of proteins with amphiphiles. J Mol Biol 67 (1972) 59-74
    • (1972) J Mol Biol , vol.67 , pp. 59-74
    • Tanford, C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.