Soil erosion science: Reflections on the limitations of current approaches

Catena

Volumn 68, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 73-86

  Boardman, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assessment; Modelling; Monitoring; Socio economic factors; Soil conservation; Soil erosion

Indexed keywords

EROSION CONTROL; EUROPEAN UNION; LAND USE PLANNING; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SOIL EROSION;

EID: 33751198536     PISSN: 03418162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2006.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Ananda J., and Herath G. Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal. Journal of Environmental Management 68 4 (2003) 343-353
2. Andrews J.T. Glacial Systems (1975), Duxbury Press, North Scituate, Massachusetts 191 pp.
3. Arnalds O., and Barkarsson B. Soil erosion and land use policy in Iceland in relation to sheep grazing and government subsidies. Environmental Science and Policy 6 (2003) 105-113
4. Arnalds O., Thorarinsdottir E.F., Metusalemsson S., Jonsson A., Gretarsson E., and Arnason A. Soil Erosion in Iceland (2001), Soil Conservation Service/Agricultural Research Institute, Iceland
5. Auzet A.V., Boiffin J., Papy F., Ludwig B., and Maucorps J. Rill erosion as a function of the characteristics of cultivated catchments in the north of France. Catena 20 (1993) 41-62
6. Baffaut C., Nearing M.A., and Govers G. Statistical distributions of soil loss from runoff plots and the WEPP model simulations. Journal of Soil Science Society America 62 (1998) 756-763
7. Bakker M.M., Govers G., and Rounsevell M.D.A. The crop productivity-erosion relationship: an analysis based on experimental work. Catena 57 (2004) 55-76
8. Barbier E.B. The farm level economics of soil conservation: the uplands of Java. Land Economics 66 (1990) 199-212
9. Barrow C.J. Land Degradation (1991), Cambridge University Press
10. Bell M., and Walker M.J.C. Late Quaternary Environmental Change: Physical and Human Perspectives (1992), Longman
11. Bennett H.H. Soil Conservation (1939), McGraw-Hill, New York
12. Billi P., and Dramis F. Geomorphological investigation on gully erosion in the Rift Valley and northern highlands of Ethiopia. Catena 50 (2003) 353-368
13. Blaikie P. The Political Ecology of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries (1985), Longman
14. Boardman J. The context of soil erosion. SEESOIL 3 (1986) 2-13
15. Boardman J. Severe erosion on agricultural land in East Sussex, UK October 1987. Soil Technology 1 (1988) 333-348
16. Boardman J. Soil erosion by water: problems and prospects for research. In: Anderson M.G., and Brooks S.M. (Eds). Advances in Hillslope Processes vol. 1 (1996), Wiley, Chichester, UK 489-505
17. Boardman J. An average soil erosion rate for Europe: myth or reality?. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53 1 (1998) 46-50
18. Boardman J. Storms, floods and soil erosion on the South Downs, East Sussex, autumn and winter 2000-01. Geography 86 4 (2001) 346-355
19. Boardman J. Soil erosion and flooding on the eastern South Downs, southern England, 1976-2001. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 28 (2003) 176-196
20. Boardman, J., Evans, R., in press. Britain. In: Boardman, J., Poesen, J. (Eds), Soil Erosion in Europe, Wiley, Chichester, UK.
