Reforming hospital nursing: The experiences of Maria Machin

Nursing Inquiry

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 249-258

  Helmstadter, Carol ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

British imperialism; Gender and social change; Hospital nursing reform; The new professionalism

Indexed keywords

CANADA; CLERGY; FEMALE; GENERAL HOSPITAL; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HISTORY; HUMAN; NURSE ADMINISTRATOR; NURSING; NURSING EDUCATION; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOUTH AFRICA; UNITED KINGDOM; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

FACULTY, NURSING; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HOSPITALS, GENERAL; HUMANS; MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES; NURSE ADMINISTRATORS; NURSING SERVICE, HOSPITAL; PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY; QUEBEC; SCHOOLS, NURSING; SOCIAL VALUES; SOUTH AFRICA; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; WOMEN, WORKING;

EID: 33750960307     PISSN: 13207881     EISSN: 14401800     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00333.x     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Sibella Bonham-Carter to Florence Nightingale (hereafter FN), 20 May 1873, British Library additional manuscripts (hereafter BL add mss) 47718, 78-81; FN to Henry Bonham-Carter, 4 February 1875, BL add mss 47719, 89.
2. Hoppen K. 1998. The mid-Victorian generation 1846-1886 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 225-6.
3. Webb R. 1980. Modern England from the eighteenth century to the present, 2nd edition (London: Unwin Hyman), 356-7.
4. FN to Bonham-Carter, 4 February 1875, BL add mss 47719, 89.
5. Elizabeth Vincent to FN, 30 October 1881, BL add mss 47748, 102-8.
6. Chadwick O. 1966. The Victorian church (London: Adam & Charles Black), I: 1-7.
7. Cain P and Hopkins A. 2002. British imperialism, 1688-2000, 2nd edition. (New York: Longman), 114-20;
8. Perkin H. 1989. The rise of professional society: England since 1880. (London: Routledge), 2-9, 27-115;
9. Webb, Modern England, 297-300.
10. Annual Report of St John's House 1876, Archives of St John's House (hereafter SJ), London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter LMA) H1/ST/SJ/33/18.
11. Baly M. 1997. Florence Nightingale and the nursing legacy, 2nd edition (London, Whurr Publishers, 148-9, 214-15);
12. Carol Helmstadter, 'Robert Bentley Todd, St John's House, and the Origins of the Modern Trained Nurse', Bulletin of Medical History (1993) Vol. 67: 282-319;
13. The London Times, 28 December 1868, 8, quoted in Moore J. 1988. A zeal for responsibility: The struggle for professional nursing in Victorian England (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 6-7);
14. A history of St John's House, 4 handwritten pages, unsigned, [after 1896], SJ/Y9.
15. Harris J. 1994. Private lives, public spirit: Britain 1870-1914 (London: Penguin Books, 6-7).
16. 'It is very disgusting having the [working-class] nurses ahead [of the lady nurses in their marks] but I don't see that it would be right to keep them back', Mary E. Crossland, Machin's successor as home sister, wrote. (Crossland to FN, 23 October 1879, BL add mss 47738, 119-21.)
17. Prochaska F. 1980. Women and philanthropy in nineteenth century England (Oxford: Faber), 1-17.
18. Judge George S Jarvis to Rev. A Montuai, 26 October 1848, Quebec Diocesan Archives, Lennoxville, Quebec.
19. Report of the Incorporated Society of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts in 1852 (London: Richard clay, 1852), 16;
20. Report of the Church Society of the Diocese of Montreal 1853 (Montreal: John Lovell, 1853), 23, 29, 42.
21. Nightingale Probationers Records 1871-78, 65, LMA/H1/Archives of St Thomas' Hospital (hereafter ST)/Archives of Nightingale Training School (hereafter NTS)/C4/1.
22. National Archives of South Africa, MOK 1/1/182, #R130/05.
23. Eastern Township Gazette [Quebec], 2 May 1856.
24. Quebec Mercury, 24 August 1866;
25. Quebec Directory 1866/67, 236-7.
26. Ottawa Times, 4 August 1869.
27. Ottawa Times, 7 September & 13 November 1869;
