Microbial biomineralization of magnetic iron minerals: microbiology, magnetism and environmental significance

Reviews in Mineralogy

Volumn 35, Issue , 1997, Pages 217-223

  Bazylinski, Dennis A ^a   Moskowitz, Bruce M ^b  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750826846     PISSN: 02750279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Balkwill DL, Maratea D, Blakemore RP (1980) Ultrastructure of a magnetic spirillum. J Bacteriol 141:1399-1408
2. Banerjee SK (1991) Magnetic properties of Fe-Ti oxides. Rev Mineral 25:107-128
3. Banerjee SK, Hunt CP, Liu X-P (1993) Separation of local signals from the regional paleomonsoon record of the Chinese Loess Plateau: a rock-magnetism approach. Geophys Res Lett 20:843-846
4. Banerjee SK, Moskowitz BM (1985) Ferrimagnetic properties of magnetite. In Kirschvink JL, Jones DS, MacFadden BJ (eds) Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms, p 17-41. Plenum Press, New York
5. Bazylinski DA (1995) Structure and function of the bacterial magnetosome. ASM News 61:337-343
6. Bazylinski DA, Blakemore RP (1983a) Denitrification and assimilatory nitrate reduction in Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:1118-1124
7. Bazylinski DA, Blakemore RP (1983b) Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Curr Microbiol 9:305-308
8. Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB (1992) Production of iron sulfide minerals by magnetotactic bacteria from sulfidic environments. In Skinner HCW, Fitzpatrick RW (eds) Biomineralization Processes of Iron and Manganese: Modern and Ancient Environments, p 147-159. Catena, Cremlingen
9. Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB, Garratt-Reed AJ, Mann S (1990) Biomineralization of iron sulfides in magnetotactic bacteria from sulfidic environments. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals, p 239-255. Plenum Press, New York
10. Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB, Heywood BR, Mann S, King JW. Donaghay PL. Hanson AK (1995) Controlled biomineralization of magnetite (Fe3O4) and greigite (Fe3S4) in a magnetotactic bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3232-3239
11. Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB, Jannasch HW (1988) Anaerobic production of magnetite by a marine magnetotactic bacterium. Nature 334:518-519
12. Bazylinski DA, Garratt-Reed AJ, Abedi, A, Frankel RB (1993a) Copper association with iron sulfide magnetosomes in a magnetotactic bacterium. Arch Microbiol 160:35-42
13. Bazylinski DA, Heywood BR, Mann S. Frankel RB (1993b) Fe,O4 and Fe,S, in a bacterium. Nature 366:218
14. Bazylinski DA, Garratt-Reed AJ, Frankel RB (1994) Electron microscopic studies of magnetosomes in magnetotactic bacteria. Microsc Res Tech 27:389-401
15. Berner RA (1962) Synthesis and description of tetragonal iron sulfide. Science 137:669
16. Berner RA (1964) Iron sulfides formed from aqueous solution at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure. J Geol 72:293-306
17. Berner RA (1967) Thermodynamic stability of sedimentary iron sulfides. Am J Sei 265:773-785
18. Berner RA (1969) The synthesis of framboidal pyrite. Econ Geol 64:383-393
19. Berson AE, Hudson DV, Waleh NS (1991) Cloning of a sequence of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum that complements the aroD gene oiEscherichia coll. Mol Microbiol 5:2261-2264
20. Berson AE, Peters MR, Waleh NS (1989) Cloning and characterization of the recA gene of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Arch Microbiol 152:567-571
21. Berson AE, Peters MR, Waleh NS (1990) Nucleotide sequence of recA gene of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Nucl Acids Res 18:675
22. Blakemore RP (1975) Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190:377-379
23. Blakemore RP (1982) Magnetotactic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 36:217-238
24. Blakemore RP, Blakemore, NA (1990) Magnetotactic magnetogens. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals. 51-67. Plenum Press, New York
