Turbidimetric and nephelometric flow analysis: Concepts and applications

Spectroscopy Letters

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 547-579

  Morais, Inês P A ^a   Tóth, Ildikó V ^a   Rangel, António O S S ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA PORTUGUESA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Flow analysis; Nephelometry; Turbidimetry

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751118245     PISSN: 00387010     EISSN: 15322289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00387010600824629     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Skoog, D. A. Miscellaneous optical methods. In Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 3rd ed.; Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia, 1985; pp. 379-381.
2. Braun, R. D. Radiative scattering. In Introduction to Instrumental Analysis; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1987; p. 428.
3. Hulsman, M.; Bos, M.; van der Linden, W. E. Automated injection of slurry samples in flow-injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 324, 13-19.
4. Hodge, J.; Longstaff, B.; Steven, A.; Thornton, P.; Ellis, P.; McKelvie, I. Rapid underway profiling of water quality in Queensland estuaries. Marine Poll. Bull. 2005, 51, 113-118.
5. Ruzicka, J.; Hansen, E. H. Flow injection analysis: Part 1. A new concept of fast continuous flow analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1975, 78, 145-157.
6. Ruzicka, J.; Marshall, G. D. Sequential injection: a new concept for chemical sensors process analysis and laboratory assays. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 237, 329-343.
7. Segundo, M. A.; Rangel, A. O. S. S. Flow analysis: a critical view of its evolution and perspectives. J. Flow Injection Anal. 2002, 19, 3-8.
8. Pasquini, C.; Oliveira, W. A. Monosegmented system for continuous flow analysis. Spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI), ammonia, and phosphorus. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 2575-2579.
9. Reis, B. F.; Giné, M. F.; Zagatto, E. A. G.; Lima, J. L. F. C.; Lapa, R. A. Multicommutation in flow analysis. Part 1. Binary sampling: concepts, instrumentation and spectrophotometric determination of iron in plant digests. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 293, 129-138.
10. Zagatto, E. A. G.; Reis, B. F.; Oliveira, C. C.; Sartini, R. P.; Arruda, M. A. Z. Evolution of the commutation concept associated with the development of flow analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 400, 249-256.
11. Brienza, S. M. B.; Krug, F. J.; Neto, J. A. G.; Nogueira, A. R. A.; Zagatto, E. A. G. Turbidimetric flow analysis. J. Flow Injection Anal. 1993, 10, 187-194.
12. Krug, F. J.; Bergamin, F°, H.; Zagatto, E. A. G.; Jørgensen, S. S. Rapid determination of sulphate in natural waters and plant digests by continuous flow injection turbidimetry. Analyst 1977, 102, 503-508.
13. Bergamin, F°, H.; Reis, B. F.; Zagatto, E. A. G. A new device for improving sensitivity and stabilization in flow-injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1978, 97, 427-431.
14. van Staden, J. F.; Basson, W. D. Automated flow-injection analysis of urinary inorganic sulphates. Lab. Practice 1980, 29, 1279-1280.
15. Baban, S.; Beetlestone, D.; Betteridge, D.; Sweet, P. The determination of sulphate by flow-injection analysis with exploitation of pH gradients and EDTA. Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 114, 319-323.
16. Basson, W. D.; van Staden, J. F. Simultaneous determination of chloride and sulphate in natural waters by flow-injection analysis. Water Res. 1981, 15, 333-335.
17. van Staden, J. F. Automated turbidimetric determination of sulphate in surface, ground and domestic water by flow-injection analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1982, 310, 239-242.
18. van Staden, J. F. Automated prevalve sample filtration in flow injection analysis: determination of sulphate in water removing suspended solids and colour before sampling. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1982, 312, 438-440.
19. Krug, F. J.; Zagatto, E. A. G.; Reis, B. F.; Bahia, F°, O.; Jacintho, A. O.; Jørgensen, S. S. Turbidimetric determination of sulphate in plant digests and natural waters by flow injection analysis with alternating streams. Anal. Chim. Acta 1983, 145, 179-187.
20. van Staden, J. F. On-line sulphate monitoring by reversed flow injection analysis and alternating reagent injection. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1987, 326, 754-756.
