Focus: Museums and the history of science - Objects and the museum

ISIS

Volumn 96, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 559-571

  Alberti, Samuel J M M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751170907     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/498593     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. David Murray, Museums: Their History and Their Use, 3 vols. (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1904), has yet to be surpassed in scope.
2. For specific institutions see, e.g., Ronald Rainger, An Agenda for Antiquity: Henry Fairfield Osborn and Vertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, 1890-1935 (Tuscaloosa: Univ. Alabama Press, 1991);
3. W. T. Steam, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History), 1753-1980 (London: Heinemann, 1981);
4. and Mary P. Winsor, Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1991).
5. Wider studies include Tony Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics (London/New York: Routledge, 1995);
6. Eilean Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1992);
7. and Susan M. Pearce, Museums, Objects, and Collections: A Cultural Study (Leicester: Leicester Univ. Press, 1992).
8. Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn, eds., Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture, and the Museum (London: Routledge, 1998);
9. Alice L. Conklin, "Civil Society, Science, and Empire in Late Republican France: The Foundation of Paris's Museum of Man," in Science and Civil Society, ed. Lynn Nyhart and Thomas H. Broman, Osiris, 2002, 77:255-290;
10. Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, "International Exchange and National Style: A View of Natural History Museums in the United States, 1850-1900," in Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison, ed. Nathan Reingold and Marc Rothenberg (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987), pp. 167-190;
11. Maria Margaret Lopes and Irina Podgomy, "The Shaping of Latin American Museums of Natural History, 1850-1990," in Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Empire, ed. Roy MacLeod, Osiris, 2000, 75:108-118;
12. and Susan Sheets-Pyenson, Cathedrals of Science: Tlie Development of Colonial Natural History Museums during the Late Nineteenth Century (Kingston/Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 1988).
13. Igor Kopytoff, "The Cultural Biography of Things," in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. Arjun Appadurai (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986), pp. 64-91, on pp. 66-67.
14. This anthropological work on the cultural biography of things grew out of a body of scholarship published in the decade around 1990 on exchange theory and material culture, including Appadurai, ed., Social Life of Things;
15. Stephen Harold Riggins, ed., The Socialness of Things: Essays on the Socio-Semiotics of Objects (Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994);
16. Nicholas Thomas, Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1991);
17. and Annette B. Weiner, Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1992).
18. For the early impact of this scholarship in museum studies see Pearce, Museums, Objects, and Collections (cit. n. 1), pp. 15-35;
19. and Charles Saumarez Smith, "Museums, Artefacts, and Meanings," in The New Muscology, ed. Peter Vergo (London: Reaktion, 1989), pp. 6-21.
20. On instruments as primary sources see, e.g., Jim Bennett, "Knowing and Doing in the Sixteenth Century: What Were Instruments For?" British Journal for the History of Science, 2003, 36:129-150.
21. Daston's work in this area includes Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2000);
22. and Daston, ed., Things That Talk: Object Lessons from An and Science (New York: Zone, 2004).
23. Neither is the method unfamiliar to historians of medicine-in 1827, the physician and librarian William MacMichael traced the provenance of the gold-headed cane presented to the Royal College of Physicians by the widow of Matthew Baillie through its four previous owners: William MacMichael, The Cold-Headed Cane (1827; London: Royal College of Physicians, 1968).
24. For the object biography approach in museum studies see Chris Gosden and Chantal Knowles, Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change (Oxford: Berg, 2001) (the quotation is from p. xxi);
25. Gosden and Yvonne Marshall, "The Cultural Biography of Objects," World Archaeology. 1999, 31:169-178;
26. Janet Hoskins, Biographical Objects: How Things Tell the Stories of People's Lives (New York: Routledge, 1998);
27. and Fred R. Myers, ed., The Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture (Oxford: Currey, 2001).
28. This has been argued in the work of a number of anthropologists, including Christopher B. Steiner, "Rights of Passage: On the Liminal Identity of Art in the Border Zone," in Empire of Things, ed. Myers, pp. 207-231;
29. and Gosden and Knowles, Collecting Colonialism, pp. 22-24. We may thus draw some insights from actor-network theory without necessarily subscribing to the program in its entirety and ascribing agency to objects as actonts. Nevertheless, to look at objects within networks, one must acknowledge two decades of debate surrounding this approach.
