Behaviorally-based disorders: The historical social construction of youths' most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses

History of Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 437-460

  Mallett, Christopher A ^a  

^a CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behaviorally based; Diagnosis; History; Mental health; Nosology; Psychiatry; Social construction; Youth

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; CLASSIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HISTORY; HUMAN; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33750744412     PISSN: 0957154X     EISSN: 17402360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X06063760     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Achenbach, T. and Edelbrock, C. (1978) The classification of child psychopathology: a review and analysis of empirical efforts. Psychological Bulletin, 85(6), 1275-301.
2. Ackerman, N. W. (1953) (Chapter 3). In P. M. Hoch and J. Zubin (eds), Current Problems in Psychiatric Diagnosis (New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc.), 87-104.
3. Ackerson, L. (1932) Children's Behavior Problems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Behavior Research Fund Monograph).
4. Ackerson, L. (1942) Children's Behavior Problems, 2nd edn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Behavior Research Fund Monograph).
5. APA (1952, 1968, 1980, 1987, 1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-I, -II, -III, -III-R, -IV (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).
6. APA (1991) Work in Progress: DSM-IV Options Book (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).
7. APA (1993) DSM-IV Draft Criteria (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).
8. Atkins, D., Pumariega, A., Rogers, K., Montgomery, L., Nybro, C., Jeffers, G. and Sease, F. (1999) Mental health and incarcerated youth. I: Prevalence and nature of psychopathology. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8(2), 193-204.
9. Barzun, J. and Graff, H. (1987) The Modern Researcher (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).
10. Beller, E. K. (1962) Clinical Process: A New Approach to the Organization and Assessment of Clinical Data (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press).
11. Berndt, D., Ellmer, R.M., Toprac, M.G., Rouse, L.W., Mason, M. and MacCabe, N. (1995) Mental health service utilization by clusters of children with serious emotional disturbance. In K. Kutash and C. Liberton (eds), Seventh Annual Research Conference Proceedings, a System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base (Tampa: University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute), 3-8.
12. Berrios, G. (1996) The History of Mental Symptoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
13. Bird, H. R. (1990) Impairment in the epidemiological measurement of childhood psychopathology in the community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 796-803.
14. Bird, H. R. (1992) Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 78-85.
15. Brown, Potter, Pollack, and Cohen Classification System (New York: New York State Hospital Association, 1937).
16. Buckner, J. C. and Bassuk, E. L. (1997) Mental disorders and service utilization among youths from homeless and low-income housed families. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 890-900.
17. Bukstein, O. B., Brent, D. A. and Kaminer, Y. (1989) Comorbidity of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1131-41.
18. Burt, G. (1937) Study of Troubled Children (New York: Columbia University Institute Press).
19. Cameron, K. (1955) Diagnostic categories in child psychiatry. British Journal of Medicine and Psychology, 28, 67-71.
20. Cantwell, D. (1979) A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders (IV). Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1227-32.
21. Caplan, P. (1995) They Say You're Crazy (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley).
22. Carr, E. H. (1961) What is History? (London: MacMillan).
23. Chapman, J. C. and Counts, G. S. (1924) Principles of Secondary Education (Houghton Mifflin: Boston Publishing).
24. Chess, S. (1959) An Introduction to Child Psychiatry (New York: Grune and Stratton).
25. Church, R. (1976) Education in the United States: An Interpretive History (New York: The Free Press).
26. Cohen, P. (1993) An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence -1. Age and gender specific prevalence. II [with Cohen, J. and Brook, J.]. Persistence of disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 869-77.
27. Cooper, R. (2004) What is wrong with the DSM? History of Psychiatry, 15(1), 5-25.
28. Costello, E. (1985) Validity of the NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children: a comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals. Journal of Abnormal and Child Psychology, 13(4), 579-95.
29. Costello, E., Angold, A., Burns, J. G., Stangl, D. K., Tweed, D. L. Erkanli, A. and Worthman, C. M. (1996) The Great Smoky Mountains study of youth: goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1129-36.
30. Davis, D. L., Bean., G. J., Schumacher, J. E. and Stringer, T. L. (1991) Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 9, 1-13.
31. Davoli, C. R. and Stock, H. (1982) Report of the Task Force on the Mentally Ill Adolescent Offender (Lansing, MI: Departments of Management and Budget, Mental Health, and Social Services).
32. DeMilio, L. (1989) Psychiatric syndromes in adolescent substance abusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 146(10), 1212-14.
33. Diagnostic Classification in Child Psychiatry (APA Report #18) (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1964).