21. Boardman J., and Favis-Mortlock D. Frequency-magnitude distributions for soil erosion, runoff and rainfall - a comparative analysis. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 115 (1999) 51-70
22. Boardman, J., Poesen, J. (Eds), in press. Soil Erosion in Europe. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
23. Boardman J., Burt T., Evans R., Slattery M.C., and Shuttleworth H. Soil erosion and flooding as a result of a thunderstorm in Oxfordshire and Berkshire, May 1993. Applied Geography 16 1 (1996) 21-34
24. Boardman J., Poesen J., and Evans R. Socio-Economic factors in soil erosion and conservation. Environmental Science and Policy 6 (2003) 1-6
25. Boiffin J. Stages and time-dependency of soil crusting in situ. Proceedings of the Symposium, Assessment of Soil Surface Sealing and Crusting, Ghent, Belgium (1985) 91-98
26. Bork H.-R., Bork H., Dalchow C., Faust B., Piorr H.-P., and Schatz T. Landscafts-entwicklung in Mitteleurope (1998), Klett-Pethes, Gotha
27. Boyd C., and Slaymaker T. Re-examining the 'More People, Less Erosion' Hypothesis: Special Case or Wider Trend?. Natural Resource Perspectives vol. 63 (2000), Overseas Development Institute, London Nov 2000
28. Brierley G., and Stankoviansky M. Geomorphic responses to land use change. Catena 51 (2003) 173-179
29. Brunsden D. Tablets of stone: towards the Ten Commandments of geomorphology. Zietschrift fur Geomorphologie 79 (1990) 1-37
30. Burt T.P. Long-term study of the natural environment - perceptive science or mindless monitoring?. Progress in Physical Geography 18 (1994) 475-496
31. Burt T.P., and Heathtwaite A.L. Long-term study of the natural environment at Slapton Ley. Field Studies 8 (1996) 533-542
32. Burwell R.E., and Kramer L.A. Long-term annual runoff and soil loss from conventional and conservation tillage of corn. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 38 3 (1983) 315-319
33. Butzer K.W. Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 12 (2005) 1773-1800
34. Carson M.A., and Tam S.W. The land conservation conundrum of eastern Barbados. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67 2 (1997) 185-203
35. Cerdan O., Souchere V., Lecomte V., Courturier A., and Le Bissonnais Y. Incorporating soil surface crusting processes in an expert-based runoff model: sealing and transfer by runoff and erosion related to agricultural management. Catena 46 (2001) 189-205
36. Chalela Q., and Stocking M. An improved methodology for erosion hazard mapping: Part II. Application to Lesotho. Geographiska Annaler 70A 3 (1988) 181-189
37. Chambers B.J., and Garwood T.W.D. Monitoring of water erosion on arable farms in England and Wales. 1990-94. Soil Use and Management 16 (2000) 93-99
38. Church M. Continental drift. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30 (2005) 129-130
39. Cooke J.M., Stern L.A., Banner J.L., Mack L.E., Stafford Jr. T.W., and Toomey III R.S. Precise timing and rate of massive late Quaternary soil denudation. Geology 31 10 (2003) 853-856
40. Coppus R., Imeson A.C., and Sevink J. Identification, distribution and characteristics of erosion sensitive areas in three different central Andean ecosystems. Catena 51 3-4 (2003) 315-328
41. Daba S., Rieger W., and Strauss P. Assessment of gully erosion in eastern Ethiopia using photogrammetric techniques. Catena 50 (2003) 273-291
42. 137Cs losses from a loamy surface water gleyed soil (Inceptisol); a laboratory simulation experiment. Catena 26 (1996) 227-245
43. De Graff J., and Eppink L.A.A.J. Olive oil production and soil conservation in southern Spain, in relation to EU subsidy policies. Land Use Policy 16 (1999) 257-267
44. De Ploey J. Erosional systems and perspectives for erosion control in European loess areas. Soil Technology 1 (1989) 93-102
45. Desmet P.J.J., and Govers G. GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape: a comparison of model results with soil map information. Catena 25 1-4 (1995) 389-401
46. Dixon J.A., and Hodgson G. Economic evaluation of coastal resources: the El Niño study. Tropical Coastal Area Management (1988) 5-7 (August 1988)
47. Ebbesen H., and Hald M. Unstable Younger Dryas climate in the northeast North Atlantic. Geology 32 8 (2004) 673-676
48. Edwards W.M., and Owens L.B. Large storm effects on total soil erosion. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46 1 (1991) 75-78
49. Erskine W.D., Mahmoudzadeh A., and Myers C. Land use effects on sediment yields and soil loss in small basins of Triassic sandstone near Sydney, NSW, Australia. Catena 49 1 (2002) 271-287
50. Evans R. Water erosion in British farmers' fields - some causes, impacts, predictions. Progress in Physical Geography 14 2 (1990) 199-219
51. Evans R. Assessing erosion in England and Wales. 7th ISCO Conference Proceedings, Sydney, Australia, 27-30 September, 1992 vol. 1 (1992) 82-91
52. Evans R. On assessing accelerated erosion of arable land by water. Soils and Fertilisers 56 11 (1993) 1285-1293
53. Evans R. Some methods of directly assessing water erosion of cultivated land - a comparison of measurements made on plots and in fields. Progress in Physical Geography 19 1 (1995) 115-129
