On retrieving the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds using the moments of the millimeter-wavelength Doppler spectrum

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 107, Issue 24, 2002, Pages

  Mace, Gerald G ^a   Heymsfield, Andrew J ^b   Poellot, Michael R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cirrus clouds; Cirrus microphysical properties; Cloud property retrievals; Doppler radar; Millimeter radar

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DOPPLER EFFECT; MILLIMETER WAVES; PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS;

ALGORITHM; CIRRUS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DOPPLER RADAR; PARTICLE SIZE; REFLECTIVITY; SIMULATION;

EID: 33751260901     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001308     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ackerman, T. P., K. N. Liou, F. P. Valero, and L. Pfister, Heating rates in tropical anvils, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1606-1623, 1988.
2. Atlas, D., The estimation of cloud parameters by radar, J. Meteorol., 2, 309-317, 1954.
3. Atlas, D., Advances in radar meteorology, Adv. Geophys., 10, 317-478, 1964.
4. Atlas, D., and S. Bartnoff, Cloud visibility, radar reflectivity and drop size distribution, J. Meteorol., 1, 143-148, 1953.
5. Atlas, D., S. Y. Matrosov, A. J. Heymsfield, M.-D. Chou, and D. B. Wolff, Radar and radiation properties of ice clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 2329-2345, 1995.
6. Aydin, K., and T. M. Walsh, Millimeter wave scattering from spatial and planar bullet rosettes, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 1138-1150, 1999.
7. Babb, D. M., J. Verlinde, and B. W. Rust, The removal of turbulent broadening in radar Doppler spectra using linear inversion with double-sided constraints, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 1583-1595, 2000.
8. Clothiaux, E. E., K. P. Moran, B. E. Martner, T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, T. Uttal, J. H. Mather, M. A. Miller, and D. J. Rodriguez, The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program cloud radars: Operational modes, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 819-827, 1999.
9. Clothiaux, E. E., T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, K. P. Moran, R. T. Marchand, M. A. Miller, and B. E. Martner, Objective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensors at the ARM CART sites, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 645-665, 2000.
10. Danne, O., M. Quante, D. Milferstadt, H. Lemke, and E. Raschke, Relationships between Doppler spectral moments within large-scale cirro- and altostratus cloud fields observed by a ground-based 95-GHz cloud radar, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 175-189, 1999.
11. Doviak, R. J., and S. S. Zrnic, Doppler Radar and Weather Observations, 562 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993.
12. Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models, J. Geophys Res., 97, 3831-3836, 1992.
13. Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, Measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with Ka-band Doppler radar and microwave radiometer, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799, 1995.
14. Fu, Q., and K. N. Liou, Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025, 1993.
15. Gossard, E. E., Measurement of cloud droplet size spectra by Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 712-726, 1994.
16. Gu, Y., and K. N. Liou, Interactions of radiation, microphysics, and turbulence in the evolution of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2463-2479, 2000.
17. Gultepe, I., and D. O'C. Starr, Dynamical structure and turbulence in cirrus clouds: Aircraft observations during FIRE, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4159-4182, 1995.
18. Heymsfield, A. J., Cirrus uncinus generating cells and the evolution of cirriform clouds, part 2, Structure and circulations of the cirrus uncinus generating head, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 809-819, 1975.
19. Heymsfield, A. J., Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381, 1977.
20. Heymsfield, A. J., and L. J. Donner, A scheme for parameterizing ice-cloud water content in general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1865-1877, 1990.
21. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. Iaquinta, Cirrus crystal terminal velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 916-938, 2000.
22. Heymsfield, A. J., and A. G. Palmer, Relationships for deriving thunderstorm anvil ice mass for CCOPE storm water budget estimates, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 691-702, 1986.
23. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, Computational technique for increasing the effective sampling volume of the PMS two-dimensional particle size spectrometer. J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 1566-1572, 1978.