30. See John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Black"well, 1999).
31. John Eisner and Roger Cardinal, eds., The Cultures of Collecting (London: Reaktion, 1994);
32. Werner Muensterberger, Collecting: An Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994);
33. and Susan M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation Into Collecting in the European Tradition (London: Routledge, 1995).
34. Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging (London: Pimlico, 1996);
35. Browne, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (London: Cape, 2002);
36. Charles R. Darwin, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin, ed. Frederick H. Burkhardt et al., 14 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985-2004);
37. and Rebecca Stott, Darwin and the Barnacle: The Story of One Tiny Creature and History's Most Spectacular Scientific Breakthrough (London: Faber & Faber, 2003), p. xxv.
38. See also Sophie Forgan, "Darwin and the Museum," in Thinking Path, ed. Shirley Chubb (Shrewsbury: Shrewsbury Museums Service, 2004), pp. 37-41.
39. On the fieldwork in natural history see Robert E. Kohler, Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2002);
40. and Henrika Kuklick and Robert E. Kohler, eds., Science in the Field. Osiris, 1996, 11.
41. For the King George III collection see Alan Q. Morton and Jane A. Wess, Public and Private Science: The King George III Collection (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).
42. Richard D. Altick, The Shows of London (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1978);
43. Brenda Assael, The Circus and Victorian Society (Charlottesville: Univ. Virginia Press, 2005);
44. Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West, trans. Oliver Welsh (1998; London: Reaktion, 2002);
45. R. J. Hoage and William A. Deiss, eds., New Worlds, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996);
46. Abigail J. Lustig, "Cultivating Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century English Gardens," Science in Context, 2000, 13:155-181;
47. and Richard Drayton, Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the "Improvement" of the World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 2000).
48. On the exhibitionary complex see Bennett, Birth of the Museum (cit. n. 1), pp. 59-88.
49. Regarding Zarafa see Michael Allin, Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story; from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris (New York: Walker, 1998).
50. On the early history of the Jardin du Roi, the Jardin des Plantes, and the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle see Emma C. Spary, Utopia's Garden: French Natural History from Old Regime to Revolution (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2000).
51. On Maharajah see David Barnaby, The Elephant Who Walked to Manchester (Plymouth: Basset, 1988);
52. and John L. Middlemiss, A Zoo on Wheels: Bostock and Wombwell's Menagerie (Burton-on-Trent: Dalebrook, 1987).
53. Susan C. Lawrence, "Beyond the Grave - The Use and Meaning of Human Body Ports: A Historical Introduction," in Stored Tissue Samples: Ethical, Legal, and Public Policy Implications, ed. Robert F. Weir (Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press, 1998), pp. 111-142.
54. On the gift economy and postmortem "social life" of transplant organs see Margaret Lock, Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 2002), pp. 315-346.
55. Ruth Richardson, "Human Remains," in Medicine Man: Henry Wellcome's Phantom Museum, ed. Ken Arnold and Danielle Olsen (London: British Museum Press, 2003), pp. 319-345, on p. 323.
56. On less savory acquisition sources see Maritha Rene Burmeister, "Popular Anatomical Museums in Nineteenth-Century England" (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers Univ., 2000);
57. Richardson, Death, Dissection, and the Destitute, 2nd ed. (London: Phoenix, 2001);
58. and Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1988).
59. On dealers see Mark V. Borrow, "The Specimen Dealer: Entrepreneurial Natural History in America's Gilded Age," Journal of the History of Biology, 2000, 33:493-534; a
60. nd Anthony Turner et al., "'The Archives of Scholars, Collectors, and Dealers: Their Place in the Study of the History of Scientific Instruments," Nuncius, 2001, 70:675-766.
61. On auction houses see J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, ed., Natural History Auctions, 1700-1972: A Register of Sales in the British Isles (London: Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1976);
62. Robin Myers, Michael Harris, and Giles Mandelbrote, eds., Under the Hammer: Book Auctions since the Seventeenth Century (London: British Library, 2001);
63. C. Davies Sherborn, Where is the - Collection? (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1940);
64. and Charles W. Smith, Auctions: The Social Construction of Value (New York: Free Press, 1989).
