Catholics, protestants, and the poor in early modern Europe

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 441-456

  Pullan, Brian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751095927     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0022195052564315     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. For a summary of the late-nineteenth-century debate, see Brian Tierney, Medieval Poor Law: A Sketch of Canonical Theory and Its Application in England (Berkeley. 1959). 47-49, 148-149.
2. Two recent collections of essays are Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (eds.), Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700 (New York, 1997);
3. Grell, Cunningham, and Jon Arrizabalaga (eds.), Health Care and Poor Relief in Counter Reformation Europe (New York, 1999).
4. General surveys of poverty and poor relief include Bronislaw Geremek (trans. Agniewska Kolakowska). Poverty: A History (Oxford, 1994);
5. Robert Jütte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1994).
6. Jerome Drexel, Gazophylacium Christi; sive. De Eleemosyna, in Opera Ornnia (Lyons, 1647), III;
7. Ludovico Antonio Muratori (ed. Piero G. Nonis), Trattato della carità cristiana e altri scritti sulla, earità (Rome, 1961).
8. Drexel. Gazophylacium, 204.
9. Vida D. Scudder (ed.), Saint Catherine of Siena as Seen in Her Letters (New York, 1911), 81-82.
10. On the iconography of charity, see R. Freyhan, "The Evolution of the Caritas Figure in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XI (1948), 68-86
11. . For references to charity in confraternity rules, see, for example, Luigi Fiorani, "L'esperienza religiosa nelle confraternite romane tra Cinque e Seicento," Ricerche per la storia religiosa di Roma, V (1984), 190;
12. Danilo Zardin, "Carità e mutua assistenza nelle confraternite rnilanesi agli inizi dell' età moderna," in Maria Pia Alberzoni and Onorato Grassi (eds.), La carità a Milano nei secoli XII-XIV (Milan, 1989), 287.
13. For the harsher aspects of charity, see Muratori, Trattato. 622-632.
14. Matthew 25:31-46;
15. Luke 16: 19-31 (references are to the Jerusalem Bible).
16. Albertano's sermons are discussed in Gilles Gerard Meersseman, Ordo Fraternitatis: confraternite e pietà dei laid nel Medioevo (Rome, 1977), III, 1278-1286.
17. See also Edmund Blunden, Christ's Hospital: A Retrospect (London, 1923), 5.
18. Thomas Aquinas (ed. R.J. Batten), Summa Theologiae (New York, 1975), XXXIV, 240-241, 244-245 (II-II, qu. 32, art. 2); Tobit 1:16-20, 2:3-8, 12:12;
19. Giuliana Vitale, "Ricerche sulla vita religiosa e caritativa a Napoli tra Medioevo ed età moderna," Archivio storico per le province, napoletane, LXXXVI/LXXXVII (1970), 252-253, 257-258;
20. Pullan. "New Approaches to Poverty and New Forms of Institutional Charity in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy," in Vera Zamagni (ed.), Povertà e innovazioni istituzionali in Italia, Dal Medioevo ad oggi (Bologna, 2000), 30-31;
21. Carole Rawcliffe, "The Seventh Comfortable Work: Charity and Mortality in the Medieval Hospital," Medicina e Storia, III (2003). 11-35.
22. Gianfranco Folena (ed.), Motti e facezie del Piovano Arlotto (Milan, 1953). 12-13;
23. Cesare Guasti (ed.), Ser Lapo Mazzei. Lettere di un notaro a un mercante del secolo XIV, con altre lettere e documenti (Florence, 1880);
24. Hugo Soly, "Continuity and Change: Attitudes toward Poor Relief and Health Care in Early Modern Antwerp," in Grell and Cunningharn (eds.), Health Care und Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 101.
25. For classifications of the Italian poor, see Pullan, "Poveri, mendicanti, vagabondi," in Corrado Vivanti and Ruggiero Romano (eds.), Storia d'Italia. Annali 1. Dal feudalesimo al capitalisme (Turin, 1978). 981-1047.
26. For the Haussitzenden, see Timothy G. Fehler, Poor Relief and Protestantism: The Evolution of Social Welfare in Sixteenth-Century Emden (Aldershot, 1999), 64-65.