25. Blakemore RP, Frankel RB, Kalmijn AJ (1980) South-seeking magnetotactic bacteria in the southern hemisphere. Nature 236:384-385
26. Blakemore RP, Maratea D, Wolfe RS (1979) Isolation and pure culture of a freshwater magnetic spirillum in chemically defined medium. J Bacteriol 140:720-729
27. Blakemore RP, Short KA, Bazylinski DA, Rosenblatt C, Frankel RB (1985) Microaerobic conditions are required for magnetite formation within Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Gemicrobiol J 4:53-71
28. Bradley JP, Harvey RP, McSween HYJr (1996) Magnetite whiskers and platelets in the ALH84001 martian meteorite: evidence for vapor phase growth. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:5149-5155
29. Burgess JG, Kanaguchi R, Sakaguchi T, Thornhill RH, Matsunaga T (1993) Evolutionary relationships among Magnetospirillum strains inferred from phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. J Bacteriol 175:6689-6694
30. Butler RF, Banerjee SK (1975) Theoretical single-domain grain size range in magnetite and titanomagnetite. J Geophys Res 80:4049-4058
31. Caccavo, FJr., Lonergan DJ, Lovley DR, Davis M, Stolz JF, Mclnerny MJ (1994J Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal reducing microorganism. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3752-3759
32. Canfield DE, Berner RA (1987) Dissolution and pyritization of magnetite in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:645-659
33. Chang S-BR, Kirschvink JL (1989) Magnetofossils, the magnetization of sediments, and the evolution of magnetite biomineralization. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sei 17:169195
34. Chang S-BR, Kirschvink JL, Stolz JF (1987) Biogenic magnetite as a primary remanence carrier in limestone deposits. Phys Earth Planet Inter 46:289-303
35. Coates JD, Lonergan DJ, Lovley DR (1995) Desulfuromonas palmitatis sp. nov., a long-chain fatty acid oxidizing Fe(III) reducer from marine sediments. Arch Microbiol 164:406-413
36. DeLong EF, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA (1993) Multiple evolutionary origins of magnetotaxis in bacteria. Science 259:803-806
37. Diaz Ricci JC, Kirschvink JL (1992) Magnetic domain state and coercivity predictions for biogenic greigite (Fe3S4): a comparison of theory with magnetosome observations. J Geophys Res 97:17309-17315
38. DiChristina TJ, DeLong EF (1993) Design and application of rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for the dissimilatory iron- and manganese-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens. J Bacteriol 59:4152-4160
39. Donaghay PL, Rines HM, Sieburth JM (1992) Simultaneous sampling of fine scale biological, chemical and physical structure in stratified waters. Arch Hydrobiol Beih Ergebn Limnol 36:97-108
40. Dunlop DJ, Özdemir Ö(1997) Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 573 p
41. Eden PA, Schmidt TM, Blakemore RP, Pace NR (1991) Phylogenetic analysis of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum using polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rRNA-specific DNA. Int'l J Syst Bacteriol 41:324-325
42. Fabian K, Kirchner A, Williams W, Heider F, Leibl T, Huber A (1996) Three-dimensional micromagnetic calculations for magnetite using FFT. Geophys J Int'l 124:89-104
43. Fabricus F (1961) Die Strukturen des Rogenpyrits (Kossener Schichten, Rat) als Betrag zum Problem der Vererzten Bakterien. Geol Rundshau 51:647-657
44. Farina M, KacharB, Lins U, BroderickR, DE Barros HL (1994) The observation of large magnetite crystals from magnetotactic bacteria by electron and atomic force microscopy. J Microsc 173:1-8
45. Frankel RB (1984) Magnetic guidance of organisms. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 13:85-103
46. Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Johnson M, Taylor BL (1997) Magneto-aerotaxis in marine, coccoid bacteria. Biophys J 73:994-1000
47. Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (1980) Navigational compass in magnetic bacteria. J Magn Magn Mater 15-18:1562-1564
