Ocular toxoplasmosis: In the storm of the eye

Parasite Immunology

Volumn 28, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 635-642

  Jones, L A ^a   Alexander, J ^a   Roberts, C W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Immune privilege; Immunopathology; Ocular toxoplasmosis

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; NITRIC OXIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; EYE INFECTION; EYE INJURY; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE SURVIVAL; PREGNANCY; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TISSUE INJURY; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; MICE, INBRED C57BL; PREGNANCY; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMOSIS, OCULAR;

MURINAE; TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 33750895309     PISSN: 01419838     EISSN: 13653024     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00874.x     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR & Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1217-1258.
2. Lyons RE, McLeod R & Roberts CW. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite-bradyzoite interconversion. Trends Parasitol 2002; 18: 198-201.
3. Gagne SS. Toxoplasmosis. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns 2001; 8: 122-126.
4. Carme B, Bissuel F, Ajzenberg D et al. Severe acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent adult patients in French Guiana. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4037-4044.
5. Glasner PD, Silveira C, Kruszon-Moran D et al. An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 1992; 114: 136-144.
6. Grigg ME, Ganatra J, Boothroyd JC & Margolis TP. Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 633-639.
7. Davidson GM, Lappin MR, English RV & Tompkins MB. A feline model of ocular toxoplasmosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 3653-3660.
8. Friedrich R, Simon H-U, Müller W-A & Sych F-J. Ocular toxoplasmosis: the role of cellular immune defense in the development of recurrences. Ger J Ophthalmol 1992; 1: 54-57.
9. Garweg JG, Kuenzli H & Boehnke M. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in naïve and primed rabbits. Ophthalmologica 1998; 212: 136-141.
10. Gazzinelli RT, Brézin A, Li Q, Nussenblatt RB & Chan CC. Toxoplasma gondii: acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in the murine model, protective role of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Exp Parasitol 1994; 78: 217-229.
11. Gormley PD, Pavesio CE, Luthert P & Lightman S. Retinochoroiditis is induced by oral administration of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the hamster model. Exp Eye Res 1999; 68: 657-661.
12. Hay J, Lee WR, Dutton GN, Hutchison WM & Siim JC. Congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in a mouse model. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1984; 78: 109-116.
13. Holland GN, O'Connor GR, Diaz RF, Minasi P & Wara WM. Ocular toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed non human primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988; 29: 835-842.
14. Hu MS, Schwartzman JD, Lepage AC, Khan IA & Kasper LH. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis induced in naïve and preinfected mice by intracameral inoculation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 1999; 7: 17-26.
15. Pavesio CEN, Chiappino ML, Gormley P, Setzer PY & Nichols BA. Acquired retinochoroiditis in hamsters inoculated with ME 49 strain Toxoplasma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 2166-2175.
16. Skorich DN, Chiappino ML & Nichols BA. Invasion of the guinea pig conjunctiva by Toxoplasma gondii. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988; 29: 1871-1880.
17. Hay J, Hutchison WM, Lee WR & Siim JC. Cataract in mice congenitally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1981; 75: 455-457.
18. Dutton GN, McMenamin PG, Hay J & Cameron S. The ultrastructural pathology of congenital murine toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Part II: the morphology of the inflammatory changes. Exp Eye Res 1986; 43: 545-560.
19. McMenamin PG, Dutton GN, Hay J & Cameron S. The ultrastructural pathology of congenital murine toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Part I: The localization and morphology of Toxoplasma cysts in the retina. Exp Eye Res 1986; 43: 529-543.
20. Lyons RE, Anthony JP, Ferguson DJP et al. Immunological studies of chronic ocular toxoplasmosis. up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and transforming growth factor β and a protective role for interleukin-6. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2589-2595.
21. Tedesco RC, Smith RL, Corte-Real S & Calabrese KS. Ocular toxoplasmosis in mice: comparison of two routes of infection. Parasitology 2005; 131: 303-307.
22. Blackwell JM, Roberts CW & Alexander J. Influence of genes within the MHC on mortality and brain cyst development in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii: kinetics of immune regulation in BALB H-2 congenic mice. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15: 317-324.
23. McLeod R, Brown C & Mack D. Immunogenetics influence outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Res Immunol 1993; 144: 61-65.
