Children's illusory correlations: The role of attentional bias in group impression formation

Journal of Cognition and Development

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 129-160

  Johnston, Kristen E ^a   Jacobs, Janis E ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; HUMAN; ILLUSION; MINORITY GROUP; PERCEPTION;

EID: 33751231088     PISSN: 15248372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/S15327647JCD0402_01     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Berndt, T. J., & Heller, K. A. (1986). Gender stereotypes and social inferences: A developmental study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 889-898.
2. Bjorklund, D. F., & Coyle, T. R. (1995). Utilization deficiencies in the development of memory strategies. In F. E. Weinert & W. Schneider (Eds.), Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development (pp. 161-180). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
3. Bjorklund, D. F., & Muir, J. E. (1988). Children's development of free recall: Remembering on their own. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development (Vol. 5, pp. 79-123). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
4. Brainerd, C. J. (1981). Working memory and the developmental analysis of probability judgment. Psychological Review 88, 463-502.
5. Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151-155.
6. Chi, M. T. H., & Ceci, S. J. (1987). Content knowledge: Its role, representation, and restructuring in memory development. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 91-142). Orlando, FL: Academic.
7. Graves, S. B. (1993). Television, the portrayal of African Americans, and the development of children's attitudes. In G. L. Berry & J. K. Asamen (Eds.), Children and television (pp. 179-190). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8. Gutheil, G., & Gelman, S. A. (1997). Children's use of sample size and diversity information within basic-level categories. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 159-174.
9. Hamilton, D. L., Dugan, P. M., & Trolier, T. K. (1985). The formation of stereotypic beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 5-17.
10. Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.
11. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1989). Illusory correlations: Implications for stereotype theory and research. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 59-82). New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1984). Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence. American Psychologist, 39, 1372-1388.
13. Huston, A. C., Donnerstein, E., Fairchild, H., Feshbach, N. D., Katz, P. A., Murray, J. P., et al. (1992). Big world, small screen: The role of television in American society. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
14. Jacobs, J. E., Greenwald, J. P., & Osgood, D. (1995). Developmental differences in baserate estimates of social behaviors and attitudes. Social Development, 4, 165-181.
15. Jacobs, J. E., Hashima, P. Y., & Kenning, M. (1995). Children's perceptions of the risk of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1443-1456.
16. Jacobs, J. E., & Narloch, R. H. (2001). Children's use of sample size and variability to make social inferences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 1-21.
17. Jacobs, J. E., & Potenza, M. (1991). The use of judgment heuristics to make social and object decisions: A developmental perspective. Child Development, 62, 166-178.
18. Kuhn, D., Nash, S. C., & Brucken, L. (1978). Sex role concepts of two- and three-year-old children. Child Development, 49, 445-451.
19. Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. (2001). Metropolitan race and ethnic change-Census 2000. Retrieved November 7, 2001, from http://www.albany.edu/mumford/
20. Liben, L. S., & Signorella, M. L. (1980). Gender-related schemata and constructive memory in children. Child Development, 51, 11-18.
21. Lopez, A., Gelman, S. A., Gutheil, G., & Smith, E. E. (1992). The development of category based induction. Child Development, 63, 1070-1090.
22. Martin, C. L. (1989). Children's use of gender-related information in making social judgments. Developmental Psychology, 25, 80-88.
23. Martin, C. L. (1990). Attitudes and expectations about children with nontraditional and traditional gender roles. Sex Roles, 22, 151-165.
24. Martin, C. L., & Little, J. K. (1990). The relation of gender understanding to children's sex-typed preferences and gender stereotypes. Child Development, 61, 1427-1439.
25. McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 414-429.
26. Meehan, A. M., & Janik, L. M. (1990). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of sex role stereotypes in children. Sex Roles, 22, 83-95.
27. Mullen, B., & Johnson, C. (1990). Distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and stereotyping: A meta-analytic integration. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 11-28.
28. Mutter, S. A. (2000). Illusory correlation and group impression formation in young and older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 55, 224-237.
29. Ornstein, P. A., Naus, M. J., & Liberty, C. (1975). Rehearsal and organizational processes in children's memory. Child Development, 46, 818-830.
30. Perlmutter, M. (1984). Continuities and discontinuities in early human memory: Paradigms, processes, and performances. In R. V. Kail, Jr. & N. R. Spear (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on the development of memory (pp. 253-287). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
31. Primi, C., & Agnoli, F. (2002). Children correlate infrequent behaviors with minority groups: A case of illusory correlation. Cognitive Development, 17, 1105-1131.
32. Ruble, D. N., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (5th ed., pp. 933-1016). New York: Wiley.
33. Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1987). Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups. Social Cognition, 5, 1-25.
34. Schaller, M., & Maass, A. (1989). Illusory correlation and social categorization: Toward an integration of motivational and cognitive factors in stereotype formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 56, 709-721.
35. Shaklee, H., Holt, P., Elek, S., & Hall, L. (1988). Covariation judgment: Improving rule use among children, adolescents, and adults. Child Development, 59, 755-768.
36. Shaklee, H., & Mims, M. (1981). Development of rule use in judgments of covariation between events. Child Development, 52, 317-325.
37. Shaklee, H., & Paszek, D. (1985). Covariation judgment: Systematic rule use in middle childhood. Child Development, 56, 1229-1240.
38. Signorella, M. L., Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). Developmental differences in children's gender schemata about others: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 13, 147-183.
39. Signorella, M. L., & Liben, L. S. (1984). Recall and reconstruction of gender-related pictures: Effects of attitude, task difficulty, and age. Child Development, 55, 393-405.
40. Spears, R., van der Pligt, J., & Eiser, J. R. (1985). Illusory correlation in the perception of group attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 863-875.
41. Thompson, S. K. (1975). Gender labels and early sex-role development. Child Development, 46, 339-347.
42. th ed.). Chicago: Riverside.
43. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
44. Weinraub, M., Clemens, L. P., Sockloff, A., Etheridge, T., Gracely, E., & Myers, B. (1984). The development of sex role stereotypes in the third year: Relations to gender labeling, gender identity, sex-typed toy preferences, and family characteristics. Child Development, 55, 1493-1503.