Witchcraft fears and psychosocial factors in disease

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 573-590

  Bever, Edward ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750851451     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/002219500552063     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Alan MacFarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York, 1970);
2. Christina Larner, "Is All Witchcraft Really Witchcraft?" in Max Marwick (ed.). Witchcraft and Sorcery: Selected Readings (Harmondsworth, 1982), 49;
3. C. W. Watson and Roy Ellen (eds.), Understanding Witchcraft and Sorcery in Southeast Asia (Honolulu, 1993), 2;
4. Andrew Saunders, A Deed without a Name: The Witch in Society and History (Oxford, 1995), 5, 49-53, cites symbolic anthropologists who dispute the validity of any cross-cultural comparisons of witch beliefs, but emphasizes that this is a minority view.
5. Robin Briggs, Witches and Neighbors (New York, 1996), 373.
6. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 410, 392.
7. Saunders, Deed, 12, 83, 117-118;
8. MacFarlane, Witchcraft, 211-253;
9. John Rush, Witchcraft and Sorcery (Springfield, Ill., 1974);
10. Lucy Mair, Witchcraft (New York, 1970);
11. Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London, 1995), 125-159;
12. Roy G. Willis, Witchcraft and Healing: Proceedings of a Seminar Held in the Centre for African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 14th and 15th February, 1969" (Edinburgh, 1969), 5;
13. Hutton Webster, Magic: A Sociological Study (New York, 1973), 416.
14. Philip Mayer, "Witches," in Manvick (ed.), Witchcraft and Sorcery, 54-55, 60-64;
15. MacFarlane, Witchcraft, 211-216;
16. Webster, Magic, 243-244;
17. Saunders, Deed, 41-42, 49;
18. Mair, Witchcraft, 22;
19. Willis, Witchcraft and Healing, 2-3.
20. MacFarlane, Witchcraft, 231;
21. Rush, Witchcraft and Sorcery, 21-23;
22. Michele Stephen, Sorcerer and Witch in Melanesia (New Brunswick, 1987), 6-8, 297;
23. Levack, Witch-Hunt, 167-168;
24. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 140-142;
25. Joseph Klaits, Servants of Satan (Bloomington, 1985),
26. 87; Vivian Garrison and Conrad Arensberg, "The Evil Eye: Envy or Risk of Seizure? Paranoia or Patronal Dependency?" in Clarence Maloney (ed.), The Evil Eye (New York, 1976), 316, 318.
27. MacFarlane, Witchcraft, 184;
28. Klaits, Servants, 15-16;
29. Levack, Witch-Hunt, 12;
30. Stuart Clark, Thinking with Demons (Oxford, 1997), 3-4.
31. See also Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York, 1971), 209-211;
32. Anne Barstow, Witchcraze (San Francisco, 1994), 31;
33. Geoffrey Scarre, Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe (Atlantic Highlands, 1987), 1.
34. Chadwick Hansen, Witchcraft at Salem (New York, 1969), was criticized from the medical point of view
35. by Alan Krohn, Hysteria: The Elusive Neurosis (New York, 1978), 163-164. The very concept of hysteria has fallen out of favor among psychologists and physicians.
36. See Phillip Slavney, Perspectives on Hysteria (Baltimore, 1990), 190;
37. Mark Micale, Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations (Princeton, 1995), 29.
38. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 64, 73-74.
39. Robert Gatchel, "Psychophysiological Disorders: Past and Present Perspectives," in idem and Edward Blanchard (eds.), Psychophysiological Disorders: Research and Clinical Applications (Washington, D.C., 1993), 16, 18;
40. Brent Hafen et. al., Mind/Body Health: The Effects of Attitudes, Emotions, and Relationships (Boston, 1996), 1, 2;
41. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Washington, D.C., 1994; 4th ed.), 676 (hereinafter DSM-IV);
42. Leonore Adler and B. Runi Mikheji, "Introduction," in idem (eds.), Spirit vs. Scalpel: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy (Westport, 1995), xxii.
43. DSM-IV, 445;
44. Stuart Eisendrath, "Psychiatric Disorders," Lawrence Tierney et. al. (eds.), Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 1998 (Stamford, 1998), 982;
45. Lydia Temoshek and Clifford Attkisson, "Epidemiology of Hysterical Phenomena: Evidence for a Psychosocial Theory," in Mardi Horowitz (ed.), Hysterical Personality (New York, 1977), 158, 164;
46. Krohn, Hysteria, 124.
47. Winfried Rief and Wolfgang Hiller, "Somatization - Future Perspectives on a Common Phenomenon, "Journal of Psychosomatic Research, XLIV (1998), 529;
48. Benjamin Wolman, Psychosomatic Disorders (New York, 1988), 183;
49. William Webb, "Chronic Pain," in Wilfred Dorfman and Leo Cristofar (eds.), Psychosomatic Illness Renew (New York, 1985), 199;
50. C. Richard Chapman and Margo Wyckoff, "The Problem of Pain: A Psychobiological Perspective," in Stephen Haynes and Linda Cannon (eds.), Psychosomatic Disorders: A Psychophysiological Approach to Etiology and Treatment (New York, 1981), 35.