54. Evans R. Soil Erosion and its Impacts in England and Wales (1996), Friends of the Earth, London 121 pp.
55. Evans R. An alternative way to assess water erosion of cultivated land-field-based measurements: and analysis of some results. Applied Geography 22 (2002) 187-209
56. Evans R., and Boardman J. Curtailment of muddy floods in the Sompting catchment, South Downs, West Sussex, southern England. Soil Use and Management 19 (2003) 223-231
57. Evans R., and Brazier R. Evaluation of modelled spatially distributed predictions of soil erosion by water versus field-based assessments. Environmental Science and Policy 8 (2005) 493-501
58. Evans R., and Nortcliff S. Soil erosion in north Norfolk. Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge 90 (1978) 185-192
59. Faulkner H. Gully erosion associated with the expansion of unterraced almond cultivation in the coastal Sierra de Lujar, S. Spain. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 6 (1995) 179-2000
60. Faulkner H., and Hill A. Forests, soils and the threat of desertification. In: King R., Proudfoot L., and Smith B. (Eds). The Mediterranean, Environment and Society (1997), Arnold, London 252-272
61. Favis-Mortlock, D.T., 1994. Use and abuse of soil erosion models in southern England, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Brighton, UK.
62. Favis-Mortlock D.T. Validation of field-scale soil erosion models using common datasets. In: Boardman J., and Favis-Mortlock D.T. (Eds). Modelling Soil Erosion by Water. NATO ASI Series (1998), Springer, Berlin 89-127
63. Favis-Mortlock D.T., Boardman J., and MacMillan V.J. The limits of erosion modeling: why we should proceed with care. In: Harmon R.S., and Doe III W.W. (Eds). Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling (2001), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing, New York 477-516
64. Fohrer N., Berkenhagen J., Hecker J.M., and Rudolph A. Changing soil and surface conditions during rainfall. Catena 37 (1999) 355-375
65. Foster, G.R., Lane, L.J., 1987. User Requirements: USDA Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), NSERL Report No. 1, National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. 43 pp.
66. 137Cs. Variability in stream erosion and sediment transport. Proceedings of the Canberra Symposium, December 1994. IAHS Publ. vol. 224 (1994) 55-64
67. Foster I.D.L., Boardman J., Keay-Bright J., and Meadows M.E. Land degradation and sediment dynamics in the South African Karoo. In: Walling D.E., and Horowitz A. (Eds). Sediment Budgets. Proceedings IAHS, Foz do Iguacu, 3-9th April 2005 (2005)
68. German Advisory Council on Global Change. World in Transition: the Threat to Soils (1995), Economica Verlag, Bonn
69. Glantz M.H. The west African Sahel. In: Glantz M.H. (Ed). Drought Follows the Plow (1994), Cambridge University Press 33-43
70. Gong Shiyang, and Xiong Guisu. Source and distribution of silts in the Huanghe (Yellow) River. Remin Huanghe 1 (1979) 1-17 (in Chinese)
71. Govers G., and Poesen J. Assessment of the interrill and rill contributions to total soil loss from an upland field plot. Geomorphology 1 (1988) 343-354
72. Grove A.T., and Rackham O. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe, an Ecological History (2001), Yale University Press, New Haven
73. Gurmel Singh, Ram Babu, Pretap Narain, Bhushan L.S., and Abrol I.P. Soil erosion rates in India. Journal Soil and Water Conservation 47 1 (1992) 97-99