65. The concept of "museum ceconomy" is used by Simon Chaplin - Senior Curator of the Hunterian Museum - in his work on John Hunter's collecting, recently incorporated in the redisplay of the galleries at the Royal College of Surgeons. See also Lawrence, "Beyond the Grave" (cit. n. 12), pp. 125-132;
66. and Krzysztof Pomian, Collectors and Curiosities: Paris and Venice, 1500-1800, trans. Elizabeth Wiles-Portier (Cambridge: Polity, 1990).
67. Regarding the participants at the 1828 sale see Gideon A. Mantell, The Journal of Gideon Mantel!, Surgeon and Geologist: Covering the Years 1818-1852, ed. E. Cecil Curwen (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1940), p. 74;
68. Adrian Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1989), p. 160;
69. George Robins, A Catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes (London: Taylor, 1828);
70. and Benjamin Wheatley and George Adlard, Museum Brookesianum (London: Taylor, 1830).
71. Pearce, On Collecting (cit. n. 7), p. 407;
72. Weiner, Inalienable Possessions (cit. n. 3);
73. James Banks to Henry Darwin Rogers, 9 Sept. 1859, MR 50/33, Glasgow University Special Collections; and John W. Gregory, Henry Darwin Rogers (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1916).
74. Morton and Wess, Public and Private Science (cit. n. 9);
75. Simon Chaplin, "John Hunter and the Anatomy of a Museum," History Today, June 2005, pp. 19-25;
76. C. Helen Brock, "Dr. William Hunter's Museum, Glasgow University," Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1980, 9:403 -412;
77. and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt and Paul Brinkman, "Framing Nature: The Formative Years of Natural History Museum Development in the United States," Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 2004, 55(Suppl. 1, no. 2):7-33
78. (this article was part of a special issue, entitled Museums and Other Institutions of Natural History: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Alan E. Leviton and Michele L. Aldrich).
79. See also Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, "Owning and Collecting Natural Objects in Nineteenth-Century Britain," in From Private to Public: Natural Collections and Museums, ed. Marco Beretta (Sagamore Beach, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2005), pp. 141-154.
80. Arnold and Olsen, eds., Medicine Man (cit. n. 13).
81. Russell Jenkins, "Darwin's Forgotten Finch Goes on Display," The Times, 14 Oct. 2003;
82. Frank D. Steinheimer, "The Whereabouts of Darwin's Bird Collections," Bulletin of British Ornithologists' Club, 1999, 119:141;
83. Steinheimer, "Darwin, Rüppell, Landbeck & Co. - Important Historical Collections at the Natural History Museum, Tring," Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 2002, 57:175-188;
84. and Frank J. Sulloway, "The Beagie Collections of Darwin's Finches (Geospizinae)," Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology, 1982, 43(2):49-94.
85. Here I will not seek to define what constitutes a collection. See Pearce, On Collecting (cit. n. 7), pp. 3-27.
86. Chaplin, "John Hunter and the Anatomy of a Museum" (cit. n. 17);
87. Thomas F. Gieryn, "Balancing Acts: Science, Enola Gay, and History Wars at the Smithsonian," in The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, ed. Sharon Macdonald (London/New York: Routledge, 1998), pp. 197-228;
88. and Martin Harwit, An Exhibit Denied: Lobbying the History of Enola Gay (New York: Copernicus, 1996).
89. On the iconic specimens see Barnaby, Elephant Who Walked to Manchester (cit. n. 11);
90. Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, "The Bengal Tiger in Context: The Leeds Museum in the Nineteenth Century," Leeds Museums and Galleries Review, 2001-2002, 4:13-16;
91. Thomas Sheppard, Guide to the Municipal Museum, Royal Institution, Albion Street, Hull (Hull: Hull Museum, 1904);
92. J. F. Blake, The Free Natural History Museum, Nottingham: Descriptive Guide to the Collections (Nottingham: Free Museum, 1882);
93. and R. A. D. Markham, A Rhino in High Street: Ipswich Museum - The Early Years (Ipswich: Ipswich Borough Council, 1990).
94. More broadly, see John M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1988).
95. On the rich history of classification see, e.g., Harriet Ritvo, The Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard Univ. Press, 1997).
96. Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer, "Institutional Ecology, 'Translations,' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39," Social Studies of Science, 1989, 19:387-420, on p. 393.
97. See also Joan H. Fujimura, Crafting Science: A Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1996).
98. Simon Schaffer, "Temporary Contemporary," in Here and Now: Contemporary Science and Technology in Museums and Science Centres, ed. Graham Farmelo and Janet Carding (London: Science Museum, 1997), pp. 31-39;
99. Schaffer, "Object Lessons," in Museums of Modern Science, ed. S vante Lindqvist (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 2000), pp. 61-76;
100. and Anita Guerrini, "Duverney's Skeletons," Isis, 2003, 94:577-603.
101. John V. Pickstone, "Museological Science? The Place of the Analytical/Comparative in Nineteenth-Century Science, Technology, and Medicine," History of Science, 1994, 32:111-138;
102. and Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology, and Medicine (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 2000), pp. 60-134.
103. On the history of preservation techniques see Rosina Down, "'Old' Preservative Methods," in Conservation of Natural History Specimens: Spirit Collections, ed. C. Velson Horie (Manchester: Univ. Manchester, 1989), pp. 33-38;
104. and J. J. Edwards and M. J. Edwards, Medical Museum Technology (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1959).
105. On taxidermy see Paul Lawrence Farber, "The Development of Taxidermy and the History of Ornithology," Isis, 1977, 08:550-566;
106. Cristina Grasseni, "Taxidermy as Rhetoric of Self-Making: Charles Waterton (1782-1865), Wandering Naturalist," Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 1998, 29:269-294;
107. Pat Morris, "An Historical Review of Bird Taxidermy in Britain," Archives of Natural History, 1993, 20:241-255;
108. Susan Leigh Star, "Craft vs. Commodity, Mess vs. Transcendence: How the Right Tool Became the Wrong One in the Case of Taxidermy and Natural History," in The Right Tools for the Job: At Work in Twentieth-Century Life Sciences, ed. Adele E. Clarke and Joan H. Fujimura (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1992), pp. 257-286;
109. and Karen Wonders, "Bird Taxidermy and the Origin of the Habitat Diorama," in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900, ed. Renato G. Mazzolini (Florence: Olschki, 1993), pp. 441-447.
110. For a detailed study of medical museum practice see Erin Hunter McLeary, "Science in a Bottle: The Medical Museum in North America, 1860-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Pennsylvania, 2001).
111. Tony Bennett, Pasts Beyond Memory: Evolution, Museums, Colonialism (London: Routledge, 2004);
112. and Steven Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926 (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998).
113. For a revealing examination of the role of the museum in the dissemination of Darwinism in Ireland see Juliana Adelman, "Evolution on Display: Promoting Irish Natural History and Darwinism at the Dublin Science and Art Museum," Brit. J. Hist. Sci., in press.
114. On Owen's and Dawkins's displays see, respectively, Nicolaas A. Rupke, Richard Owen: Victorian Naturalist (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1994);
115. and Thomas Henry Huxley, "Suggestions for a Proposed Natural History Museum in Manchester," Report of the Proceedings of the Museums Association, 1896, pp. 126-131.
116. Donna J. Haraway, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (London: Routledge, 1989);
117. Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, "Masculinity and Animal Display in Nineteenth-Century America," in Figuring It Out: Visual Languages of Gender and Science, ed. Bernard Lightman and Ann B. Shteir (Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press New England, forthcoming);
118. and Karen Wonders, Habitat Dioramas: Illusions of Wilderness in Museums of Natural History (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1993).
119. David Freedberg, The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1989), on p. xxii;
120. and Pearce, Museums, Objects, and Collections (cit. n. 1), pp. 210-227.
121. Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, "The Museum Affect: Visiting Collections of Anatomy and Natural History," in Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences, ed. Aileen Fyfe and Bernard Lightman (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, in press);
122. Gaynor Kavanagh, Dream Spaces: Memory and the Museum (Leicester: Leicester Univ. Press, 2000);
123. and Bernadette T. Lynch, "Access to Collections and Affective Interaction with Objects in the Museum" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Manchester, 2004).
124. On ways of viewing - "scopic regimes" - see, e.g., Teresa Brennan and Martin Jay, eds., Vision in Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Sight (London: Routledge, 1996).