24. Heymsfield, A. J., and J. L. Parrish, Interactive system for processing PMS two-dimensional imaging probe data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 724-739, 1986.
25. Heymsfield, A. J., and C. M. R. Platt, Parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 846-855, 1984.
26. Heymsfield, A. J., and R. M. Sabin, Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogeneous freezing of solution droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2252-2264, 1989.
27. Heymsfield, A. J., S. Lewis, A. Bansemer, J. Iaquinta, L. M. Miloshevich, M. Kajikawa, C. Twohy, and M. R. Poellot, A general approach for deriving the properties of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3-29, 2002.
28. Hogan, R. J., and A. J. Illingworth, Deriving cloud overlap statistics from radar, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2903-2909, 2000.
29. Intrieri, J. M., G. L. Stephens, W. L. Eberhard, and T. Uttal, A method for determining cirrus cloud particle sizes using lidar and radar backscatter technique, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 1074-1082, 1993.
30. Jensen, E. E., O. B. Toon, L. Pfister, and H. B. Selkirk, Dehydration of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 825-828, 1996.
31. Kosarev, A. L., and I. P. Mazin, An empirical model of the physical structure of upper layer clouds, Atmos. Res., 26, 213-228, 1991.
32. Kropfli, R. A., S. Y. Matrosov, T. Uttal, B. W. Orr, A. S. Frisch, K. A. Clark, B. W. Bartram, R. F. Reinking, J. B. Snider, and B. E. Martner, Cloud physics studies with 8 mm wavelength radar, Atmos. Res., 35, 299-313, 1995.
33. Larson, H., J.-F. Gayet, G. Febvre, H. Chepfer, and G. Brogniez, Measurement errors in cirrus cloud microphysical properties, Ann. Geophys., 16, 266-276, 1998.
34. Lawson, R. P., B. A. Baker, C. G. Schmitt, and T. L. Jensen, An overview of microphysical properties of Arctic clouds observed in May and July 1998 during FIRE ACE, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14,989-15,014, 2001.
35. Lin, R.-F., A numerical study of the evolution of nocturnal cirrus by a two-dimensional model with explicit microphysics, Ph. D. dissertation, 198 pp., Pa. State Univ., State College, 1997.
36. Liu, C., and A. J. Illingworth, Toward more accurate retrievals of ice water content from radar measurements of clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1130-1146, 2000.
37. Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, Influence of cirrus cloud radiative forcing on climate and climate sensitivity in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,306-16,323, 1995.
38. Mace, G. G., and S. Benson-Troth, Cloud layer overlap characteristics derived from long-term cloud radar data, J. Clim., 15, 2505-2525, 2002.
39. Mace, G. G., D. O'C. Starr, T. P. Ackerman, and P. Minnis, Examination of coupling between an upper tropospheric cloud system and synoptic scale dynamics diagnosed from wind profiler and radiosonde data, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4094-4127, 1995.
40. Mace, G. G., T. P. Ackerman, E. E. Clothiaux, and B. A. Albrecht, A study of composite cirrus morphology using data from a 94-GHz radar and correlations with temperature and large scale vertical motion, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,581-13,593, 1997.
41. Mace, G. G., C. Jakob, and K. P. Moran, Validation of hydrometeor prediction from the ECMWF model during winter season 1997 using millimeter wave radar data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1645-1648, 1998a.
42. Mace, G. G., T. P. Ackerman, P. Minnis, and D. F. Young, Cirrus layer microphysical properties derived from surface-based millimeter radar and infrared interferometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23,207-23,216, 1998b.
43. Mace, G. G., E. E. Clothiaux, and T. P. Ackerman, The composite characteristics of cirrus clouds: Bulk properties revealed by 1-year of continuous cloud radar data, J. Clim., 14, 2185-2203, 2001.
44. Matrosov, S. Y., and A. J. Heymsfield, Use of Doppler radar to assess ice cloud particle fall velocity-size relations for remote sensing and climate studies, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,427-22,436, 2000.
45. Matrosov, S. Y., T. Uttal, J. B. Snider, and R. A. Kropfli, Estimates of ice cloud paramters from ground-based infrared radiometer and radar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,567-11,574, 1992.
46. Matrosov, S. Y., B. W. Orr, R. A. Kropfli, and J. B. Snider, Retrieval of vertical profiles of cirrus cloud microphysical parameters from Doppler radar and infrared radiometer measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 617-626, 1994.
47. Matrosov, S. Y., R. F. Reinking, R. A. Kropfli, and B. W. Bartram, Estimation of ice hydrometeor types and shapes from radar polarization measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 85-96, 1996.