48. Frankel RB, Blakemore RP, Torres DE Araujo FF, Esquivel DMS. Danon J (1981) Magnetotactic bacteria at the geomagnetic equator. Science 212:1269-1270
49. 4 precipitation in magnetotactic bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 763:147-159
50. Freke AM, Täte D (1961) The formation of magnetic iron sulphide by bacterial reduction of iron solutions. J Biochem Microbiol Technol Eng 3:29-39
51. Gorby Y A, Beveridge TJ, Blakemore RP (1988) Characterization of the bacterial magnetosome membrane. J Bacteriol 170:834-841
52. Gorby YA (1989) Regulation of magnetosome biogenesis by oxygen and nitrogen. 72-88. PhD Thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham
53. Guerinot ML (1994) Microbial iron transport. Annu Rev Microbiol 48:743-772
54. Hanzlik MM, Petersen N, Keller R, Schmidbauer E (1996a) Electron microscopy and Fe Mössbauer spectra of 10 nm particles, intermediate in composition between FejC-4-x-FcjOj, produced by bacteria. Geophys Res Lett 23:479-482
55. Hanzlik MM, Winklhofer M, Petersen N (1996b) Spatial arrangement of chains of magnetosomes in magnetotactic bacteria. Earth Planet Sei Lett 145:125-134
56. Hawthorne TB, McKenzie JA (1993) Biogenic magnetite: authigenesis and diagenesis with changing redox conditions in Lake Greifen, Switzerland. In Assaoui DM, Hurley NF, Lidz BH (eds) Applications of Paleomagnetism to Sedimentary Geology. Soc Sed Geol Spec Publ 49:3-15
57. Hess PP (1994) Evidence for bacterial paleoecological origin of mineral magnetic cycles in oxic and suboxicTasman Sea sediments. Mar Geol 117:1-17
58. Heywood BR, Bazylinski DA, Garratt-Reed AJ, Mann S, Frankel RB (1990) Controlled biosynthesis of greigite (Fe3S4) in magnetotactic bacteria. Naturwiss 77:536-538
59. 4). In Alpert M, Calvert P, Frankel RB, Rieke P. Tirrell D (eds) Materials Synthesis Based on Biological Processes, p 93-108. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
60. Hunt CP, Moskowitz BM, Banerjee SK (1995) Magnetic properties of rocks and minerals. In Ahrens, TJ (ed) Rock Physics and Phase Relations: A Handbook of Physical Constants 3:189-204. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
61. Kalmijn AJ (1981) Biophysics of geomagnetic field detection. IEEE Trans Mag MAG-17:1113-1123
62. Karlin R (1990) Magnetic mineral diagenesis in suboxic sediments at Bettis Site W-N, NE Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 95:4421-4436
63. Karlin R, Lyle M, Heath GR (1987) Authigenic magnetite formation in suboxic marine sediments. Nature 326:490-493
64. Kawaguchi R, Burgess JG, Sakaguchi T, Takeyama H, Thornhill RH, Matsunaga T (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of a novel sulfate-reducing magnetic bacterium, RS-1, demonstrates its membership of the 5-Proteobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 126:277-282
65. Kimble LK, Bazylinski DA (1996) Chemolithoautotrophy in the marine magnetotactic bacterium, strain . MV-1. Abstr 96th Annu Meet Am Soc Microbiol K-174
66. King J, Channell JET (1991) Sedimentary magnetism, environmental magnetism, and magnetostratigraphy. Rev Geophys Suppl:358-370
67. Kirschvink JL (1980) South-seeking magnetic bacteria. J Exp Biol 86:345-347
68. Kirschvink JL, Lowenstam HA (1979) Mineralization and magnetization of chiton teeth: paleomagnetic, sedimentologic, and biologic implications of organic magnetite. Earth Planet Sei Lett 44:193-204
69. Kirschvink JL, Chang S-BR (1984) Ultrafine-grained magnetite in deep-sea sediments: possible bacterial magnetofossils. Geol 12:559-562
70. Kostka JE, Nealson KE (1995) Dissolution and reduction of magnetite by bacteria. Environ Sei Technol 29:2535-2540
71. Leslie BW, Lund SP, Hammond DE (1990) Rock magnetic evidence for dissolution and authigenic growth of magnetic minerals in anoxic marine sediments. J Geophys Res 95:4437-4452
72. Lins U, Solörzano G, Farina M (1994) High volume magnetite crystals from magnetotactic bacteria. Bull Instil Océanograph, Monaco, (no. spécial, 14) 1:95-104.
