International Standards for Tuberculosis Care

Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 710-725

  Hopewell, Philip C ^a,b   Pai, Madhukar ^c   Maher, Dermot ^d   Uplekar, Mukund ^d   Raviglione, Mario C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Francis J Curry National Tuberculosis Center   (United States)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNIT; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPUTUM EXAMINATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TUBERCULIN TEST;

ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; INTERNATIONALITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY;

EID: 33750982390     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70628-4     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. WHO. Global tuberculosis control. Surveillance, planning, financing. WHO Report 2006. WHO/HTM/TB/2006.362 (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 1-242
2. Corbett E., Watt C., Walker N., et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 163 (2003) 1009-1021
3. Dye C., Watt C., Bleed D., Hosseini S., and Raviglione M. The evolution of tuberculosis control, and prospects for reaching the millennium development goals. JAMA 293 (2005) 2767-2775
4. Hopewell P., and Pai M. Tuberculosis, vulnerability, and access to quality care. JAMA 293 (2005) 2790-2793
5. Lönnroth K., Thuong L., Linh P., and Diwan V. Delay and discontinuity-a survey of TB patients' search of a diagnosis in a diversified health care system. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 (1999) 992-1000
6. Olle-Goig J., Cullity J., and Vargas R. A survey of prescribing patterns for tuberculosis treatment amongst doctors in a Bolivian city. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 (1999) 74-78
7. Prasad R., Nautiyal R., Mukherji P., Jain A., Singh K., and Ahuja R. Diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis: what do doctors of modern medicine do in India?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 (2003) 52-57
8. Shah S., Sadiq H., Khalil M., et al. Do private doctors follow national guidelines for managing pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistan?. East Mediterr Health J 9 (2003) 776-788
9. Singla N., Sharma P., Singla R., and Jain R. Survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices for tuberculosis among general practitioners in Delhi, India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 (1998) 384-389
10. Suleiman B., Houssein A., Mehta F., and Hinderaker S. Do doctors in north-western Somalia follow the national guidelines for tuberculosis management?. East Mediterr Health J 9 (2003) 789-795
11. Uplekar M., Pathania V., and Raviglione M. Private practitioners and public health: weak links in tuberculosis control. Lancet 358 (2001) 912-916
12. Uplekar M., and Shepard D. Treatment of tuberculosis by private general practitioners in India. Tubercle 72 (1991) 284-290
13. WHO. Involving private practitioners in tuberculosis control: issues, interventions, and emerging policy framework (2001), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 1-81
14. Raviglione M., and Uplekar M. WHO's new Stop TB Strategy. Lancet 367 (2006) 952-955
15. Stop TB Partnership and World Health Organization. The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015 (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
16. Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance. International Standards for Tuberculosis Care. http://www.stoptb.org/resource_center/assets/documents/istc_report.pdf (accessed Sept 19, 2006)
17. World Care Council. Patients' Charter for Tuberculosis Care. http://www.worldcarecouncil.org/pdf/PatientsCharterEN2006.pdf (accessed Sept 19, 2006)
18. WHO. Respiratory care in primary care services: a survey in 9 countries (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
19. Luelmo F. What is the role of sputum microscopy in patients attending health facilities?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 7-10
20. Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud. Control de Tuberculosis en America Latina: Manual de Normas y Procedimientos para programas Integrados (1979), Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud, Washington, DC, USA
21. Santha T., Garg R., Subramani R., et al. Comparison of cough of 2 and 3 weeks to improve detection of smear-positive tuberculosis cases among out-patients in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9 (2005) 61-68
22. Khan J., Malik A., Hussain H., et al. Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment practices of private physicians in Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 9 (2003) 769-775
23. Mase S., Ng V., Henry M., et al. Yield of serial sputum smear examinations in the evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review (2005), Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, and Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
24. Rieder H., Chiang C., and Rusen I. A method to determine the utility of the third diagnostic and the second follow-up sputum smear examinations to diagnose tuberculosis cases and failures. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9 (2005) 384-391
25. Gopi P., Subramani R., Selvakumar N., Santha T., Eusuff S., and Narayanan P. Smear examination of two specimens for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Tiruvallur District, south India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 824-828
26. Van Deun A., Salim A., Cooreman E., et al. Optimal tuberculosis case detection by direct sputum smear microscopy: how much better is more?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 222-230