28. Cherrier and Kirwin's Ottawa Directory for 1872/73, 152.
29. Ottawa Times, 25 August 1870, 21 August 1871, 17 August 1872.
30. Illustrated historical atlas of the county of Carleton, 1879.
31. Machin to FN, 26 [April 1873], BL add mss 47745, 6-7; von Bunsen to FN, 31 January 1873, BL 45803, 36 & 28 March 1873, BL 45803, 52; FN to Machin, 21 May 1876, Nightingale Collection, Archives of University of Toronto (hereafter University of Toronto); FN to Bonham-Carter, 12 April 1873, BL add mss 47718, 65-8. 24 von Bunsen to FN, 31 January 1873, BL add mss 45803, 36 & 28, March 1873, BL add mss 45803, 52.
32. Agnes Jones was the lady nurse whom the Nightingale Fund sent to take over the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary in 1865. She died of typhus fever there in 1868 and was canonized by Nightingale in her pamphlet Una and the Lion.
33. Probationers' Time Books 1862-99, NTS/C7/1-4;
34. Nightingale Probationers Records 1871-78, 65, NTS/C4/1.
35. 'The Duty of the sister', 'The Duties of Nurses', no pagination, Duties of Sisters, Nurses, Watchers and Patients, [18th century], ST/A28.
36. Although the Nightingale Fund Council officially required 1 year of training, in other hospitals 1 month was often considered adequate.
37. Machin to FN, [18 April 1873], BL add mss, 47745, 4-5; Notes of FN, 18 April 1973, BL add mss 47745, 1; [ July 1873], BL 47745, 8;
38. Nightingale Probationers' Records, 65, NTS/C4/1.
39. Baly, Florence Nightingale, 148-9.
40. Note of FN, 2 July 1873, BL add mss 47745, 2-3.
41. Machin to FN, 1 February 1875, BL add mss 47745, 45-6.
42. 'If they can't take notes at all, why should they [the ordinary or working-class probationers] attend at all?' Nightingale asked. Note of FN, 26 May 1874, BL add mss 47745, 21-2. FN to Machin, 8 July 1874 & 1 February 1875, BL add mss 47745, 30 & 45-6.
43. FN to Bonham-Carter, 28 August 1875, BL add mss 47719, 122-3.
44. Lady Dufferin, 1969. My Canadian Journal 1872-78 (ed. Gladys Chantler Walker, Don Mills, ON: Longmans Canada), 89, 100-01.
45. 'Report of the Sub-Committee of Reference and Enquiry', 1875, 24-6, Nightingale Collection (hereafter NC), LMA/H1/ST/NC15/13b.
46. MacDermot H. 1940. History of the School of Nursing of the Montreal General Hospital (Montreal: The Alumnae Association), 13-14.
47. Minutes of Committee of Management (hereafter C of M) (1871-76), 16 March 1872, 23 February & 2 March 1874, Archives of Montreal General Hospital, McGill University (hereafter McGill)/RG096/0021/00021.
48. C of M (1871-76), 17 August 1874, McGill/RG0096/021/0002.
49. Mottus J. C. 1981. New York Nightingales: The emergence of the nursing profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920 (Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press), 50-1.
50. Canadian Nurses' Association, 1968. The leaf and the lamp (Ottawa: Canadian Nurses Association), 74-5;
51. 'Theophilus Mack', Dictionary of Canadian biography (hereafter DCB) XI: 558-9;
52. Guy's nurse at Mack School in 1870s, Guy's Hospital Archives (hereafter GY), LMA/H9/GY/ph8/12/1.
53. C of M (1871-76) 20 September and 4 October 1875, McGill RG0096/021/00021.
54. Machin to FN, 16 October 1875, BL 47745, 63-5; Miss Machin's Report to Mrs Wardroper, 28 March 1878, NTS/A3/2.
55. Machin to FN, 16 October 1875, BL add mss 47745, 63-5.
56. FN to Machin, 4 May 1876, University of Toronto.
57. Reports of Mrs Wardroper 1876 and 1877, NTS/A3/1-2.
58. Machin to FN, 19 October 1877, BL add mss 47745, 97-101.
59. Reports of Mrs Wardroper, 1876 & 1877, NTS/A3/1-2; Machin to FN, 1 February 1878, BL add mss 47745, 105-07.
60. Machin to FN, 28 March 1876, BL add mss 47745, 68-72.
61. Machin to FN, 18 February 1876 & 29 June 1877, BL add mss 47745, 66-7 & 83-6.
62. Machin to FN, 28 March 1876, BL add mss 47745, 68-72.
63. Machin, Report to Nightingale Fund, March 1877, NTS/C/15/1.
64. Machin to FN, 19 October 1877, BL add mss 47745, 97-101.
65. Machin to FN, 28 March 1876, BL add mss 47745, 68-72.
66. Machin to FN, 15 January 1877, BL add mss 47745, 75-7.
