The older patient with type 2 diabetes: Special considerations and management with insulin

Annals of Long-Term Care

Volumn 14, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 17-24

  Cefalu, Charles ^a   Cefalu, William ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE; MICROANGIOPATHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 33751266971     PISSN: 15247929     EISSN: 15247929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. General information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheet.htm. Accessed July 3, 2006.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Data & Trends. National Diabetes Surveillance System. Prevalence of diabetes. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes by age, United States, 1980-2004. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ statistics/prev/national/figbyage.htm. Accessed July 3, 2006.
3. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(suppl 1):S4-S36. [Erratum in: Diabetes Care 2005;28(4):990.
4. Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, Sarkisian CA; California Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with Diabetes. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(suppl 5):S265-S280.
5. Bruce DG, Casey GP, Grange V, et al; Freemantle Cognition in Diabetes. Cognitive impairment, physical disability, and depressive symptoms in older diabetic patients: The Fremantle Cognition in Diabetes Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;61:59-67.
6. Kennedy RL, Henry J, Chapman AJ, et al. Accidents in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: Increased risk of low-impact falls but not motor vehicle crashes - a prospective register-based study. J Trauma 2002;52:660-666.
7. Blaum CS, Ofstedal MB, Langa KM, Wray LA. Functional status and health outcomes in older Americans with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:745-753.
8. Woolf SH, Davidson MB, Greenfield S, et al. Controlling blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An evidence-based policy statement by the American Academy of Family Physicians and American Diabetes Association. J Fam Pract 2000;49:453-460.
9. Abraira C, Colwell J, Nuttall F, et al. Cardiovascular events and correlates in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Feasibility Trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:181-188.
10. Herman WH, Ilag LL, Johnson SL, et al. A clinical trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1568-1573.
11. MacIsaac RJ, Lee LY, Mcneil KJ, et al. Influence of age on the presentation and outcome of acidotic and hyperosmolar diabetic emergencies. Intern Med J 2002;32:379-385.
12. Cooper SG, Tom LW, Lowry LD. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma: Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1982;90:700-703.
13. Pomposelli JJ, Baxter JK III, Babineau TJ, et al. Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998;22:77-81.
14. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, et al; Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-412.
15. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-853. [Erratum in: Lancet 1999;354(9178):602.]
16. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on nerve conduction in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ann Neurol 1995;38:869-880.
17. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:381-389. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2000;342(18):1376.]
18. Reichard P, Nilsson B-Y, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:304-309.
19. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103-117.
20. Menz HB, Lord SR, St George R, Fitzpatrick RC. Walking stability and sensorimotor function in older people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:245-252.
21. Young BA, Pugh JA, Maynard C, Reiber G. Diabetes and renal disease in veterans. Diabetes Care 2004;27(suppl 2):B45-B49.
22. Gæde P, Vedel P, Parving H-H, Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: The Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet 1999;353:617-622.
23. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, et al. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1129-1134.
24. Nathan DM, Clery PA, Backlund JY, et al; The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-2653.
25. Ryan CM, Freed MI, Rood JA, et al. Improving metabolic control leads to better working memory in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:345-351.
26. Xu WL, Qiu CX, Wahlin Å, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: A 6-year follow-up study. Neurology 2004;63:1181-1186.
27. Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA 2004;291:335-342.
28. Shorr RI, Franse LV, Resnick HE, et al. Glycemic control of older adults with type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:264-267.
29. Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhall J, et al; DARTS/MEMO Collaboration. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1176-1180.
30. Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. Incidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureas. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1681-1686.
31. Rossetti P, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, et al. Intensive replacement of basal insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes given rapid-acting insulin analog at mealtime: A 3-month comparison between administration of NPH insulin four times daily and glargine insulin at dinner or bedtime. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1490-1496.
32. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J; Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The Treat-to-Target Trial: Randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3080-3086.
33. Ryysy L, Yki-Järvinen H, Hänninen J, et al. Simplifying treat to target - the LAN-MET study. Presented at: Annual Meeting of the40th European Association for the Study of Diabetes. September 5-9, 2004; Munich, Germany.
34. Reza M, Taylor CD, Towse K, et al. Insulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;55:201-207.
35. Schwartz AV, Hillier TA, Sellmeyer DE, et al. Older women with diabetes have a higher risk of falls A prospective study. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1749-1754.
36. ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Road map for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Available at: www.aace.com/meetings/consensus/ odimplementation/roadmap.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2006.
37. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Implementation Conference for ACE Outpatient Diabetes Mellitus Consensus Conference recommendations: Position statement. Available at: http://www.aace.com/pub/pdf/ guidelines/OutpatientImplementationPositionStatement.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2006
38. 1C on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Glycemic Optimization with Algorithms and Labs at Point of Care (GOAL A1C) Trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1-8.
39. Davies M, Storms F, Shutler S, et al; Study Group. AT.LANTUS Trial investigating treatment Algorithms for insulin glargine (LANTUS®). Results of the Type 2 Study. Diabetes 2004;53(suppl 2):A473.
40. Horowitz M, Su Y-C, Rayner CK, Jones KL. Gastroparesis: Prevalence, clinical significance, and treatment. Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15:805-813.
41. Meneilly GS, Cheung E, Tuokko H. Altered responses to hypoglycemia of healthy elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:1341-1348.
42. Holmes G, Galitz L, Hu P, Lyness W. Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in obesity, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;60:469-476.