34. Dreger, R. (1964) Behavioral classification project. Journal of Consulting Psychology., 28(1), 1-13.
35. Dumont, M. (1984) The nonspecificity of mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 4(2), 325-34.
36. Faraone, S. V. (1991) Separation of DSM-III attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: evidence from a family genetic study of American child psychiatry patients. Psychological Medicine, 21 (4), 109-21.
37. Fleck, L. (1935) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press).
38. Frances, A. (1990) DSM-IV: work in progress. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1439-48.
39. Frank, R. and Manning, W. (1992) Economics and Mental Health (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
40. Freud, S. (1905) Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 7, ed. and trans. by J. Strachey et al. (London: Hogarth Press, 1924-1934), 130-243.
41. Frick, P. (1994) DSM-IV field trials for disruptive behavior disorders: symptom utility estimates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 529-39.
42. GAP, Committee on Child Psychiatry (1957) The Diagnostic Process in Child Psychiatry (Report #38) (New York: APA Press).
43. GAP (1966) Psychopathological Disorders in Childhood: Theoretical Considerations and Proposed Classification (Report #62) (New York: APA Press).
44. GAP (1973) From Diagnosis to Treatment: An Approach to Treatment Planning for the Emotionally Disturbed Child. Report #87 (New York: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Publications Office).
45. Garland, A., Hough, R. L., McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Wood, P. and Aarons, G. A. (2001) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 409-26.
46. Greenbaum, P., Prange, M., Friedman, R. and Starr, S. (1991) Substance abuse prevalence and comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders among adolescents with severe emotional disturbances. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(4), 575-83.
47. Grob, G. (1994) The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America's Mentally Ill (New York: The Free Press).
48. Halikas, J. A., Meller, J., Morse, C. and Lyttle, M. D. (1990) Predicting substance abuse in juvenile offenders: attention deficit disorder vs. aggressivity. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 21, 49-55.
49. Hall, G. (1893) The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School (New York: Kellogg).
50. Hall, G. (1904) Adolescence, its Psychology (New York: D. Appleton and Co.).
51. Hall, R. (1948) Patterns of Abnormal Behavior (New York: Allyn & Bacon).
52. Harrington, R. (1991) Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. II: Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 434-9.
53. Hewitt, E. and Jenkins, R. (1946) Fundamental Patterns of Maladjustment - The Dynamics of their Origin (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press).
54. Hollander, H. E. and Turner, F. D. (1985) Characteristics of incarcerated delinquents: relationships between development disorders, environmental and family factors, and patterns of offense and recidivism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 221-6.
55. Hutt, M. L. and Gibby, R. (1957) Patterns of Abnormal Behavior (Boston: Allyn and Bacon).
56. Jenkins, R. (1964) The varieties of children's behavioral problems and family dynamics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124(10), 1440-5.
57. Jenkins, R. and Hewitt, L. (1944) Types of personality structure encountered in child guidance clinics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 14(1), 84-94.
58. Jenson, R. A. (1959) Child psychiatry. In I. McQuarrie (ed.), Brenneman's Practice of Pediatrics (Hagerston, MD: W. F. Prior).
59. Kanner, L. (1935) Child Psychiatry (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas).
60. Kashani, J. H. (1987) Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(5), 584-9.
61. Kett, J. F. (1977) Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (New York: Basic Books).
62. Kirk, S. A. and Kutchins, H. (1986) The reliability of DSM-III: a critical review. Social Work, 23, 3-11.
63. Kirk, S. A. and Kutchins, H. (1992) The Selling of the DSM (New York: Aldine De Gruyter Press).
64. Krathwohl, D. (1992) Methods of Educational and Social Science Research (New York: Longman, Inc.).
65. Lahey, B. (1990) Comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses for prepubertal children: changes in prevalence and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 620-6.
66. Lahey, B. (1994) DSM-IV field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1163-71.
67. Lahey, B., Loeber, R. and Quay, H. C. (1992) Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: issues to be resolved for DSM-IV. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 539-46.
68. Lahey, B., McBurnett, K. and Loeber, R. (1994) Psychobiology of conduct disorder. In G. P. Sholevar (ed.), Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Interventions (Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press), 324.
69. Loeber, R. (1988) Natural histories of conduct problems, delinquency and associated substance abuse: Evidence for developmental progressions. In B. Lahey and A. Kazdin (eds), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, Vol. 11 (New York: Plenum Press).
70. Loeber, R. (1990) Mental health professional's perception of the utility of children, mothers, and teachers as informants on childhood psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(2), 136-43.