67. Robertson A. 1877. Letter of hospital expenditure addressed to Peter Redpath, Esq., President Montreal General Hospital (Montreal: Gazette), 4, 13, 26.
68. Machin to FN, 19 September 1877, BL add mss 47745, 97-101.
69. C of M (1876-79), 24 September 1877, McGill/RG0096/0022/00022; Robertson, Hospital expenditure, 25-6.
70. C of M (1876-79), 10 November 1877, McGill/RG0096/0022/00022.
71. 'Andrew Robertson', DCB, X: 620.
72. 'Joseph Gibb Robertson', DCB, XII: 901-04.
73. Robertson, Hospital expenditure, Appendix E, 27.
74. Alexander was born in 1816 and came to Canada in 1840. Brydges was born in 1827 and came to Canada in 1856 (Charles Alexander, DCB XIII: 10-12;
75. Charles John Brydges, DCB ibid, XI: 121-5). Nightingale complained that Alexander wrote 'a very unsatisfactory and uneducated letter' (FN to Bonham-Carter, 4 February 1875, BL add mss 47719, 89), 'and indeed his handwriting and syntax are quite childish'.
76. MacDermot H. 1940. History of the School of Nursing (Montreal: Alumnae Association), 25, n. 1.
77. Dr Steele's Reports 1861-67, 1 February 1865, GY/A67/3; Ibid, 15 January 1868, GY/A67/4/1.
78. Machin to FN, 19 September 1877, BL add mss 47745, 91-5.
79. Machin to FN, 19 October 1877, BL add mss 47745, 97-101.
80. Robertson, Hospital expenditure, 1-13, 7-9, 13-16, 18-19, 24.
81. Machin to FN, 5 & 16 November 1877 and 1 February 1878, BL add mss 47745, 102-4.
82. Machin to Carter, 19 February & 14 March 1878, LMA/H1/ST/ Nightingale Collection (hereafter NC, NC18/13/38 & 41).
83. Machin to FN, 1 February 1878, BL add mss 47745, 105-07.
84. D Watt to Carter, 18 April 1878, NC/18/13/42.
85. 'Montreal General Hospital, Exposure no. 1', 1-4, 6, NC15/34/1.
86. Watt to Carter, 18 April 1878, NC18/13/42.
87. FN to Machin, 12 January 1877, BL add mss 47745, 73-5.
88. See for example, FN to Machin, 22 October & 13 December 1877, University of Toronto.
89. FN to Machin, 27 June 1878, University of Toronto.
90. Notes of FN, [1880], BL add mss 45820, 10-11.
91. See Minutes of Treasurer's and Almoners' Committee, 1874-1880, Archives of St Bartholomew's Hospital (hereafter SBH), Ha/3/12-14.
92. Machin to FN, 1 April 1880, BL add mss 47745, 131-4; Notes of FN, [1880], BL add mss 45820, 10-11.
93. Machin to FN, 18 February 1876 & 29 June 1877, BL add mss 47745, 66-7 & 83-6.
94. Machin to FN, 1 April 1880, BL add mss 47745, 131-4.
95. Notes of FN, [1880], BL add mss 45820, 10-11; Matron's Reports 1880-83, 16 December 1880, SBH/M01/1.
96. Minutes of Board of Governors, 13 April 1876, SBH/Ha1/24.
97. Minutes of Medical Committee, 1 April & 24 June 1876, SBH/MC/1/1.
98. Sister Casualty, 'A Reformation', St Bartholomew's League News, May 1902, 134-8.
99. Evidence of Sir Sidney H Waterlow, Parliamentary Papers 1890, XVI: 167.
100. FN to Machin, 19 February 1879, University of Toronto; Matron's Reports 1880-83, 28 October 1880, SBH/M01/1; Register of Probationers 1877-1900, passim & frontispiece, SBH/M053/1.
101. FN to Bonham-Carter, 3 July 1880, BL add mss 47745, 135-8.
102. Machin to FN, 5 September 1880, BL add mss 47745, 139-41.
103. Machin to FN, 8 May [1881], BL 47745, 142-3.
104. Sister Henrietta Stockdale is generally acknowledged to be the founder of trained nursing in South Africa.
105. This was one of the Anglican sisterhoods. It had no connection with St Thomas' Hospital in London.
106. William Crisp. 1895. Some account of the Diocese of Blomfontein in the province of South Africa, from 1863 to 1894 (Oxford: James Parker & Co, 31).
107. Crisp, Diocese of Blomfontein, 55-6.
108. See letter of Charles Honey to Sir Frederick, 27 January 1913 which lists Redpath as a Fellow of the Corporation of Accountants, Glasgow and a Fellow of the Institution of Certified Public Accountants, London, PAS2/245, #L47C; also death notice of Walter Darling Redpath (1853-1941), National Archives of South Africa MOK1/1/1060, #2317.
109. Maria M Redpath to FN, 12 March 1889, LMA/X/42/007.
110. Gray, S. 1993. The South African War 1899-1902: Service records of British and colonial women: A record of the service in South Africa of military and civilian nurses, laywomen and civilians (Auckland: Self-published), 80, 84.