27. For redemptive charity, see Pullan, "'Support and Redeem': Charity and Poor Relief in Italian Cities from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century," Continuity and Change (1988), III, 177-208.
28. Among recent collections of essays on confraternities and hospitals are Nicholas Terpstra (ed.), The Politics of Ritual Kinship: Confraternities and Social Order in Early Modern Italy (Cambridge, 2000);
29. Allen J. Grieco and Lucia Sandri (eds.), Ospedali e città. L'Italia del Centro-Nord, XIII-XVI secolo (Florence, 1997).
30. For confraternities in Spain, see Maureen Flynn, Sacred Charity: Confraternities and Social Welfare In Spain, 1400-1700 (Basingstoke. 1989).
31. For Arezzo, see Meersseman. Ordo Fraternitatis, II, 1015-1027;
32. for Bergamo, see Lester K. Little, Liberty, Charity, Fraternity: Lay Religious Confraternities at Bergamo in the Age of the Commune (Northampton, Mass., 1988).
33. On the early history of Christian pawn offices, see Vittorino Meneghin, Bernardino da Feltre e i Monti di Pietà (Vicenza, 1974);
34. Vittorino Meneghin, idem, I Monti di Pietà in Italia dal 1462 al 1362 (Vicenza, 1986).
35. Lee Palmer Wandel, Always Among Us: Images of the Poor in Zwingli's Zurich (Cambridge, 1990), 60-62.
36. John Calvin (trans. John Allen), Institutes of the Christian Religion (Philadelphia, 1936), 743.
37. Important texts of poor-relief schemes were published in English in Frank R. Salter, Some Early Tracts on Poor Relief (London, 1926).
38. For other documents and documentary collections relating to particular cities, see J. Nolf (ed.), La réforme de la bienfaisance à Ypres (Ghent, 1915);
39. Gustave Panel (ed.), Documents concernant les pauvres à Rouen (Paris, 1917-1919):
40. Paul Heupgen (ed.), Documents relatifs à la réglementation de l'assistance publique à Mons du XVe au XVIIIe siècle (Brussels, 1929);
41. Pullan and David Chambers (eds.), Venice: a Documentary History, 1450-1630 (Oxford, 1992), 297-321.
42. For Calvinist poor relief, see Charles H. Parker, "Poor Relief and Community in the Early Dutch Republic," in Donald T. Critchlow and idem (eds.), With Us Always: A History of Private Charity and Public Welfare (Lanham, 1998). 13-34;
43. Fehler, Poor Relief.
44. Grell, "The Protestant Imperative of Christian Care and Neighbourly Love." in idem and Cunningham (eds.), Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, 43-65.
45. Thomas Riis, "Poor Relief and Health Care Provision in Sixteenth-Century Denmark," in Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, ibid., 129-146;
46. Jütte, "Health Care Provision and Poor Relief in Early Modern Hanseatic Towns: Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck," in Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe, ibid., 108-128;
47. Wandel, Always Among Us, 35, 39, 42-4, 60-63.
48. Luther, "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation," in James Atkinson (ed.), Luther's Works (Philadelphia, 1966), XLIV, 189-190;
49. Luther, idem, "Ordinance of a Common Chest," in Walther I. Brandt (ed.). Luther's Works, ibid. (Philadelphia. 1902). XLV, 161-194.
50. For comments, see Harold. J. Grimm, "Luther's Contribution to Sixteenth-Century Organization of Poor Relief," Archiv für Reformationsgeschickte, LXI (1970), 222-234;
51. Carter Lindberg, '"There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians': Karlstadt, Luther and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief," Church History, XLVI (1977), 313-334;