74. Hadley R.F., Lal R., Onstad C.A., Walling D.E., and Yair A. Recent Developments in Erosion and Sediment Yield Studies. Technical Documents in Hydrology (1985), UNESCO, Paris
75. Han C. Recent changes in the rural environment in China. Journal of Applied Ecology 26 (1989) 803-812
76. Hao F.-l., Chang Y., and Ning D.-t. Assessment of China's economic loss resulting from the degradation of agricultural land in the end of the 20th century. Journal of Environmental Sciences 16 2 (2004) 199-203
77. Harris T.M., and Boardman J. A rule-based Expert System approach to predicting waterborne soil erosion. In: Boardman J., Foster I.D.L., and Dearing J.A. (Eds). Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land (1990), John Wiley, Chichester 401-412
78. Harris T.M., and Boardman J. Alternative approaches to soil erosion prediction and conservation using Expert Systems and Artificial Neural Networks. In: Boardman J., and Favis-Mortlock D.T. (Eds). Modelling Soil Erosion by Water. NATO ASI Series (1998), Springer 461-477
79. Harrod T.R. Runoff, soil erosion and pesticide pollution in Cornwall. In: Rickson R.J. (Ed). Conserving Soil Resources: European Perspectives (1993), CAB International, Wallingford, UK 105-115
80. Harrold L.L., and Edwards W.M. A severe rainstorm test of no-till corn. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 27 (1972) 30
81. Herweg K. Field manuel for assessment of current erosion damage. Soil Conservation Research Programme (1996), Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern
82. Hoffman T., and Ashwell A. Nature Divided: Land Degradation in South Africa (2001), University of Cape Town Press
83. Hurni H. Land degradation, famine, and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia. In: Pimental D. (Ed). World Soil Erosion and Conservation (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 27-61
84. Jankauskas B., and Fullen M.A. A pedological investigation of soil erosion severity on undulating land in Lithuania. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82 (2002) 311-321
85. Jetten V., and De Roo A.P.J. Spatial analysis of erosion conservation measures with LISEM. In: Harmon R.S., and Doe III W.W. (Eds). Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling (2001), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing, New York 429-445
86. Jetten, V., Favis-Mortlock, D., in press. Modelling soil erosion in Europe. In: Boardman, J. Poesen, J. (eds), Soil Erosion in Europe, Wiley, Chichester, UK.
87. Jetten V., de Roo A., and Favis-Mortlock D. Evaluation of field-scale and catchment-scale erosion models. Catena 37 (1999) 521-541
88. Kamphorst E., Jetten V., Guerif J., Pitkanen J., Iversen B.V., Douglas J.T., and Paz A. Predicting depressional storage from soil surface roughness. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 (2000) 1749-1758
89. Karl T.R., and Knight R.W. Secular trends in precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 (1998) 231-261
90. Khoshoo T.N., and Tejwani K.G. Soil erosion and conservation in India (status and policies). In: Pimental D. (Ed). World Soil Erosion and Conservation (1993), Cambridge University Press 109-145
91. Kosmas, C, Danalatos, N., Kosma, D., Kosmopoulou, P., in press. Greece. In Boardman J., Poesen, J. (Eds), Soil Erosion in Europe, Wiley, Chichester.
