One-Third of Pregnant and Lactating Women May Not Be Meeting Their Folate Requirements from Diet Alone Based on Mandated Levels of Folic Acid Fortification

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 136, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 2820-2826

  Sherwood, Kelly L ^a,b   Houghton, Lisa A ^a,b   Tarasuk, Valerie ^a   O'Connor, Deborah L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOLIC ACID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LACTATION; NORMAL HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE;

EID: 33751074718     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: 15416100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2820     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
2. Scholl TO, Johnson WG. Folic acid: influence on the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71: suppl:1295S-303S.
3. Food and Drug Administration. Food standards: amendment of standards of identity for enriched grain products to require addition of folic acid. Fed Regist. 1996;61:8781-97.
4. Canada Gazette. Regulatory impact analysis statement, SOR/98-550 1998;132:3029-3033.
5. Quinlivan EP, Gregory, III JF. Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:221-5.
6. Quinlivan EP, Gregory JF. The impact of food fortification on folic acid in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2003;94:154.
7. Liu S, West R, Randell E, Longerich L, Steel O'Connor K, Scott H, Crowley M, Lam A, Prabhakaran V, McCourt C. A comprehensive evaluation of food fortification with folic acid for the primary prevention of neural tube defects. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [serial online] 2004;4: 20. [cited 2005]. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/4/20
8. Dietrich M, Brown CJP, Block G. The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:266-74.
9. Lawrence JM, Petitti DB, Watkins M, Umekuba MA. Trends in serum folate after food fortification. Lancet. 1999;354:915-6.
10. Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Boss SC, Cole DE. Declining rate of folate insufficiency among adults following increased folic acid food fortification in Canada. Can J Publ Health. 2002;93:249-53.
11. Stark KD, Pawlosky RJ, Beblo S, Murthy M, Flanagan VP, Janisse J, Buda-Abela M, Rockett H, Whitty JE, et al. Status of plasma folate after folic acid fortification of the food supply in pregnant African American women and the influences of diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:669-77.
12. Houghton LA, Sherwood KL, Pawlosky R, Ito S, O'Connor DL. [6S]-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is at least as effective as folic acid in preventing a decline in blood folate concentrations during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:842-50.
13. Mackey AD, Picciano MF, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H. Self-selected diets of lactating women often fail to meet dietary recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:297-302.
14. Berg MJ, Van Dyke DC, Chenard C, Niebyl JR, Hirankarn S, Bendich A, Stumbo P. Folate, zinc, and vitamin B-12 intake during pregnancy and postpartum. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:242-5.
15. Keizer SE, Gibson RS, O'Connor DL. Postpartum folic acid supplementation of adolescents: impact on maternal folate and zinc status and milk composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:377-84.
16. Doran L, Evers S. Energy and nutrient inadequacies in the diets of low-income women who breast-feed. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1283-7.
17. Health Canada. Nutrition for a healthy pregnancy: national guidelines for childbearing years. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services; 1999.
18. Health Canada. Nutrition Recommendations: the report of the scientific review committee. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Service Canada, Ottawa, Canada; 1990.
19. Health Canada. Food program. Canadian nutrient file (CNF), 2001. [cited 2003]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment/ns-sc/nr-rn/ surveillance/cnf-fcen/e_cnf_downloads.html.
20. USDA Agricultural Research Service. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. 2005. [cited 2005]. Available from: http//www.ars.usda.gov/ ba/bhnrc/ndl.
21. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence. J Nutr. 1987;117:1638-41.
22. Suitor CW, Bailey LB. Dietary folate equivalents: interpretation and application. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:88-94.
23. Yang TL, Hung J, Caudill MA, Urrutia TF, Alamilla A, Perry CA, Li R, Hata H, Cogger EA. A long-term controlled folate feeding study in young women supports the validity of the 1.7 multiplier in the dietary folate equivalency equation. J Nutr. 2005;135:1139-45.
24. Department of Statistics and Center for Agricultural and Rural Development. A user's guide to SIDE: software for intake distribution, version 1.0, technical report 96-TR 30. Iowa State University, 1996.
25. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes: applications in dietary assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000.
26. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. A semiparametric transformation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc. 1996;91:1440-9.
27. Carriquiry AL. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2:23-33.
28. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
29. Statistics Canada. Census, profile: Ontario. 2001 [cited 2005]. Available from: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/prprofile/ prprofile.cfm?G=35.
30. USDA. My pyramid. 2005 [cited 2006]. Available from: http://www. mypyramid.gov/
31. Health Canada. Canada's food guide. 1992 [cited 2006]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index_e.html
32. Public Health Agency of Canada. Evaluation of food fortification with folic acid for the primary prevention of neural tube defects: Executive summary 1997-2003. [cited 2005]. Available from (pdf format): www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ publicat/faaf/pdf/folic_acid_e.pdf.
33. Green TJ, Allen OB, O'Connor DL. A three-day weighed food record and a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire are valid measures for assessing the folate and vitamin B-12 intakes of women aged 16 to 19 years. J Nutr. 1998;128:1665-71.
34. Flood VM, Smith WT, Webb KL, Mitchell P. Issues in assessing the validity of nutrient data obtained from of food-frequency questionnaire: folate and vitamin B12 examples. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:751-6.
35. Rader JI, Weaver CM, Angyal G. Total folate in enriched cereal-grain products in the United States following fortification. Food Chem. 2000;70:275-89.
36. Johnston KE, Tamura T. Folate content in commercial white and whole wheat sandwich breads. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:6338-40.
37. Choumenkovitch SF, Selhub J, Wilson PWF, Rader JI, Rosenberg IH, Jacques PF. Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions. J Nutr. 2002;132:2792-8.
38. Rader JI. Folic acid fortification, folate status and plasma homocysteine. J Nutr. 2002;132:2466S-70S.
39. Kim Y. Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or promote cancer? Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1123-8.
40. Troen AM, Mitchell B, Sorensen B, Wener MH, Johnston A, Wood B, Selhub J, McTiernan A, Yasui Y, et al. Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2006;136:189-94.
41. Sweeney MR, McPartlin J, Weir DG, Daly S, Pentieva K, Daly L, Scott JM. Evidence of unmetabolised folic acid in cord blood of newborn and serum of 4-day-old infants. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:727-30.
42. Bailey LB, Rampersaud GC, Kauwell GPA. Folic acid supplements and fortification affect the risk for neural tube defects, vascular disease and cancer: evolving science. J Nutr. 2003;133:1961S-8S.
43. House JD, March SB, Ratnam S, Ives E, Brosnan JT, Friel JK. Folate and vitamin B-12 status of women in Newfoundland at their first prenatal visit. CMAJ. 2000;162:1557-9.
44. Koebnick C, Hoffmann I, Dagnelie PC, Heins UA, Wickramasinghe SN, Ratnayaka ID, Gruendel S, Lindemans J, Leitzmann C. Long-term ovolacto vegetarian diet impairs vitamin B12 status in pregnant women. J Nutr. 2004;134:3319-26.
45. Becker W, Welten D. Under-reporting in dietary surveys - implications for development of food-based dietary guidelines. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:683-7.
46. Black AE. Physical activity levels from a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies for validating energy intake as measured by dietary assessment. Nutr Rev. 1996;54:170-4.
47. Bingham SA, Cassidy A, Cole TJ, Welch A, Runswick SA, Black AE, Thurnham D, Bates C, Khaw KT, et al. Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. Br J Nutr. 1995;73:531-50.
48. Black AE, Cole TJ. Biased over- or under-reporting is characteristic of individuals whether over time or by different assessment methods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:70-80.
49. Center for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 1992;41:1-7.