52. Grell, "The Protestant Imperative."
53. For the protests of the mendicant orders, see Nolf, La réforme, 40-76;
54. Domiñgo Soto, Deliberation en la causa de los pobres (Salamanca. 1545);
55. Lorenzo de Villavicenzo. De Oeconomia Sacra circa Paupentm Curam (Antwerp, 1564).
56. Brian Tierney, "The Decretists and the 'Deserving Poor,'" Comparative Studies in Society and History I, (1958/59), 360-373;
57. Pullan, '"Support and Redeem,'" 190-193;
58. Pullan, idem, "The Counter-Reformation, Medical Care and Poor Relief," in Grell, Cunningham, and Arrizabalaga (eds.), Health Care and Poor Relief in Counter-Reformation Europe, 20;
59. John Henderson, Piety and Charity in Late Medieval Florence (Oxford, 1994). 253, 259.
60. Nolf, La réforme, 143.
61. For foundling hospitals, see Otto Ulbricht, "The Debate about Foundling Hospitals in Eighteenth-Century Germany: Infanticide, Illegitimacy, and Infant Mortality Rates," Central European History, XVIII (1985). 211-256;
62. Pullan, Orphans and Foundlings in Early Modern Europe (Reading. 1988),
63. also in Pullan, idem, Poverty and Charity: Europe, Italy, Venice. 1400-1700 (Aldershot, 1994), Item III;
64. Philip Gavitt, Charity and Children in Renaissance Florence: The Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1410-1536 (Ann Arbor, 1990).
65. On Women's institutions, see the synthesis by Sherill Cohen, The Evolution of Women's Asylums since 1500: From Refuges for Ex-Prostitutes to Shelters for Battered Women (New York, 1992).
66. For "evangelical civic righteousness," see Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), 27.
67. On Jews and prostitutes in Venice, see Leggi e memorie venete sulla prostituzione (Venice, 1870-1872);
68. Pullan, Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), 375-394, 476-509;
69. Pullan, idem, The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550-1670 (Oxford, 1983), 145-167, 243-274;
70. Benjamin Ravid, "The Religious, Economic and Social Background and Context of the Establishment of the Ghetti of Venice," in Gaetano Cozzi (ed.), Gli ebrei e Venezia, secoli XIV-XVIII (Milan, 1987). 211-260;
71. Chambers and Pullan, Venice, 120-127, 338-343.
72. For general accounts of the Jews in Italy, see Attilio Milano, Storia degli ebrei in Italia (Turin, 1963);
73. Attilio Milano, idem, II Ghetto di Roma: illustrazioni storiche (Rome, 1964);
74. Robert Donfil (trans. Anthony Oldcorn), Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy (Berkeley, 1994).
75. On prostitution generally, see L. Le Pileur, La prostitution du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle. Documents tirés des archives de l'Avignon, du Comtat Venaissin, de la Principauté d'Orange et de la, Ville Libre Impériale de Besançon (Paris, 1908);
76. Leah Lydia Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc (Chicago, 1985);
77. Mary Elizabeth Perry. "Deviant Insiders: Legalized Prostitutes and a Consciousness of Women in Early Modern Seville." Comparative Studies in Society and History, XXVII (1985), 138-158;
78. Roper, "Discipline and Respectability: Prostitution and the Reformation in Augsburg," History Workshop, XIX (1985), 3-28.
79. For statements of the "lesser evil" principle with regard to Jews and prostitutes, see, for example, the treatise by Sisto Medici in defense of Venetian policy, De Foenore Iudaeorum Libri Tres (Venice, 1555), f0. 28v.-29r., 32v.-36v., 51v.-52v. With regard to the public brothels of Besançon, c. 1535.
80. see Le Pileur, La prostitution, 109.
81. Meneghin, Bernardino, 37.
82. Pullan, "Orphans and Foundlings," 9, 11-12, 25-26.
83. Ruth K. McClure, Coram's Children: The London Foundling Hospital in the Eighteenth Century (New Haven, 1981);
84. William Dodd, An Account of the Rise, Progress and Present State of the Magdalen Charity (London, 1761);
85. Herbert F. B. Compston, The Magdalen Hospital: The Story of a Great Charity (London, 1917).
86. On bastardy cases in England, see, for example, Ethel M. Hampson, The Treatment of Poverty in Cambridgeshire, 1597-1834 (Cambridge, 1934), 165-176;
87. Geoffrey R. Quaife, Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1979), 202-242;
88. Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525-1700 (New York, 1979), 126-133.
89. On moneylending and prostitution, see Fehler, Poor Relief, 106-107, 169-171, 174-176, 250;
90. Roper. "Discipline":
91. Otis, Prostitution, 106-109.