21. Marsden, A. B.; Tyson, J. T. Research and development topics in analytical chemistry. Anal. Proc. 1989, 26, 157-158.
22. Heanes, D. L. Extractable sulphate-sulphur, total sulphur and trace-element determinations in plant material by flow injection analysis. Part I. Extractable sulphate-S. Anal. Lett. 1990, 23, 543-567.
23. Heanes, D. L. Extractable sulphate-sulphur, total sulphur and trace-element determinations in plant material by flow injection analysis. Part II. Total sulphur and copper, zinc, manganese and iron in plant material. Anal. Lett. 1990, 23, 675-702.
24. Sonne, K.; Dasgupta, P. K. Simultaneous photometric flow injection determination of sulfide, polysulfide, sulfite, thiosulfite, and sulfate. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 427-432.
25. Morante, C. Determination of plant sulphur and sulphate-sulphur by flow-injection analysis using a two-line manifold. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 249, 479-488.
26. a. M. M.; Reis, B. F.; Krug, F. J.; Collins, C. H.; Baccan, N. Sulphate preconcentration by anion exchange resin in flow injection and its turbidimetric determination in water. Talanta 1993, 40, 1529-1534.
27. Zhi, Z-l; Ríus, A.; Valcárcel, M. Determination of soluble sulphate in soils by use of a filtration probe coupled with a flow injection system. Química Analítica 1994, 13, 121-125.
28. Santelli, R. E.; Lopes, P. R. S.; Santelli, R. C. L.; Wagener, A. L. R. Turbidimetric determination of sulphate in waters employing flow injection and lead sulphate formation. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 300, 149-153.
29. Brienza, S. M. B.; Sartini, R. P.; Neto, J. A. G.; Zagatto, E. A. G. Crystal seeding in flow-injection turbidimetry: determination of total sulphur in plants. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 308, 269-274.
30. Liu, H.; Dasgupta, P. K. A liquid drop: a windowless optical cell and a reactor without walls for flow injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 326, 13-22.
31. van Staden, J. F.; Taljaard, R. E. Determination of sulphate in natural waters and industrial effluents by sequential injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 331, 271-280.
32. van Staden, J. F.; Taljaard, R. E. On-line dilution with sequential injection analysis: a system for monitoring sulphate in industrial effluents. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 357, 577-581.
33. Vieira, J. A.; Reis, B. F.; Kronka, E. A. M.; Paim, A. P. S.; Giné, M. F. Multicommutation in flow analysis. Part 6. Binary sampling for wide concentration range turbidimetric determination of sulphate in plant digests. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 366, 251-255.
34. Lapa, R. A. S.; Lima, J. L. F. C.; Pinto, I. V. O. S. Simultaneous determination of nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phenolic compounds, by sequential injection analysis, in wastewater. Analusis 2000, 28, 295-301.
35. Vieira, J. A.; Raimundo, I. M., Jr.; Reis, B. F. Turbidimetric determination of sulphate employing gravity flow-based systems. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 438, 75-81.
36. Morais, I. P. A.; Rangel, A. O. S. S.; Souto, M. R. S. Determination of sulfate in natural and residual waters by turbidimetric flow-injection analysis. J. AOAC Int. 2001, 84, 59-64.
37. Morais, I. P. A.; Souto, M. R. S.; Lopes, T. I. M. S.; Rangel, A. O. S. S. Use of a single air segment to minimise dispersion and improve mixing in sequential injection: turbidimetric determination of sulphate in waters. Water Res. 2003, 37, 4243-4249.
38. Silva, H. R.; Segundo, M. A.; Rangel, A. O. S. S. Use of a mixing chamber for sample preparation and multiple collection in sequential injection analysis: determination of sulfate in wines. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2003, 14, 59-64.
39. Jakmunee, J.; Udnan, Y.; Morrison, R.; Beckett, R.; Mckinnon, I.; Grudpan, K. A low-cost light-scattering detector for the flow-injection nephelometric determination of sulfate. Anal. Sci. 2003, 19, 1495-1498.
40. Kubáň, V. Continuous precipitation techniques in flow analysis. A review. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 346, 873-881.
41. van Staden, J. F. Flow-injection analysis of substances in water. Part I. Anions. A critical review. Water SA 1987, 13, 197-208.
42. Torres, J. R. O.; Tubino, M. Turbidimetric determination of potassium by flow injection analysis. Anal. Lett. 1994, 27, 1625-1636.