73. Lins DE Barros HOP, Esquivel DMS (1985) Magnetotactic microorganisms found in muds from Rio DE Janeiro: a general view. In Kirschvink JL, Jones DS, MacFadden BJ (eds) Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms, p 289-309. Plenum Press, New York
74. Lonergan DJ, Jenter HL, Coates JD, Phillips EJP, Schmidt TM, Lovley DR (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. J Bacteriol 178:2402-2408
75. LoveLG, Zimmerman DO (1961) Bedded pyrite and microrganisms from the Mount Isa Shale. Econ Geol 56:873
76. Lovley DR (1987) Organic matter mineralization with the reduction of ferric iron: a review. Geomicrobiol J 5:375-399
77. Lovley DR (1990) Magnetite formation during microbial dissimilatory iron reduction. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals, p 151-166. Plenum Press, New York
78. Lovley DR (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Microbiol Rev 55:259-287
79. Lovley DR, Giovannoni, SJ, White DC, Champine JE, Phillips EJP, Gorby YA, Goodwin S (1993) Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals. Arch Microbiol 159:336-344
80. Lovley DR, Phillips EJP (1988) Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese. AppI Environ Microbiol 54:1472-1480
81. Lovley DR, Phillips EJP, Lonergan DJ (1989) Hydrogen and formate oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron and manganese by Alteromonas putrefaciens. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:700-706
82. Lovley DR, Phillips EJP, Lonergan DJ, Widman PK (1995) Fe(TII) and S° reduction by Pelobacter carbinolicus. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2132-2138
83. Lovley DR, Stolz JF. Nord GLJr., Phillips EJP (1987) Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. Nature 330:252-254
84. Lowenstam HA ( 1981 ) Minerals formed by organisms. Science 211:1126-1131
85. Mäher BA (1990) Inorganic formation of ultrafine-grained magnetite. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals, p 179-192. Plenum Press, New York
86. Mäher BA, Taylor RM (1988) Formation of ultra-fine grained magnetite in soils. Nature 336:368-370
87. Mann S (1986) On the nature of boundary-organised biomineralization. J Inorg Chem 28:363-371
88. Mann S, Frankel RB (1989) Magnetite biomineralization in unicellular organisms. In Manri S, Webb J, Williams RJP (eds) Biomineralization: Chemical and Biochemical Perspectives, p 389-426. VCH Publishers, New York
89. Mann S, Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (1984a) Structure, morphology and crystal growth of bacterial magnetite. Nature 310:405-407
90. Mann S, Moench TT, Williams RJP (1984b) A high resolution electron microscopic investigation of bacterial magnetite. Implications for crystal growth. Proc R Soc London B 221:385-393
91. Mann S, Sparks NHC, Blakemore RP (1987a) infrastructure and characterization of anisotropic inclusions in magnetotactic bacteria. Proc R Soc London B 231:469-476
92. Mann S, Sparks NHC, Blakemore RP (1987b) Structure, morphology and crystal growth of anisotropic magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Proc R Soc London B 231:477-487
93. Mann S, Sparks NHC, Board RG (1990a) Magnetotactic bacteria: microbiology, biomineralization, palaeomagnetism, and biotechnology. Adv Microb Phys 31:125-181
94. Mann S, Sparks NHC, Couling SB, Larcombe MC, Frankel RB (1989) Crystallochemical characterization of magnetic spinels prepared from aqueous solution. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 85:3033-3044
95. Mann S, Sparks NHC, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Jannasch HW (1990b) Biomineralization of femmagnetic greigite (Fe,Oj) and iron pyrite (FeS2) in a magnetotactic bacterium. Nature 343:258-260
96. Maratea D, Blakemore RP (1981) Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum sp. nov., a magnetic spirillum. Int'l J Syst Bacteriol 31:452-455
97. Matsuda T, Endo J, Osakabe N, Tonomua A, Arii T (1983) Morphology and structure of biogenic magnetite particles. Nature 302:411-412
98. Matsunaga T, Nakamura C, Burgess JG, Sode K (1992) Gene transfer in magnetic bacteria: transposon mutagenesis and cloning of genomic DNA fragments required for magnetite synthesis. J Bacteriol 174:2748-2753