92. Kusmandari A., and Mitchell B. Soil erosion and sediment yield in forest and agro-forestry areas in west Java, Indonesia. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 (1997) 376-382
93. Lal R., Hall G.F., and Miller F.P. Soil degradation: I, basic processes. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 1 1 (1989) 51-59
94. Larson W.E., Lindstrom M.J., and Schumacher T.E. The role of severe storms in soil erosion: a problem needing consideration. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 2 (1997) 90-95
95. Le Bissonnais Y., and Arrouays D. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustibility and erodibility: II. Application to humic loamy soils with various organic carbon contents. European Journal of Soil Science 48 (1997) 39-48
96. Le Bissonnais Y., Renaux B., and Delouche H. Interactions between soil properties and moisture content in crust formation, runoff and interrill erosion from tilled loess soils. Catena 25 (1995) 33-46
97. In: Likens G.E. (Ed). Long Term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternative (1989), Springer-Verlag, New York
98. Liu T.S. Loess in China (1988), Springer, Berlin
99. Lomborg B. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (2001), Cambridge University Press
100. Ludwig B., Boiffin J., Chadoeuf J., and Auzet A.V. Hydrological structure and erosion damage caused by concentrated flow in cultivated catchments. Catena 25 (1995) 227-252
101. Lugo A.E., Schmidt R., and Brown S. Tropical forests in the Caribbean. Ambio 10 (1981) 318-324
102. MAFF. Controlling soil erosion. A Manual for the Assessment and Management of Agricultural Land at Risk of Water Erosion in Lowland England (1999), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London
103. Magrath W., and Arens P. The Costs of Soil Erosion on Java: a Natural Resource Accounting Approach. World Bank Environment Department Working Paper vol. 18 (1989), World Bank, Washington
104. Mathieu A., and Joannon A. How farmers view their job in Pays de Caux, France. Consequences for grassland in water erosion. Environmental Science and Policy 6 1 (2003) 29-36
105. McGregor, D.F.M., 1995. Soil erosion, environmental change and development in the Caribbean: a deepening crisis? In: Barker, D., McGregor, D.F.M. (Eds), Environment and Development in the Caribbean: Geographical Perspectives. The Press, University of the West Indies, 189-208.
106. Milliman J.D., and Meade R.H. Worldwide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. Journal of Geology 91 1 (1983) 1-21
107. Morecroft M.D., Adamson J.K., and Lane A.M. The environmental change network: integrating climate and ecological monitoring. Weather 52 (1997) 7-12
108. Morgan R.P.C., Rickson R.J., McIntyre K., Brewer T.R., and Altshul H.J. Soil erosion survey of the central part of the Swaziland Middleveld. Soil Technology 11 (1997) 263-289
109. Mushala H.M. Soil erosion in Swaziland: a review of research needs. Swaziland Journal of Science and Technology 9 (1988) 7-19
110. Mushala H.M. Soil erosion and indigenous land management: some socioeconomic considerations. Soil Technology 11 (1997) 301-310
111. Mutchler C.K., Murphree C.E., and McGregor K.C. Laboratory and field plots for soil erosion studies. In: Lal R. (Ed). Soil Erosion Research Methods (1988), SWCS/ISSS 9-36
112. Muttoni G., Carcano C., Garzanti E., Ghielmi M., Piccin A., Pini R., Rogledi S., and Sciunnach D. Onset of major Pleistocene glaciations in the Alps. Geology 31 11 (2003) 989-992
113. Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., da Fonseca G.A.B., and Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403 (2000) 853-858
114. Narayana V.V.D., and Ram Babu. Estimation of soil erosion in India. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 109 4 (1983) 419-434
115. Nyssen J., Poesen J., Moeyersons J., Deckers J., Haile M., and Lang A. Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands - a state of the art. Earth-Science Reviews 64 (2004) 273-320
116. Okoba B.O., Tenge A.J., and Vigiak O. Farmers' indicators of semi-quantitative erosion assessment in the east African highlands. In: Gabriels D., and Cornelis W. (Eds). 25 Years of Assessment of Erosion (2003) 247-254
117. Oldeman, L.R., Hakkeling, R.T.A. Sombroek, W.G., 1991. World map of the status of human-induced soil degradation: an explanatory note. Wageningen: International Soil Reference and Information Centre; Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