51. Temoshek and Atkisson, "Epidemiology," 164-167;
52. DSM-IV, 455;
53. William Koller et. al., "Psychogenic Movement Disorders," in Eduardo Tolosa et. al. (eds.), Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Disorders (Boston, 1998), 128;
54. Chapman and Wykoff, "Pain," 34.
55. John Walton et. al. (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Medicine (Oxford, 1986), 1170;
56. Gatchel, "Psychophysiological Disorders," 10, 14;
57. John Nemiah, "Alexithymia: Present, Past - and Future?" Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII (1996), 217.
58. Hafen, Mind/Body, 7, 9, 13-16, 42, 46, 64-65;
59. Helmut Adler and Leonore Adler, "From Hippocrates to Psychoneuroimmunology: Medicine as Art and Science," in Adler and Mikheji (eds.), Spirit, 7-8;
60. the following articles in Haynes and Gannon (eds.), Psychosomatic Disorders:
61. Gannon, "The Psychophysiology of Psychosomatic Disorders," 6;
62. Haynes, "Muscle-Contraction Headache: A Psychophysiological Perspective of Etiology and Treatment," 447-484;
63. Benjamin Natelson, "Cardiac Arrythmias and Sudden Death," 412, 421-422;
64. Barbara Walker and Curt Sandman, "Disregulation of the Gastrointestinal System," 164;
65. Julia Heiman and John Hatch, "Conceptual and Therapeutic Contributions of Psychophysiology to Sexual Dysfunction," 222-268.
66. Hafen, Mind/Body, 71-73;
67. Adler and Adler, "Psychoneuroimmunology," 9;
68. Richard Totman, Social Causes of Illness (New York, 1979), 91-92, 94, 96;
69. Mariano LaVie, "The Influence of Stress Intrusion on Immunoldepression in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Patients and Controls," Psychosomatic Mediane, LVIII (1996), 138;
70. Sai-Woon Liang, "Life Events, Frontal Electroencephalographic Laterality, and Functional Immune Status after Acute Psychological Stressors in Adolescents," Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII (1996), 178;
71. Welmoet Gerritsen et. al., "Experimental Social Fear: Immunological, Hormonal, and Autonomic Concomitants," Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII (1996), 273;
72. Julie Cobb et. al., "Psychosocial Stress and Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Tract Illness in an Adult Population Sample," Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII (1996), 404;
73. Gatchel, "Psychophysiological Disorders," 17.
74. DSM-IV, 676-677;
75. Hafen, Mind/Body, 6-7.
76. DSM-IV, 676-677;
77. Gatchel, "Psychophysiological Disorders," 15;
78. Gannon, "Psychophysiology," 10;
79. Uwe Gielev, "Forward," in Adler and Mikheji (eds.), Spirit, xvii;
80. Hafen, Mind/Body, 49-50, 51, 53;
81. Jennifer Pike et. al., "Chronic Life Stress Alters Sympathetic, Neuroendocrine, and Immune Responsivity to an Acute Psychological Stressor in Humans," Psychosomatic Medicine, LIX (1997), 447;
82. Marleen van Eck, "The Effects of Perceived Stress, Traits, Mood States, and Stressful Daily Events on Salivary Cortisol," Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII (1996), 456.
83. Gregory Simon et. al., "Somatic Symptoms of Distress: An International Primary Care Study," Psychosomatic Medicine, LVIII, (1996), 481;
84. David Gentilcore, "The Fear of Disease and the Disease of Fear," William Naphy and Penny Roberts (eds.), Fear in Early Modern Society (Manchester, U.K., 1997), 190;