99. Matsunaga T, Sakaguchi T, Tadokoro, F. (1991) Magnetite formation by a magnetic bacterium capable of growing aerobically. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35:651-655
100. Matsunaga T, Tsujimura N (1993) Respiratory inhibitors of a magnetic bacterium Magnetospirillum sp. AMB-1 capable of growing aerobically. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39:368-371
101. McKay, DS, Gibson EKJr, Thomas-Keprta KL, Vali H, Romanek CS, Clcmett Si, Chillier XDF, Maechling CR, Zare RN (1996) Search for past life on Mars: possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001. Science 273:924-930
102. McNeill DF (1990) Biogenic magnetite from surface Holocene carbonate sediments, Great Bahama Bank. J Geophys Res 95B:4363-4372
103. Meldrum FC, Heywood BR, Mann S, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA (1993a) Electron microscopy study of magnetosomes in a cultures coccoid magnetotactic bacterium. Proc R Soc London B 251:231 -236
104. Meldrum FC, Heywood BR, Mann S, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA (1993b) Electron microscopy study of magnetosomes in two cultured vibriod magnetotactic bacteria. Proc R Soc London B 251:237-242
105. Merrill RT, Halgedahl SL (1995) Theoretical and experimental studies of magnetic domains. Rev Geophys Supp 137-144
106. Moskowitz BM (1995) Biomineralization of magnetic minerals. Rev Geophys Supp 123-128
107. Moskowitz BM, Frankel RB, Handers PJ, Blakemore RP, Schwanz BB (1988) Magnetic properties of magnetotactic bacteria. J Magn Magn Mater 73:273-288
108. Moskowitz BM, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Jannasch HW, Lovley DR (1989) A comparison of magnetite particles produced anaerobically by magnetotactic and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Geophys Res Lett 16:665-668
109. Moskowitz BM, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA (1993) Rock magnetic criteria for the detection of biogeni magnetite. Earth Planet Sei Lett 120:283-300
110. Moskowitz BM, Frankel RB, Wallon SA, Dickson DPE, Wong KKW, Douglas T, Mann S (1997) Determination of the pre-exponential frequency factor for supcrparamagnetic maghemite particles in magnetoferritin. J Geophys Res in press
111. Myers CR Nealson KH (1988) Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor. Science 240:1319-1321
112. Myers CR, Nealson KH (1990) Iron mineralization by bacteria: metabolic coupling of iron reduction to cell metabolism in Alteromonas putrefaciens MR-1. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron . Biominerals. 131-149. Plenum Press, New York
113. Nakamura C, Burgess JG. Sode K, Matsunaga T (1995) An iron-regulated gene, magA, encoding an iron transport protein of Magnetospirillum AMB-1. J Biol Chem 270:28392-28396
114. Nakamura C, Sakaguchi T, Kudo S, Burgess JO, Sode K, Matsunaga T (1993) Characterization of iron uptake in the magnetic bacterium Aquaspirillum sp. AMB-1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 39/40:169-176
115. Neilands JB (1984) Abrief history of iron metabolism. Biol Metals 4:1-6
116. Okuda Y, Denda K, Fukumori Y (1996) Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a new member of the tetratricopeptide protein family from magnetosomes of Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. Gene 171:99-102
117. Oldfield F (1992) The source of fine-grained magnetite in sediments. Holocene 2:180-182
118. Oldfield F (1994) Toward the discrimination of fine grained ferrimagnets by magnetic measurements in lake and near-shore marine sediments. J Geophys Res 99:9045-9050
119. Özdemir Ö, Dunlop DJ, Moskowitz BM (1993) The effect of oxidation on the Verwey transition in magnetite. Geophys Res Lett 20:1671-1674
120. Özdemir, Ö, Xu S, Dunlop DJ (1995) Closure domains in magnetite. J Geophys Res 100:2193-2209
121. Paoletti LC, Blakemore RP (1986) Hydroxamate production by Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. J Bacteriol 167:73-76
122. Peck JA, King JW (1996) Magnetofossils in the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia. Earth Plant Sei Lett 140:159-172