48. Matrosov, S. Y, A. J. Heymsfield, R. A. Kropfli, B. E. Martner, R. F. Reinking, J. B. Snider, P. Piionen, and E. W. Eloranta, Comparison of ice cloud parameters obtained by combined remote sensor retrievals and direct methods, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 184-196, 1998.
49. Matrosov, S. Y., A. Korolev, and A. J. Heymsfield, Profiling ice mass and characteristic particle size from Doppler radar measurements, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1003-1018, 2002.
50. McFarquhar, G. M., A. J. Heymsfield, J. Spinhirne, and B. Hart, Thin and subvisual tropopause tropical cirrus: Observations and radiative impacts, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1841-1853, 2000.
51. Mitchell, D. L., Use of mass- and area-dimensional power laws for determining precipitation particle terminal velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1710-1723, 1996.
52. Mitchell, D. L., S. K. Chai, Y. L. Liu, A. J. Heymsfield, and Y. Dong, Modeling cirrus clouds, part 1, Treatment of bimodal size spectra and case study analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2952-2966, 1996.
53. Moran, K. P., B. E. Marner, M. J. Post, R. A. Kropfli, D. C. Welsh, and K. B. Widener, An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 443-455, 1998.
54. Orr, B. W., and R. A. Kropfli, A method for estimating particle fall velocities from vertically pointing Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 29-37, 1999.
55. Platt, C. M. R., Remote sounding of high clouds, part 1, Calculation of visible and infrared optical properties from lidar and radiometer measurements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 1130-1143, 1979.
56. Platt, C. M. R., A parameterization of the visible extinction coefficient of ice clouds in terms of the ice/water content, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2083-2098, 1997.
57. Platt, C. M. R., and Harshvardan, Temperature dependence of cirrus extinction: Implications for climate feedback, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 11,051-11,058, 1988.
58. Platt, C. M. R., S. A. Young, P. J. Manson, G. R. Patterson, S. C. Marsden, R. T. Austin, and J. H. Churnside, The optical properties of equatorial cirrus from observations in the ARM pilot radiation observation experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1977-1996, 1998.
59. Ramanathan, V., and W. Collins, Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino, Nature, 351, 27-32, 1991.
60. Randall, D. A., K.-M. Xu, R. J. C. Somerville, and S. Iacobellis, Single-column models and cloud ensemble models as links between observations and climate models, J. Clim., 9, 1683-1697, 1996.
61. Rashke, E., International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, ISCCP, and its European Regional Experiment ICE (International Cirrus Project), Atmos. Res., 21, 191-201, 1988.
62. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261-2287, 1999.
63. Sassen, K., and G. C. Dodd, Homogeneous nucleation rate for highly super-cooled cirrus cloud droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1357-1369, 1988.
64. Sassen, K., D. O'C. Starr, and T. Uttal, Mesoscale and microscale structure of cirrus clouds: Three case studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 371-381, 1989.
65. Sassen, K., J. M. Comstock, Z. Wang, and G. G. Mace, Clouds and aerosol research capabilities at FARS: The Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 1119-1138, 2001.
66. Sassen, K., D. O'C. Starr, G. G. Mace, P. Brown, Z. Wang, and M. Poellot, Midlatitude cirrus cloud derived from Hurricane Nora: A case study with implications for ice crystal nucleation and shape, J. Atmos. Sci., in press, 2002.
67. Spinhirne, J. D., Micro pulse lidar, IEEE Trans, Geosci. Remote Sens., 31, 48-55, 1993.
68. Starr, D. O'C., Cirrus-cloud experiment: Intensive field observations planned for FIRE, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 68, 119-124, 1987.
69. Starr, D. O'C., and S. K. Cox, Cirrus clouds, part 1, Cirrus cloud model, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2663-2681, 1985.
70. Starr, D. O'C., and D. P. Wylie, The 27-28 October 1986 FIRE cirrus case study: Meteorology and clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 2259-2287, 1990.
71. Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, P. W. Stackhouse, and P. J. Flatau, The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus cloud to climate and climatic feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753, 1990.
72. Stokes, G. M., and S. E. Schwartz, The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 1201-1221, 1994.
73. Twohy, C. H., A. J. Schanot, and W. A. Cooper, Measurement of condensed water content in liquid and ice clouds using an airborne counterflow virtual impactor, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 197-202, 1997.
74. Wang, Z., and K. Sassen, Cirrus cloud microphysical property retrieval using lidar and radar measurements, part 1, Algorithm description and comparison with in situ data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 218-229, 2002.