118. Osborn T.J., Hulme M., Jones P.D., and Basnett T.A. Observed trends in the daily intensity of United Kingdom precipitation. International Journal of Climatology 20 (2000) 347-364
119. Oygarden L. Rill and gully development during an extreme winter runoff event in situ - eastern Norway. Catena 50 (2003) 217-242
120. Parsons A.J., Wainwright J., Powell D.M., Kaduk J., and Brazier R.E. A conceptual model for determining soil erosion by water. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29 10 (2004) 1293-1302
121. Paskett C.J., and Philoctete C.-E. Soil conservation in Haiti. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 45 4 (1990) 457-459
122. Pimental D. World Soil Erosion and Conservation (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
123. Pimentel D., Harvey C., Resosudarmo P., Sinclair K., Kurz D., McNair M., Crist S., Shpritz L., Fitton L., Saffouri R., and Air R. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267 (1995) 1117-1123
124. Poesen J., and Ingelmo-Sanchez F. Runoff and sediment yield from topsoils with different porosity as affected by rock fragment cover and position. Catena 19 (1992) 451-474
125. Poesen J., Boardman J., Wilcox B., and Valentin C. Water erosion monitoring and experimentation for global change studies. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51 (1996) 386-390
126. Poesen J., Cerdan O., de Vente J., Govers G., Gyssels G., Nachtergaele J., Ruysschaert G., Vandekerckhove L., Vanwalleghem T., Vandeneeckhautte M., Van Oost K., Van Rompaey A., and Verstraeten G. 25 years of assessment of erosion. Keynote Paper International symposium, University of Gent, 22-26 September, 2003 (2003)
127. Pretty J.N., Brett C., Gee D., Hine R.E., Mason C.F., Morison J.I.L., Raven H., Rayment M.D., and van der Bijl G. An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture. Agricultural Systems 65 (2000) 113-136
128. Rejman, J., in press. Poland. In: Boardman, J., Poesen, J. (Eds), Soil Erosion in Europe Wiley, Chichester.
129. Rendell H. Earth surface processes in the Mediterranean. In: King R., Proudfoot L., and Smith B. (Eds). The Mediterranean, Environment and Society (1997), Arnold, London 45-56
130. Retallack G.J., Wynn J.G., and Fremd T.J. Glacial-interglacial-scale paleoclimatic change without large ice sheets in the Oligocene of central Oregon. Geology 32 4 (2004) 297-3000
131. In: Risser P.G. (Ed). SCOPE 46. Long Term Ecological Research - an International Perspective (1991), John Wiley, Chichester
132. Sanchez-Colon, S. 2003. Evaluation of human-induced soil degradation in Mexico. Unpublished conference presentation.
133. Sayer J., and Campbell B. The Science of Sustainable Development (2004), Cambridge University Press
134. Schuler J., and Kachele H. Modelling on-farm costs of soil conservation policies with MODAM. Environmental Science and Policy 6 (2003) 51-55
135. 6 year scale. Quaternary Research 3 (1973) 39-55
136. Sfeir-Younis A. Soil Conservation in Developing Countries (1986), Western Africa Projects Department, The World Bank, Washington DC
137. Slattery M.C., and Bryan R.B. Hydraulic conditions for rill incision under simulated rainfall: a laboratory experiment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 17 2 (1992) 127-146
138. Slaymaker O. Why so much concern about climate change and so little attention to land use change?. Canadian Geographer 45 1 (2001) 71-78
139. Smil V. Environmental Problems in China: Estimates of Economic Costs (1996), East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
140. Sole-Benet, A., in press. Spain. In: Boardman J., Poesen, J. (Eds), Soil Erosion in Europe, Wiley, Chichester.
141. Souchere V., King D., Daroussin J., Papy F., and Capillon A. Effects of tillage on runoff direction: consequences on runoff contributing area within agricultural catchments. Journal of Hydrology 206 (1998) 256-267
142. Souchere V., King C., Dubreuil N., Lecomte-Morel V., Le Bissonnais Y., and Chalat M. Grassland and crop trends: role of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy and consequences for runoff and soil erosion. Environmental Science and Policy 6 1 (2003) 7-16
143. Souchere V., Cerdan O., Ludwig B., Le Bissonnais Y., Couturier A., and Papy F. Modelling ephemeral gully erosion in small cultivated catchments. Catena 50 (2003) 489-505
144. SPSAEPM, 1988. Improve the agricultural eco-environment for a high potential productivity. Sichuan Provincial Station of Agricultural Environmental Protection and Monitoring, presentation at symposium on improvement of the eco-environment of middle-upper basin of Yangtze River. Mimeograph.