27. Sarin R., Mukerjee S., Singla N., and Sharma P. Diagnosis of tuberculosis under RNTCP: examination of two or three sputum specimens. Indian J Tuberc 48 (2001) 13-16
28. Steingart K., Ng V., Henry M., et al. Sputum processing methods to improve the sensitivity of smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 6 (2006) 664-674
29. Steingart K., Henry M., Ng V., et al. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 6 (2006) 570-581
30. Mtei L., Matee M., Herfort O., et al. High rates of clinical and subclinical tuberculosis among HIV-infected ambulatory subjects in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1500-1507
31. Koppaka R., and Bock N. How reliable is chest radiography?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edition (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 51-60
32. Harries A. What are the relative merits of chest radiography and sputum examination (smear microscopy and culture) in case detection among new outpatients with prolonged chest symptoms?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 61-65
33. Nagpaul D., Naganathan N., and Prakash M. Diagnostic photofluorography and sputum microscopy in tuberculosis case findings. Proceedings of the 9th Eastern Region Tuberculosis Conference and 29th National Conference on Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases (1974), Tuberculosis Association of India, Delhi, India
34. Colebunders R., and Bastian I. A review of the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4 (2000) 97-107
35. Siddiqi K., Lambert M., and Walley J. Clinical diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in low-income countries: the current evidence. Lancet Infect Dis 3 (2003) 288-296
36. Bah B., Massari V., Sow O., et al. Useful clues to the presence of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a West African city. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 592-598
37. Oyewo T., Talbot E., and Moeti T. Non-response to antibiotics predicts tuberculosis in AFB-smear-negative TB suspects, Botswana, 1997-1999. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 suppl 1 (2001) S126 Abstract
38. Somi G., O'Brien R., Mfinanga G., and Ipuge Y. Evaluation of the MycoDot test in patients with suspected tuberculosis in a field setting in Tanzania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 (1999) 231-238
39. Wilkinson D., De Cock K., and Sturm A. Diagnosing tuberculosis in a resource-poor setting: the value of a trial of antibiotics. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 (1997) 422-424
40. Sterling T. The WHO/IUATLD diagnostic algorithm for tuberculosis and empiric fluoroquinolone use: potential pitfalls. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 1396-1400
41. van Deun A. What is the role of mycobacterial culture in diagnosis and case finding?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 35-43
42. Kim T., Blackman R., Heatwole K., Kim T., and Rochester D. Acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Prevalence and significance of negative smears pretreatment and positive smears post-treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 129 (1984) 264-268
43. Menzies D. What is the current and potential role of diagnostic tests other than sputum microscopy and culture?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 87-91
44. Pai M. The accuracy and reliability of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Natl Med J India 17 (2004) 233-236
45. Pai M., Flores L., Hubbard A., Riley L., and Colford Jr. J. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 4 (2004) 6
46. Pai M., Flores L., Pai N., Hubbard A., Riley L., and Colford Jr. J. Diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculous meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 3 (2003) 633-643
47. Flores L., Pai M., Colford Jr. J., and Riley L. In-house nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens: meta-analysis and meta-regression. BMC Microbiol 5 (2005) 55
48. Nahid P., Pai M., and Hopewell P. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3 (2006) 103-110
49. Pai M., Kalantri S., and Dheda K. New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: Part 2. Active tuberculosis and drug resistance. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6 (2006) 423-432
50. Shingadia D., and Novelli V. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children. Lancet Infect Dis 3 (2003) 624-632
51. Gie R., Beyers N., Schaaf H., and Goussard P. The challenge of diagnosing tuberculosis in children: a perspective from a high incidence area. Paediatr Respir Rev 5 suppl A (2004) S147-S149
52. Hesseling A., Schaaf H., Gie R., Starke J., and Beyers N. A critical review of diagnostic approaches used in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 1038-1045
53. Nelson L., and Wells C. Tuberculosis in children: considerations for children from developing countries. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 15 (2004) 150-154
54. Marais B., Gie R., Schaaf H., Beyers N., Donald P., and Starke J. Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: old wisdom and new challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 1078-1090
55. WHO. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition: guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries (2000), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
56. WHO. TB/HIV: A clinical manual (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
57. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (2003) 603-662
58. Enarson D., Rieder H., Arnadottir T., and Trebucq A. Management of tuberculosis. A guide for low income countries. 5th edn (2000), International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
59. WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis. Guidelines for national programmes (2003), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
60. Gelband H. Regimens of less than six months for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) CD001362
61. Santha T. What is the optimum duration of treatment?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edition (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 144-151
62. Korenromp E., Scano F., Williams B., Dye C., and Nunn P. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on recurrence of tuberculosis after rifampin-based treatment: an analytical review. Clin Infect Dis 37 (2003) 101-112
63. Jindani A., Nunn A., and Enarson D. Two 8-month regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: international multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 364 (2004) 1244-1251
64. Okwera A., Johnson J., Luzze H., et al. Comparison of intermittent ethambutol with rifampicin-based regimens in HIV-infected adults with PTB, Kampala. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10 (2006) 39-44
65. Mitchison D. Antimicrobial therapy for tuberculosis: justification for currently recommended treatment regimens. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 25 (2004) 307-315
66. Frieden T. What is intermittent treatment and what is the scientific basis for intermittency?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 130-138
67. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of 4 three-times-weekly regimens and a daily regimen all given for 6 months for pulmonary tuberculosis. Second report: the results up to 24 months. Tubercle 63 (1982) 89-98
68. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of 2, 4, and 6 months of pyrazinamide in 6-month, three-times-weekly regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, including an assessment of a combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Results at 30 months. Am Rev Respir Dis 143 (1991) 700-706
69. Tuberculosis Research Centre. Low rate of emergence of drug resistance in sputum positive patients treated with short course chemotherapy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 (2001) 40-45
70. Bechan S., Connolly C., Short G., Standing E., and Wilkinson D. Directly observed therapy for tuberculosis given twice weekly in the workplace in urban South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91 (1997) 704-707
71. Caminero J., Pavon J., Rodriguez de Castro F., et al. Evaluation of a directly observed six months fully intermittent treatment regimen for tuberculosis in patients suspected of poor compliance. Thorax 51 (1996) 1130-1133
72. Cao J., Zhang L., Zhu J., and Chin D. Two-year follow-up of directly-observed intermittent regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 (1998) 360-364
73. Rieder H. What is the evidence for tuberculosis drug dosage recommendations?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 141-143
74. Rieder H. What is the dosage of drugs in daily and intermittent regimens?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edition (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 139-140
75. WHO. Ethambutol efficacy and toxicity: literature review and recommendations for daily and intermittent dosage in children (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.365_eng.pdf (accessed Sept 19, 2006)
76. Blomberg B., Spinaci S., Fourie B., and Laing R. The rationale for recommending fixed-dose combination tablets for treatment of tuberculosis. Bull World Health Organ 79 (2001) 61-68
77. Panchagnula R., Agrawal S., Ashokraj Y., et al. Fixed dose combinations for tuberculosis: Lessons learned from clinical, formulation and regulatory perspective. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 26 (2004) 703-721
78. WHO. Adherence to long-term therapies. Evidence for action (2003), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
79. Mitchison D. How drug resistance emerges as a result of poor compliance during short course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2 (1998) 10-15
80. Volmink J., and Garner P. Directly observed therapy for treating tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2003) CD003343
81. Volmink J., Matchaba P., and Garner P. Directly observed therapy and treatment adherence. Lancet 355 (2000) 1345-1350
82. Chaulk C., and Kazandjian V. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of pulmonary tuberculosis: Consensus Statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 279 (1998) 943-948
83. Sbarbaro J. What are the advantages of direct observation of treatment?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 183-184
84. Sbarbaro J. How frequently do patients stop taking treatment prematurely?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 181-182
85. Pope D., and Chaisson R. TB treatment: as simple as DOT?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 (2003) 611-615
86. Gordon A. Interventions other than direct observation of therapy to improve adherence of tuberculosis patients: a systematic review. Master's Thesis (2005), University of California, Berkeley, USA
87. WHO/IUATLD/KNCV. Revised international definitions in tuberculosis control. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 5 (2001) 213-215
88. Frieden T. Can tuberculosis be controlled?. Int J Epidemiol 31 (2002) 894-899
89. WHO. Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness (IMAI): acute care (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
