The relation between the quantity of ammonium compounds in tobacco and the nitrogen monoxide (NO) levels in the smoke of cigarettes marketed in the Netherlands

Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 196-203

  Van Amsterdam, J G C ^a   Brunt, T M ^a   Verlaan, A P J ^a   Cleven, R F M J ^a   Opperhuizen, A ^a   Vleeming, W ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 33750906746     PISSN: 0173783X     EISSN: 16129237     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0828     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. European Parliament and the Council: Directive 2001/37/EC: On the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products, adopted by the European Parliament and the Council on 5 June 2001.
2. Paschke, T., G. Scherer, and W.-D. Heller: Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity: a literature overview; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 20 (2002) 107-247.
3. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Cigarette ingredients: a complete list and background; Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1994.
4. Pankow, J.F.: A consideration of the role of gas/particle partitioning in the deposition of nicotine and other tobacco smoke compounds in the respiratory tract; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14 (2001) 1465-1481.
5. Henningfield, J., J. Pankow, and B. Garrett: Ammonia and other chemical base tobacco additives and cigarette nicotine delivery: issues and research needs; Nicotine Tob. Res. 6 (2004) 199-205.
6. Willems, E.W., B. Rambali, W. Vleeming, A. Opperhuizen, and J.G.C. van Amsterdam: Significance of ammonium compounds on nicotine exposure to cigarette smokers; Food Chem. Tox. 44 (2006) 678-688.
7. Vleeming, W., B. Rambali, and A. Opperhuizen: The role of nitric oxide in cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction; Nicotine Tob. Res. 4 (2002) 341-348.
8. Borland, C. and T. Higenbottam: Nitric oxide yields of contemporary UK, US and French cigarettes; Int. J. Epidemiol. 16 (1987) 31-34.
9. 4 and NO in cigarettes: analysis of a hundred different brands; RIVM-Report 650270 001 (2002).
10. ISO 3308: Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine - Definitions and standard conditions; International Organization for Standardization,, Geneva, Switzerland, Fourth edition, 2000.
11. Health Canada: Determination of oxides of nitrogen in mainstream tobacco smoke, T-110; www.hc-sc.gc.ca, 1999.
12. Benowitz, N.L., P. Jacob, J.T. Bernert, M. Wilson, L. Wang, F. Allen, and D. Dempsey: Carcinogen exposure during short-term switching from regular to "light" cigarettes; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 1376-1383.
13. Scherer, G.: Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature; Psychopharmacol. (Berl) 145 (1999) 1-20.
14. Bruning-Fann, C.S. and J.B. Kaneene: The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on human health: a review; Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 35 (1993) 521-538.
15. Johnson, W.R., R.W. Hale, S.C. Clough, and P.H. Chen: Chemistry of the conversion of nitrate nitrogen to smoke products; Nature 243 (1973) 223-225.
16. Hoffmann, D. and I. Hoffmann: The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. Risks associated with smoking with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph, Risks associated with smoking with low machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine; 13 (2001) 159-192.
17. Norman, A.: Cigarette design and materials; in: Tobacco: production, chemistry and technology, edited by D.L. Davies and M.T. Nielsen, Blackwell Sci. Ltd, Oxford, U.K., 1999, 353-387.
18. Harrell, T.G., K.L. Rush, and A.Y. Sensabaugh: Colorimetric method for the determination of ammonia in tobacco smoke; Tob. Sci. 19 (1975) 145-147.
19. Wutzke, K.D. and W. Heine: Ein Jahrhundert Stickstoffbestimmung nach Kjeldahl [A century of Kjeldahl's nitrogen determination]; Z. Med. Lab Diagn. 26 (1985) 383-388.
20. Im, H., F. Rasouli, and M. Hajaligol: Formation of nitric oxide during tobacco oxidation; J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 7366-7372.