145. SSEW, 1983. Legend for the 1:250,000 soil map of England and Wales. Soil Survey of England and Wales, Harpenden.
146. SSLRC. Risk of Soil Erosion in England and Wales by Water on Land Under Winter Cereal Cropping (1993), Soil Survey and Land Research Centre, Silsoe
147. In: Sterk G., and Warren A. (Eds). Wind Erosion in Europe. SpecialIssue Catena vol. 52(3-4) (2003)
148. Stocking M.A. Tropical soils and food security: the next 50 years. Science 302 (2003) 1356-1359
149. Stocking M., and Murnaghan N. Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation (2001), Earthscan, London
150. Stroosnijder L. Measurement of erosion: is it possible?. Catena 64 (2005) 162-173
151. Takken I., Beuselinck L., Nachtergaele J., Govers G., Poesen J., and Degraer G. Spatial evaluation of a physically-based distributed erosion model (LISEM). Catena 37 3-4 (1999) 431-447
152. Takken I., Jetten V., Govers G., Nachtergaele J., and Steegen A. The effect of tillage-induced roughness on runoff and erosion patterns. Geomorphology 37 (2001) 1-14
153. Tiffin M., Mortimore M., and Gichuki F. More People, Less Erosion: Environmental Recovery in Kenya (1994), Wiley, Chichester
154. Tomic I. Land loss and erosion in China: a report. Review of Business 19 (1998) 34-37
155. Trimble S.W. A sediment budget for Coon Creek Basin in the Driftless area Wisconsin, 1885-1977. American Journal of Science 283 (1983) 454-474
156. Turkelboom F., and Trebuil G. In: Penning de Vries F.W.T., Agus F., and Kerr J. (Eds). Soil Erosion at Multiple Scales (1998), CABI, Wallingford 51-71
157. Van Lynden G.W.J., and Oldeman L.R. The Assessment of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation in South and Southeast Asia (1997), International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
158. Van Oost K., Govers G., and Desmet P.J.J. Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage. Landscape Ecology 15 (2000) 579-591
159. Van Rompaey A., Verstraeten G., Van Oost K., Govers G., and Poesen J. Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26 (2001) 1221-1236
160. Van Rompaey A.J.J., Viellefont V., Jones R.J.A., Montanarella L., Verstraeten G., Bazzoffi P., Dostal T., Krasa J., de Vente J., and Poesen J. Validation of soil erosion estimates at European scale. European Soil Bureau Research Report No. 13, EUR 20827 EN (2003), Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 26 pp.
161. Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J., Goossens, D., Gillijns, K., Bielders, C., Gabriels, D., Ruysschaert, G., Van Den Eeckhaut, M. Vanwalleghem, T., Govers, G., in press. Belgium. In: Boardman J., Poesen, J. (Eds), Soil Erosion in Europe, Wiley, Chichester.
162. Vine F.J., and Matthews D.H. Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges. Nature 199 (1963) 947-949
163. Vita-Finzi C. The Mediterranean Valleys (1969), Cambridge University Press
164. Walling D.E., Collins A.L., Sichingabula H.M., and Leeks G.J.L. Integrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets: a Zambian example. Land Degradation and Development 12 (2001) 387-415
165. Watts D. Development and renewable resource depletion in the Caribbean. Journal of Biogeography 15 (1988) 119-126
166. Wells N.A., and Andriamihaja B. The initiation and growth of gullies in Madagascar: are humans to blame?. Geomorphology 8 (1993) 1-46
167. WMS Associates. Gully Erosion in Swaziland, Final Report (1988), International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
168. Woldeamlak Bewket, and Sterk G. Assessment of soil erosion in cultivated fields using a survey methodology for rills in the Chemoga watershed, Ethiopia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97 (2003) 81-93
169. Wordsworth D. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth. In: Derbyshire H. (Ed) (1958), Oxford University Press
170. Zander H., and Kachele H. Modelling multiple objectives of land use for sustainable development. Agricultural Systems 59 (1999) 311-325