43. Lima, J. L. F. C.; Rangel, A. O. S. S.; Souto, M. R. S.; Zagatto, E. A. G. Turbidimetric flow-injection determination of total nitrogen and potassium in vegetables. Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 356, 259-265.
44. Vicente, S.; Borges, E. P.; Reis, B. F.; Zagatto, E. A. G. Exploitation of tandem streams for carry-over compensation in flow analysis. I. Turbidimetric determination of potassium in fertilizers. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 438, 3-9.
45. Basset, J.; Denney, R. C.; Jeffery, G. H.; Mendham, J. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis; Longman: Harlow, Essex, UK, 1978.
46. Krug, F. J.; Ruzicka, J.; Hansen, E. H. Determination of ammonia in low concentrations with Nessler's reagent by flow injection analysis. Analyst 1979, 104, 47-54.
47. Zagatto, E. A. G.; Reis, B. F.; Bergamin, F°, H.; Krug, F. J. Isothermal distillation in flow injection analysis. Determination of total nitrogen in plant material. Anal. Chim. Acta 1979, 109, 45-54.
48. Burns, D. T.; Chimpalee, N.; Harriott, M. Spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus as phosphate in organic compounds and materials of biological origin using a flow-injection manifold with a mixing chamber. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1992, 342, 734-736.
49. Diniz, M. C. T.; Oliveira, A. F.; Fatibello, F°, O. Turbidimetric determination of orthophosphate in digested plant material by flow-injection analysis. Lab. Robotics Automation 2000, 12, 236-240.
50. Simonet, B. M.; Grases, F.; March, J. G. Determination of phosphate in urine by sequential injection analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2001, 369, 96-102.
51. Zaitsu, T.; Maehara, M.; Toei, K. Flow-injection analysis by using turbidimetry for chloride in river water. Bunseki Kagaku 1984, 33, 149-153.
52. Sartini, R. P.; Oliveira, C. C.; Zagatto, E. A. G. Turbidimetric flow-injection determination of chloride in natural waters. Química Analítica 1997, 16, S233-S237.
53. Mesquita, R. B. R.; Fernandes, S. M. V.; Rangel, A. O. S. S. Turbidimetric determination of chloride in different types of water using a single sequential injection analysis system. J. Environ. Monitor. 2002, 4, 458-461.
54. Zenki, M.; Iwadou, Y. Repetitive determination of chloride using the circulation of the reagent solution in closed flow-through system. Talanta 2002, 58, 1055-1061.
55. Paniz, J. N. G.; Flores, E. M. M.; Dressler, V. L.; Martins, A. F. Flow injection turbidimetric determination of total organic carbon with a gas-liquid transfer microreactor. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 445, 139-144.
56. 2- by a turbidimetric method and flow-injection analysis. Talanta 1986, 33, 685-687.
57. Calatayud, J. M.; Falcó, P. C.; Sampedro, A. S. Turbidimetric determination of chlorhexidine using flow injection analysis. Analyst 1987, 112, 87-90.
58. Calatayud, J. M.; Sampedro, A. S.; Sarrion, S. N. Determination of diphenhydramine hydrochloride by flow injection with bromophenol blue and turbidimetric measurement. Analyst 1990, 115, 855-858.
59. Calatayud, J. M.; Pastor, C. M. Determination of amitriptyline with bromocresol purple and flow injection analysis. Anal. Lett. 1990, 23, 1371-1383.
60. Calatayud, J. M.; Sampedro, A. S. Turbidimetric determination of phenformin by flow injection analysis. Analusis 1989, 17, 413-416.
61. Neto, C. O. C.; Pereira, A. V.; Aniceto, C.; Fatibello, F, O. Flow injection turbidimetric determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical formulations using silico-tungstic acid as precipitant reagent. Talanta 1999, 48, 659-667.
62. Canaes, L. S.; Leite, O. D.; Fatibello-Filho, O. Flow-injection turbidimetric determination of homatropine methylbromide in pharmaceutical formulations using silicotungstic acid as precipitant reagent. Talanta 2006, 69, 239-242.
63. Llamas, N. E.; Di Nezio, M. S.; Palomeque, M. E.; Band, B. S. F. Automated turbidimetric determination of cyclamate in low calorie soft drinks and sweeteners without pre-treatment. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 539, 301-304.