125. On the construction of the observer in the history of science see Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison, eds., Picturing Science, Producing Art (New York/London: Routledge, 1998).
126. For work that sees the communication process from both sides see Robert Darnton, The Kiss of Lamourette (London: Faber, 1990);
127. James Hay, Lawrence Grossberg, and Ellen Wartella, eds., The Audience and Its Landscape (Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1996);
128. James L. Machor and Philip Goldstein, eds., Reception Study: From Literary Theory to Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 2000);
129. and Jonathan R. Topham, "Scientific Publishing and the Reading of Science in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Historiographical Survey and Guide to Sources," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2000, 31:559-612.
130. On museum guidebooks see Aileen Fyfe, "Reading and Visiting: Natural History at the British Museum and the Pictorial Museum," in Science in the Marketplace, ed. Fyfe and Lightman (cit. n. 29).
131. For studies of actual visitor behavior see Vicky Carroll, "The Natural History of Visiting: Responses to Charles Waterton and Walton Hall," Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. Biomed. Sci., 2004, 35:31-64;
132. and Clare Haynes, "A 'Natural' Exhibitioner: Sir Ashton Lever and His Holosphusikon," British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 2001, 24:1-14.
133. For early modem visitor books see Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Berkeley/Los Angeles: Univ. California Press, 1994).
134. On public museums see, e.g., Kate Hill, Culture and Class in English Public Museums, 1850-1914 (London: Ashgate, 2005).
135. For a survey of work on internal and external histories of reading see Jonathan R. Topham, "A View from the Industrial Age," Isis, 2004, 95:431-442.
136. Gordon Fyfe and Max Ross, "Decoding the Visitor's Gaze: Rethinking Museum Visiting," in Theorizing Museums: Representing Identity and Diversity in a Changing World, ed. Sharon Macdonald and Gordon Fyfe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 127-150;
137. Eilean Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and Their Visitors (London: Routledge, 1994);
138. Kenneth Hudson, A Social History of Museums: What the Visitors Thought (London: Macmillan, 1975);
139. and Brian Longhurst, Gaynor Bagnall, and Mike Savage, "Audiences, Museums, and the English Middle Class," Museum and Society, 2004, 2:104-124. The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives, e.g., has been undertaking oral histories of the Smithsonian since 1973.1 currently have a project under way, "Re-collecting at the Manchester Museum: An Oral History Project," that explores memories of the visiting experience in the period 1960-1990.
140. Jack Zussman, interview by Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, MD recording, 4 Mar. 2005, Manchester, "Re-collecting at the Manchester Museum," disc S8, track 3, Manchester Museum Central Archive. Zussman, then a professor of geology at Manchester University, was one of the principal investigators to whom the National Aeronautics and Space Administration sent one of three hundred samples brought back by Apollo 11; he arranged for a sample to be displayed for five days at the Manchester Museum. See R. Michael C. Eagar and David E. Owen, "Moon Rock in Manchester," Museums Journal, 1970, 69:159-160.
141. Sharon Macdonald, Behind the Scenes at the Science Museum (Oxford/New York: Berg, 2002), p. 220;
142. Michael Sappol, A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, N.J./Oxford: Princeton Univ. Press, 2002) (wrecking of anatomy museums);
143. Eliza Brightwen, More about Wild Nature (London: Unwin, 1892), p. 219;
144. and Barbara T. Gates, Kindred Nature: Victorian and Edwardian Women Embrace the Living World (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998).
145. Alberti, "Museum Affect" (cit. n. 29);
146. and David J. Meltzer, "Ideology and Material Culture," in Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, ed. Richard A. Gould and Michael B. Schiffer (London: Academic, 1981), pp. 113-125.
147. Simon Chaplin, review of Ken Arnold and Danielle Olsen, eds., Medicine Man: Henry Wellcome's Phantom Museum, Brit. J. Hist. Sci., 2005, 38:243-244, on p. 244.
148. On things speaking for themselves see Lorraine Daston, "Speechless," in Things That Talk, ed. Daston (cit. n. 4), pp. 9-24;
149. for a lament on insufficient documentation see Richardson, "Human Remains" (cit. n. 13), pp. 320-322.