123. Penninga I, deWaard H, Moskowitz BM, Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB (1995) Remanence curves for individual magnetotactic bacteria using a pulsed magnetic field. J Magn Magn Mater 149:279-286
124. Petermann.H, Bleil U (1993) Detection of live magnetotactic bacteria in South Atlantic deep-sea sediments. Earth Planet Sei Lett 117:223-228
125. Petersen N, von Dobeneck T.Vali H (1986) Fossil bacterial magnetite in deep-sea sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean. Nature 320:611-615
126. Petersen N, Weiss DG, Vali H (1989) Magnetic bacteria in lake sediments. In Lowes FJ et al. (eds) Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. 231 -241. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands
127. Pokhil TG, Moskowitz BM (1997) Magnetic domains and domain walls in pseudo-single-domain magnetite studied with magnetic force microscopy. J Geophys Res in press
128. Proksch R, Moskowitz BM, Dahlberg ED, Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB (1995). Magnetic force microscopy of the submicron magnetic assembly in a magnetotactic bacterium. Appl Phys Lett 66:2582-2584
129. Reynolds RL, Tuttle ML, Rice CA, Fishman NS, Karachewski JA, Sherman DM (1994) Magnetization and geochemistry of greigite-bearing cretaceous strata, north slope basin, Alaska. Am J Sei 294:485-538
130. Rickard DT (1969a) The microbiological formation of iron Sulfides. Stockholm Contrib Geol 20:50-66
131. Rickard DT (1969b) The chemistry of iron sulfide formation at low temperatures. Stockholm Contrib Geol 20:67-95
132. Roberts, AP (1995) Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4). Earth Planet Sei Lett 134:227-236
133. Roberts AP, Turner GM (1993) Diagenetic formation of femmagnetic iron sulfide minerals in rapidly deposited marine sediments, South Island. New Zealand. Earth Planet Sei Lett 115:257-273
134. Röchelte P, Fillon G, Mattéi J-L, Dckkers MJ (1990) Magnetic transition at 30-34 Kelvin in pyrrhotite: insight into a widespread occurrence of this mineral in rocks. Earth Planet Sei Lett 98:319-328
135. Roden EE, Lovley DR (1993) Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction by the marine microorganism Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:734-742
136. Rogers FG, Blakemore RP, Blakemore NA, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Maratea D, Rogers C (1990a) Intercellular structure in a many-celled magnetotactic procaryote. Arch Microbiol 154:18-22
137. Rogers FG, Blakemore RP, Blakemore NA, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Maratea D, Rogers C (1990b) Intercellular junctions, motility and magnetosome structure in a multicellular magnetotactic procaryote. In Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals. 239-255. Plenum Press, New York
138. Rossello-Mora RA, Caccavo FJr., Osterlehner K, Springer N, Spring S, Schüler D, Ludwig W, Amann R, Vannacanneyt M, Schleifer K-H (1994) Isolation and taxonomic characterization of a halotolerant, facultative anaerobic iron-reducing bacterium. Syst Appl Microbiol 17:569-573
139. Sakaguchi T, Burgess JG, Matsunaga T (1993) Magnetite formation by a sulphate-reducing bacterium Nature 365:47-49
140. Schleifer K-H, Schüler D, Spring S, Weizenegger M, Amann R, Ludwig W, Kohler M (1991) The genus Magnetospirillum gen. nov., description of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense sp. nov. and transfer of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum to Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum comb. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 14:379-385
141. Schüler D, Baeuerlein E (1996) Iron-limited growth and kinetics of iron uptake in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense. Arch Microbiol 166:301-307
142. Schwartz M, Lund SP, Hammond DE, Schwanz R, Wong K (1997) Early sediment diagenesis on the Blake/Bahama Outer Ridge, North Atlantic Ocean, and its effects on sediment magnetism. J Geophys Res 102:7903-7914
143. Snowball IF (1991) Magnetic hysteresis properties of greigite (Fe-4S,) and a new occurrence in Holocene sediments from Swedish Lappland. Phys Earth Planet Inter 68:32-40