64. Marcolino-Jr, L. H.; Bonifácio, V. G.; Fatibello-Filho, O.; Teixeira, M. F. S. Flow injection turbidimetric determination of dipyrone using a solid-phase reactor containing silver chloride immobilized in a polyester resin. Quimica Nova 2005, 28, 783-787.
65. March, J. G.; Gual, M.; Frontera, A. D. o-Tolidine: A new reagent for a simple nephelometric determination of anionic surfactants. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 539, 305-310.
66. Ballesteros, E.; Gallego, M.; Valcárcel, M.; Grases, F. Enantiomer discrimination by continuous precipitation. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 3319-3323.
67. Ballesteros, E.; Gallego, M.; Valcárcel, M.; Grases, F. Continuous kinetic method for the quantitative resolution of structural isomers of arginine and ornithine. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 315, 145-151.
68. Hosse, M.; Ballesteros, E.; Gallego, M.; Valcárcel, M. Turbidimetric flow method for the enantiomeric discrimination of L- and D-aspartic acid. Analyst 1996, 121, 1397-1400.
69. Ballesteros, E.; Gallego, M.; Valcárcel, M. Sequential determination of D- and l-glutamic acid by continuous fractional crystallization. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 322-326.
70. Rodríguez, J.; Ballesteros, E.; Gallego, M.; Valcárcel, M. Continuous-flow discrimination of L- and D-histidine. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 375, 99-105.
71. March, J. G.; Simonet, B. M.; Grases, F. Kinetic-turbidimetric determination of phytic acid by sequential injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 409, 9-16.
72. Goldsby, R. A.; Kindt, T. J.; Osborne, B. A.; Kuby, J. Antigen-antibody interactions: principles and applications. In Immunology, 5th ed.; W. H. Freeman: New York, 2003, pp. 137-160.
73. Worsfold, P. J. The bio-analytical potential of flow injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1983, 145, 117-124.
74. Worsfold, P. J.; Hughes, A. A model immunoassay using automated flow injection analysis. Analyst 1984, 109, 339-341.
75. Worsfold, P. J.; Hughes, A.; Mowthorpe, D. J. Determination of human serum immunoglobulin G using flow injection analysis with rate turbidimetric detection. Analyst 1985, 110, 1303-1305.
76. Hughes, A.; Worsfold, P. J. Monitoring of immunoprecipitin reactions using flow injection analysis. Anal. Proc. 1985, 22, 16-17.
77. Freitag, R.; Fenge, C.; Scheper, T.; Schügerl, K.; Spreinat, A.; Antranikian, G.; Fraune, E. Immunological on-line detection of specific proteins during fermentation processes. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 249, 113-122.
78. Wang, J. W.; Wang, Z. X.; Yang, W. P. Determination of immunoglobulin A in humam serum by flow injection-turbidimetry. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2004, 32, 724-728.
79. Freitag, R.; Scheper, T.; Schügerl, K. Development of a turbidimetric immunoassay for on-line monitoring of proteins in cultivation processes. Enzyme Microbial Technol. 1991, 13, 969-975.
80. Hitzman, B.; Lohn, A.; Reinecke, M.; Schulze, B.; Scheper, T. The automation of immun-FIA-sytems. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 313, 55-62.
81. Romero, J. M. F.; Castro, M. D. L. Continuous flow system for the evaluation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Talanta 1996, 43, 1531-1537.
82. Silva, M. P.; Romero, J. M. F.; Castro, M. D. L. Light scattering-based determination of fibrinogen in human plasma using an automated continuous system. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 327, 101-106.
83. Benthin, S.; Nielsen, J.; Villadsen, J. Characterization and application of precise and robust flow-injection analysers for on-line measurement during fermentations. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 247, 45-50.
84. Ogbomo, I.; Prinzing, U.; Schmidt, H.-L. Pre-requisites for the on-line control of microbial processes by flow injection analysis. J. Biotechnol. 1990, 14, 63-70.
85. Baxter, P. J.; Christian, G. D.; Ruzicka, J. Rapid determination of total biomass from yeast fermentation using sequential injection. Analyst 1994, 119, 1807-1812.
86. Meireles, L. A.; Azevedo, J. L.; Cunha, J. P.; Malcata, F. X. On-line determination of biomass in a microalga bioreactor using a novel computerized flow injection analysis system. Biotechnol. Prog. 2002, 18, 1387-1391.