90. WHO. Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness (IMAI): chronic HIV care with ARV therapy (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
91. WHO. Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness (IMAI): General principles of good chronic care (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
92. Espinal M., Kim S., Suarez P., et al. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. JAMA 283 (2000) 2537-2545
93. Becerra M., Freeman J., Bayona J., et al. Using treatment failure under effective directly observed short-course chemotherapy programs to identify patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4 (2000) 108-114
94. Santha T. How can the progress of treatment be monitored?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 250-252
95. Maher D., and Raviglione M. Why is a recording and reporting system needed, and what system is recommended?. In: Frieden T. (Ed). Toman's tuberculosis. Case detection, treatment and monitoring. 2nd edn. (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 270-273
96. Bock N., and Reichman L. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS: epidemiological and clinical aspects (world perspective). Semin Respir Crit Care Med 25 (2004) 337-344
97. Maher D., Harries A., and Getahun H. Tuberculosis and HIV interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on patients and programmes; implications for policies. Trop Med Int Health 10 (2005) 734-742
98. WHO. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Guidelines for a public health approach (2002), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
99. WHO. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Treatment guidelines for a public health approach (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
100. UNAIDS/WHO. UNAIDS/WHO policy statement on HIV testing (2004), UNAIDS 1-3
101. Nunn P., Williams B., Floyd K., Dye C., Elzinga G., and Raviglione M. Tuberculosis control in the era of HIV. Nat Rev Immunol 5 (2005) 819-826
102. Chimzizi R., Gausi F., Bwanali A., et al. Voluntary counselling, HIV testing and adjunctive cotrimoxazole are associated with improved TB treatment outcomes under routine conditions in Thyolo District, Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 579-585
103. Chimzizi R., Harries A., Manda E., Khonyongwa A., and Salaniponi F. Counselling, HIV testing and adjunctive cotrimoxazole for TB patients in Malawi: from research to routine implementation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (2004) 938-944
104. Grimwade K., Sturm A., Nunn A., Mbatha D., Zungu D., and Gilks C. Effectiveness of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on mortality in adults with tuberculosis in rural South Africa. AIDS 19 (2005) 163-168
105. Mwaungulu F., Floyd S., Crampin A., et al. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis reduces mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-positive tuberculosis patients in Karonga District, Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 82 (2004) 354-363
106. Zachariah R., Spielmann M., Chinji C., et al. Voluntary counselling, HIV testing and adjunctive cotrimoxazole reduces mortality in tuberculosis patients in Thyolo, Malawi. AIDS 17 (2003) 1053-1061
107. Zachariah R., Spielmann M., Harries A., Gomani P., and Bakali E. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals after completing anti-tuberculosis treatment in Thyolo, Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6 (2002) 1046-1050
108. WHO. Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis (2006), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
109. WHO. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Third report. The WHO/IUATLD project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
110. Coninx R., Mathieu C., Debacker M., et al. First-line tuberculosis therapy and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in prisons. Lancet 353 (1999) 969-973
111. Edlin B., Tokars J., Grieco M., et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 1514-1521
112. Fischl M., Uttamchandani R., Daikos G., et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 117 (1992) 177-183
113. Schaaf H., Van Rie A., Gie R., et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19 (2000) 695-699
114. Caminero J. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and patients in retreatment. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 928-936
115. Mukherjee J., Rich M., Socci A., et al. Programmes and principles in treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 363 (2004) 474-481
116. Kim S. Drug-susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: methods and reliability of results. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 564-569
117. Etkind S., and Veen J. Contact follow-up in high and low-prevalence countries. In: Reichman L., and Hershfield E. (Eds). Tuberculosis: a comprehensive international approach. 2nd edn. (2000), Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, USA 377-399
118. Rieder H. Contacts of tuberculosis patients in high-incidence countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7 12 suppl 3 (2003) S333-S336
119. Mohle-Boetani J., and Flood J. Contact investigations and the continued commitment to control tuberculosis. JAMA 287 (2002) 1040
120. Reichler M., Reves R., Bur S., et al. Evaluation of investigations conducted to detect and prevent transmission of tuberculosis. JAMA 287 (2002) 991-995
121. Morrison JL, Pai M, Hopewell P. Yield of tuberculosis contact investigations within households in high incidence countries: a systematic review. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 43rd Annual Meeting 2005; San Francisco, CA, USA; October 6-9, 2005. Abstract 239.