Religious prerogatives and policing the poor in two Ottoman contexts

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 501-511

  Ener, Mine ^a  

^a VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751082397     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0022195052564306     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. For the thirteen beggars, see the Dabtiyya (police) series, L 2/1/1/15/3, October 17, 1844, Egyptian National Archives, Cairo. Joseph Hekekyan, a British-trained engineer employed by Egypt's ruler Muhammad All to oversee numerous industrial projects, described the methods of transporting peasants back to their villages in Hekekyan Papers, 1843. II, fol. 120. British Museum, London. Accounts of beggars being admitted into the shelter of Mahall al-Fuqara' ("Place of the Poor") and family members seeking to gain their release are found in the Dabtiyya series of the Egyptian National Archives, for example, L 2/1/1/23/1, October 9, 1844; L 2/1/1/17/22, September 28, 1944. The term khedive was a title that Egypt's governors began to utilize in the nineteenth century.
2. Nurari Yildinrn, İstanbul Darülaceze Muessesesi Tarihi (The History of Istanbul's Darülaceze's Foundation) (Istanbul, 1996), 145.
3. The appendix of Yildinm, İstanbul Darülaceze, 363-365, includes the rules and regulations for admittance to Darülaceze. as well as details about the expulsion of the nonresident sturdy poor from Istanbul.
4. Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem (New York, 1993), 186-218;
5. Abraham Marcus, "Poverty and Poor Relief in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo," Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée LV/LVI (1990), 171-179;
6. Eyal Ginio, "Living on the Margins of Charity: Coping with Poverty in an Ottoman Provincial City," in Michael Bonner, Ener, and Amy Singer (eds.), Poverty and Charity in Middle Easter Contexts (Albany. 2003). 165-184;
7. Ethel Sara Wolper. "The Politics of Patronage: Political Change and the Construction of Dervish Lodges in Sivas," Muqarnas, XII (1995), 39-47.
8. Ali Mubarak, Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya (Cairo, 1980), IV, 39;
9. Naguib Mahfouz, The History of Medical Education in Egypt (Cairo, 1935).
10. Adam Sabra, Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam (Cambridge, 2001), 69-100, 134-168.
11. Evliya Çelebi (trans. Joseph von Hammer), Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1968; orig. pub. 1834), 174.
12. Kernal Karpat, Ottoman Population, 1830-1914 (Madison, 1985), 89-90;
13. Nadir Özbek, "Meşrütiyet İstanbulunda Dilendler ve Serseriler" (Beggars and Vagrants of the Second Constitutional. Period's Istanbul), Toplumsal Tarik, LXIV (1999), 34-43;
14. Uriel Heyd, Studies in Ottoman Criminal Law (Oxford, 1973), 303, 307;
15. Musa Çadirci "Tanzimat Döneminde Çikanlan Men'-i Mürur ve Pasaport Nizamnameleri" (Rules and Regulations Pertaining to Restrictions on Travel and Passports in the Tanzimat Era), Belgeler, XIX (1993), 169-185;
16. Başbakanlik Osmanli Arşivi (Ottoman Prime Minister's Archives in Istanbul), Zaptiye [Police Records] 682, September 10, 1802.
17. In the case of Mamluk Cairo, Sabra, Poverty and Charity, 60, discusses how beggars and lepers were to be transported to the Fayyum, an area, outside of Cairo.
18. Özbek, "The Politics of Welfare: Philanthropy. Voluntarism and Legitimacy in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914," unpub. Ph.D. diss. (Binghamton University, 2001), 31-34;
19. Edward Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London. 1986; orig. pub. 1936).
20. C. Edmund Bosworth, The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: The Banu Sasan in Arabic Society and Literature (Leiden, 1976), 13-16.
21. Mehmet Ertuǧrul Düzdaǧ, Şeyhülislâm Ebussuûd Efendi Fetvalari Işiǧinda 16. Asir Türk Hayati (Sixteenth-Century Turkish Life in Light of the Fatwas of the Shaykhulislam. Ebussuud Efendi) (Istanbul, 1972), 179.
22. Judith Tucker describes economic, social, and political changes underway in nineteenth-century Egypt and their effect on the populace in Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt (Cambridge, 1985).
23. Demands for labor are addressed by European observers such as John Bowring, "Report on Egypt and Candia" (PRO/FO 78/381), Public Record Office.
24. For medical assistance and other forms of aid to the poor and the police's role in providing care, see Ener, Managing Egypt's Poor and the Politics of Benevolence, 1800-1952 (Princeton, 2003).
25. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Cairo: 1001 years of the City Victorious (Princeton, 1971), 87-93;
26. Khaled Fahrny, "The Era of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha," in M. W. Daly (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt (Cambridge, 1998), II, 139-179.
27. For a. discussion of sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes, see Khaled Fahrny, idem, "Women, Medicine, and Power in Nineteenth-Century Egypt," in Lila Abu-Lughod (ed.), Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East (Princeton. 1998), 35-72.
28. Tucker, Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Bloomington, 1999), 151-152, notes that despite prohibitions, prostitution continued in cities such as Cairo. Egyptian National Archives registers concerning health - for example, M. 6/1 (September 12, 1850, to September 6, 1851) - contain statements of vaccination practices and regulations.
29. Mabelle Phillips, "Widowhood: A Study of Dependency Due to War," in Clarence Richard Johnson (ed.). Constantinople Today, or, The Pathfinder Survey of Constantinople (New York, 1921), 289-321.
30. Zeyneb Çelik, The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, 1986).
31. Numerous documents in the series DH EUM THR (the Interior Ministry's Office of General Security) of the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul contain accounts of the poor's requests for assistance through the office of the police and accounts of the arrest and internment or expulsion of other beggars.
32. Özbek, "The Politics of Poor Relief in the Late-Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914." New Perspectives on Turkey, XXI (1999), 1-34;
33. Selim Deringil, The Well Protected Domains: Ideology and Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1901) (New York, 1998).
34. For the Ottoman Empire's loss of territory and nationalist uprisings, see Eric Zürcher, Turkey, A Modern History (London, 1993), 80-137.
35. On the various forms of assistance that the state began to offer at the turn of the century, see Necdet Sakaoǧlu, "Darüleytamlar" (Orphanages), İstanbul Ansiklopedisi (Istanbul, 1994). II 558-559;
36. Özbek, "II. Abdülhamid ve Kimsesiz Çocuklar: Darulhayr-i Ali" (Abdul Hainid II and Orphans: The Darulhayr-i Ali Orphanage), Tarih ve Toplum, CLXXXII (1999), 75-84.
37. The multireligious character of Darülaceze is discussed in "Darülareze 100 Yaşinda" (Darülaceze, a Century Old), Tarih ve Medeniyet, XXVI (1996), 18-23.