85. Leith Mullings, Therapy, Ideology, and Social Change: Mental Healing in Urban Ghana (Berkeley, 1984), 5-6;
86. Gannon, "Psychophysiology," 6, 11.
87. Gerritsen, "Experimental Social Fear," 273;
88. Hafen, Mind/Body, 211;
89. Adler and Adler, "Psychoneuroimmunology," 8;
90. Gannon, "Psychophysiology," 19, 22;
91. Totner, Social Causes, 90-91, 129-131, 139.
92. Pennethorne Hughes, Witchcraft (London, 1952), 135;
93. Marwick, "Introduction," in idem (ed.), Witchcraft and Sorcery (1970), 12-13;
94. Joost Meerloo, Intuition and the Evil Eye (Wassenar, Netherlands, 1971), 12, 15, 113-116, 120;
95. Levack, Witch-Hunt, 7;
96. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 113;
97. Brian Spooner "Anthropology and the Evil Eye," in Maloney, Evil Eye, 279-285;
98. Garrison and Arensberg, "Evil Eye," 289-290;
99. John Roberts, "Belief in the Evil Eye in World Perspective," in Maloney, Evil Eye, 223-278;
100. Eckhard Hess, "The Role of Pupil Size in Communication," Scientific American, CCXXXIII (1975), 110.
101. Douglas, Witchcraft, xxxii;
102. R. C. Maclagan, The Evil Eye in the Western Highlands (London, 1902), 10;
103. Marwick, "Postscript," in idem (ed.), Witchcraft and Sorcery: Selected Readings (London, 1970), 380;
104. Jack Potter et. al. (eds.), Peasant Society: A Reader (Boston, 1967);
105. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 138-139.
106. Rush, Witchcraft and Sorcery, 58.
107. Bever, "Witchcraft in Early Modern Württemberg," unpub. Ph.D. diss. (Princeton Univ., 1983), 121, 125-126. See Appendix for data on the sampled cases. Original archival material is in the Württemberg Staatsarchiv Stuttgart; references follow the format A209, the buschel (file) for the case, generally a document number or date, and occasionally a page number.
108. Bever, "Witchcraft in Early Modern Württemberg," Ibid, 209-221, 228, 259;
109. Bever, "Witchcraft in Early Modern Württemberg," A209,
110. b. Bever, "Witchcraft in Early Modern Württemberg," 549,
111. d. Bever, "Witchcraft in Early Modern Württemberg," 18, 9.
112. Bever, "Württemberg," Table 7.1, between pages 259 and 260.
113. A209, b. 1787, 2-3-1659; A209, b. 1881, d. 1. These documents contain other instances of unspecified accusations of occult injury, as do A209, b. 1989; A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701; A209, b. 1431; A209, b. 8.
114. A209, b. 873, d. 1; A209, b. 1856, d. 1; A209, b. 11, d. 1. These documents contain other instances of specified occult accusations, as do A209, b. 1856, d. 2; A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701; A209, b. 852, d. 8-8-1611.
115. Heiman and Hatch, "Sexual Dysfunction," 223.
116. Simon, "Somatic Symptoms," 481.
117. A209, b. 1856, d. 2; A209, b. 11, d. 1. Other instances are in A209, b. 852, d. 1; A209, b. 1223, dd. 1-2; A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701; A209, b. 1884b, d. 1; A209, b. 1431; A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701.
118. A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701; A209, b. 1258, d. 2; Bever, "Württemberg," 296-297.
119. Bever, "Württemberg," 260-263;
120. Bever, "Württemberg," A209,
121. b. Bever, "Württemberg," 1787,
122. d. Bever, "Württemberg," 1.
123. Bever, "Württemberg," 271;
124. Bever, "Württemberg," A209,
125. b. Bever, "Württemberg," 2096,
126. d. Bever, "Württemberg," 1;
127. A209, b. 1856, d. 2. Instances of physical injury are in A209, b. 1884, d. 1; A209, b. 782, d. 25-6-1674; A209, b. 11, d. 1.
128. Adler and Adler, "Psychoneuroimmunology," 9;
129. Natelson, "Cardiac Arrythmias," 425;
130. L. S. Ewing, "Fighting and Death from Stress in a Cockroach," in Robert Zajonc (ed.), Animal Social Psychology: A Reader in Experimental Studies (New York, 1969), 296;
131. D. H. Hemsworth et. al., "Fear of Humans and Its Consequences for the Domestic Pig," in Hank Davis and Dianne Balfour (eds.), The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions, 264-265, 272, 274-278.
132. Hafen, Mind/Body, 16;
133. Hafen, Mind/Body, A209,
134. b. Hafen, Mind/Body, 1856,
135. d. Hafen, Mind/Body, 2.
136. A209, b. 1486, d. 11-6-1701; A209, b. 1856, d. 2.
137. A209, b. 1223, dd. 1-2; A209, b. 11, d. 1; Hanns Bachtold-Staubli (ed.), Handworterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaube (1927-1942), III, 1874;
138. Bever, "Württemberg," 272-273.
139. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors, 381;
140. MacFarlane, Witchcraft, 192, 213.