24. Lu F, Huang S, Hu MS & Kasper LH. Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in genetically susceptible and resistant mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 5160-5165.
25. Olle P, Bessieres MH, Malecaze F & Seguela JP. The evolution of ocular toxoplasmosis in anti-interferon gamma treated mice. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15: 701-707.
26. Geiger K, Howes E, Gallina M, Huang XJ, Travis GH & Sarvetnick N. Transgenic mice expressing IFN-gamma in the retina develop inflammation of the eye and photoreceptor loss. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 2667-2681.
27. Goldstein IM, Ostwald P & Roth S. Nitric oxide: a review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Res 1996; 36: 2979-2994.
28. Goreau O, Bellot J, Thillaye B, Courtois Y & Kozak Y. Increased nitric oxide production in endotoxin-induced uveitis. Reduction of uveitis by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 1995; 154: 6518-6523.
29. -) in ocular inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 2447-2450.
30. Norose K, Mun H-S, Aosai F et al. IFN-γ regulated Toxoplasma gondii distribution and load in the murine eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 4375-4381.
31. Shen DF, Matteson DM, Tuaillon N, Suedekum BK, Buggage RR & Chan C-C. Involvement of apoptosis and interferon-γ in murine toxoplasmosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 2031-2036.
32. Norose K, Aosai F, Mizota A, Yamamoto S, Mun HS & Yano A. Deterioration of visual function as examined by electroretinograms in Toxoplasma gondii-infected IFN-gamma-knockout mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 317-321.
33. Brunet LR. Nitric oxide in parasitic infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1: 1457-1467.
34. Khan IA, Schwartzman JD, Matsuura T & Kasper LH. A dichotomous role for nitric oxide during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 13955-13960.
35. Scharton-Kersten TM, Yap G, Magram J & Sher A. Inducible nitric oxide is essential for host control of persistent but not acute infection with the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 1261-1273.
36. Roberts F, Roberts CW, Ferguson DJP & McLeod R. Inhibition of nitric oxide production exacerbates chronic ocular toxoplasmosis. Parasite Immunol 2000; 22: 1-5.
37. Streilein JW & Stein-Streilein J. Does innate immune privilege exist? J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67: 479-487.
38. Taylor AW, Yee DG & Streilein JW. Suppression of nitric oxide generated by inflammatory macrophages by calcitonin gene-related peptide in aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 1372-1378.
39. Hayashi S, Chan C-C, Gazzinelli RT, Pham NTH, Cheung MK & Roberge FG. Protective role of nitric oxide in ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 644-648.
40. Sparrow JR, Nathan C & Vodovotz Y. Cytokine regulation of nitric oxide synthase in mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture. Exp Eye Res 1994; 59: 129-139.
41. Jebbari H, Roberts CW, Ferguson DJP, Bluethmann H & Alexander J. A protective role for IL-6 during early infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20: 231-239.
42. Suzuki Y, Rani S, Liesenfeld O et al. Impaired resistance to the development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 2339-2345.
43. Ohta K, Yamagami S, Taylor AW & Streilein JW. IL-6 antagonizes TGF-β and abolishes immune privilege in eyes with endotoxin-induced uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 2591-2599.
44. Lu F, Huang S & Kasper LH. CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of murine ocular toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 4966-4972.
45. Frenkel JK. Adoptive immunity to intracellular infection. J Immunol 1967; 98: 1309-1319.
46. Frenkel JK & Taylor DW. Toxoplasmosis in immunoglobulin M-suppressed mice. Infect Immun 1982; 38: 360-367.
47. Kang H, Remington JS & Suzuki Y. Decreased resistance of B cell-deficient mice to infection with Toxoplasma gondii despite unimpaired expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 2000; 164: 2629-2634.
48. D'Orazio TJ & Niederkorn JY. A novel role for TGF-beta and IL-10 in the induction of immune privilege. J Immunol 1998; 160: 2089-2098.
49. Conti P, Kempuraj D, Kandere K et al. IL-10, an inflammatory/inhibitory cytokine, but not always. Immunol Lett 2003; 86: 123-129.
50. Lu F, Huang S & Kasper LH. Interleukin-10 and pathogenesis of murine ocular toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 7159-7163.
51. Griffith TS, Brunner T, Fletcher SM, Green DR & Ferguson TA. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege. Science 1995; 270: 1189-1192.
52. Hu S, Schwartzman JD & Kasper LH. Apoptosis within mouse eye induced by Toxoplasma gondii. Chin Med J 2001; 114: 640-644.
53. Hu MS, Schwartzman JD, Yeaman GR et al. Fas-FasL interaction involved in pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis in mice. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 928-935.
54. Saeij JP, Boyle JP & Boothroyd JC. Differences among the three major strains of Toxoplasma gondii and their specific interactions with the infected host. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21: 476-481.