144. Snowball IF (1994) Bacterial magnetite and the magnetic properties of sediments in a Swedish lake. Earth Planet Sei Lett 126:129-142
145. Sparks NHC, Mann S, Bazylinski DA, Lovley DR, Jannasch HW, Frankel RB (1990) Structure and morphology of magnetite anaerobically-produced by a marine magnetotactic bacterium and a dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium. Earth Planet Sei Lett 98:14-22
146. Spring S, Amann R, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H, Petersen N (1992) Phylogenetic diversity and identification of non-culturable magnetotactic bacteria. Syst. Appl Microbiol 15:116-122
147. Spring S, Amann R, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H, van Gemerden H, Petersen N (1993) Dominating role of an unusual magnetotactic bacterium in the microaerobic zone of a freshwater sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2397-2403
148. Steinberger B, Petersen N, Petermann H, Weiss D (1994) Movement of magnetic bacteria in time-varying magnetic fields. J Fluid Mech 273:189-211
149. Stolz JF, Chang S-BR, Kirschvink JL (1986) Magnetotactic bacteria and singledomain magnetite in hemipelagic sediments. Nature 321:849-850
150. Tamegai H, Fukumori Y (1994) Purification, and some molecular and enzymatic features of a novel cettype cytochrome c oxidase from a microaerobic denitrifier, Magnetospirillim magnetotacticum. FEES Lett 347:22-26
151. Tamegai H, Yamanaka T, Fukumori Y (1993) Purification and properties of a cytochrome a,-like hemoprotein from a magnetotactic bacterium, Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1158:237-243
152. Tarduno JA (1995) Superparamagnetism and reduction diagenesis in pelagic sediments: enhancement or depletion. Geophys Res Lett 22:1337-1340
153. Tarduno JA, Wilkison SL (1996). Non-steady state magnetic mineral reduction, chemical lock-in, and delayed remanence acquisition in pelagic sediments. Earth Planet Sei Lett 144:315-326
154. Thompson R, Oldfield F (1986) Environmental Magnetism. Alien and Unwin, London, 227 p
155. Thornhill RH., Burgess JG, Sakaguchi T, Matsunaga T (1994) A morphological classification of bacteria containing bullet-shaped magnetic particles. FEMS Microbiol Lett 115:169-176
156. Torii M, Fukuma K, Houng C-S, Less T-Q (1996) Magnetic discrimination of pyrrhotite- and greigitebearing sediment samples. Geophys Res Lett 23:1813-1817
157. Towe KM, Moench TT ( 1981 ) Electron-optical characterization of bacterial magnetite. Earth Planet Sei Lett 52:213-220
158. Vali H, Forster O, Amarantidis G, Petersen N (1987) Magnetotactic bacteria and their magnetofossils in sediments. Earth Planet Sei Lett 86:389-400
159. Vali H, Kirschvink JL (1989) Magnetofossil dissolution in a paleomagnetically unstable deep-sea sediment. Nature 339:203-206
160. Vali H, Kirschvink JL (1990) Observations of magnetosome organization, surface structure, and iron biomineralization of undescribed magnetic bacteria: evolutionary speculations. In: Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron Biominerals, p 97-115. Plenum Press, New York
161. Wakeham SG, Howes BL, Dacey JWH (1984) Dimethyl sulphide in a stratified coastal salt pond. Nature 310:770-772
162. Wakeham SO, Howes BL. Dacey JWH, Schwarzenbach RP, Zeyer J (1987) Biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide in a seasonally stratified coastal salt pond. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:1675-1684
163. Waleh NS (1988) Functional expression of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum genes in Escherichia coli K12. Mol Gen Genet 214:592-594
164. Williams W, Dunlop DJ (1989) Three dimensional micromagnetic modelling of ferromagnetic domain structure. Nature 337:634-637
165. Woese CR (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221-271
166. Yamazaki T, Oyanagi H, Fujiwara T, Fukumori Y (1995) Nitrite reductase from the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum; a novel cytochrome cdl with Fe(II):nitrite oxidoreductase activity. Eur J Biochem 233:665-671
167. Zavarzin GA, Stackebrandt E, Murray RGE (1991) A correlation of phylogenetic diversity in the Proteobacteria with the influences of ecological forces. Can J Microbiol 37:1-6