71. Loeber, R. (1993) Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(4), 377-410.
72. Loeber, R., Lahey, B. and Thomas, C. (1991) Diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 379-90.
73. Logie, H. B. (1933) Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease (Brattleboro, VT: E. L. Hildreth and Co.).
74. Malinowski, B. (1954) Magic, Science and Religion (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books).
75. Marsteller, F., Brogan, D. and Smith, I. (1997) The prevalence of substance use disorders among juveniles admitted to regional youth detention centers operated by the Georgia Department of Children and Youth Services. Council on Substance Abuse Treatment, Final Report to the Governor (unpublished)
76. Mattison, R. (1979) A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders: II. Interrater agreement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1217-22.
77. McCarthy, T. (1978) The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas (Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press).
78. McGarvey, E. and Waite, D. (2000) Mental Health Needs among Adolescents Committed to the Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved 1 Oct. 2004 from Virginia Department of Criminal Justice website: http://www.ilppp.virginia. edu/Publications_and_Reports/MNHeedsAdol.html.
79. McManus, M., Alessi, N. E., Grapentine, W. L. and Brickman, A. S. (1984) Psychiatric disturbance in serious delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 602-15.
80. McPherson, P. (1991) Unpublished data, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University.
81. Mechanic, D. (1999) Mental Health and Social Policy: The Emergence of Managed Care, 4th edn (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon).
82. Mednick, S. and Christiansen, K. (1977) Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior (New York: Gardner Press, Inc.).
83. Milin, R., Halika, J. A., Meller, J. E. and Morse, C. (1991) Psychopathology among substance abusing juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 569-74.
84. NCFCJ (2004) Tennessee's Youth in Juvenile Justice Facilities: Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Developmental Disability Issues. Retrieved 20 Sept. 2004 from: http://www.state.tn.us/mental/cj/jjmhreport061104.pdf.
85. Neubauer, J. (1992) The Fin-de-siècle Culture of Adolescence (New Haven: Yale University Press).
86. New York Medico-Legal Society (1886) International Committee on International Statistics of the Insane and Classification of Mental Diseases (New York: New York Medico-Legal Society).
87. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (August, 2004) Assessing the mental health status of youth in juvenile justice settings. Retrieved 30 Sept. 2004) from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ojjdp.
88. Pacella Classification System. (Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1948).
89. Pearson Nosology (Oxford: Oxford University Research System, 1920).
90. Pearson, G. H. (1949) Emotional Disorders of Children (New York: W. W. Norton, Inc.).
91. Perry, S., Francis, A. and Clarkin, J. (1990) A DSM-IIIR Casebook of Treatment Selection (New York: Brunner/Mazel).
92. Platt, A. (1969) The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago: Chicago University Press).
93. Plunkett, R. and Hayden, A. (1952) Standard Nomenclature of Disease and Operations, 4th edn (New York: The Blakiston Company).
94. Policy Design Team (1994) Mental Health Needs of Youth in Virginia's Juvenile Detention Centers (Richmond, VA: Department of Criminal Justice Services).
95. Poster, M. (1989) Critical Theory and Poststructuralism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
96. Pottick, K., Warner, L., Isaacs, M., Henderson, M., Milazzo-Sayre, C. and Manderscheid, R. (2002) Children and adolescents admitted to specialty mental health care programs in the United States, 1986 and 1997. In R. W. Manderscheid and M. A. Sondheimer (eds), Mental Health, United States, 2002 (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), Chapter 20.
97. Quay, H. (1986) Dimensions of personality in delinquent boys as inferred from the factor analysis of case history data. Child Development, 35, 479-84.
98. Reeves, R. (1987) Attention deficit, conduct, oppositional, and anxiety disorders in children: II. Clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(2), 144-55.
99. Restivo, S. and Loughlin, J. (1987) Critical sociology of science and scientific validity. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization. March, 8(3), 486-508.
100. Rey, J. (1988) Oppositional disorder: fact or fiction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(2), 157-62.
101. Robins, L. (1966) Defiant Children Grown Up (Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company).
102. Robins, L. (1978) Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611-22.
103. Robins, L. and Price, R. K. (1991) Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: results from the NIMH epidemiologic catchment area project. Psychiatry, 54, 116-33.
104. Rose, J. A. (1958) The emotional problems of children. In Psychiatry for the General Practitioner (Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Mental Health Educational Unit of Smith, Kline and French Laboratories).
105. Rosenblatt, A. (1992) Integrating systems of care in California for youth with severe emotional disturbance. I: A descriptive overview of the California AB377 evaluation project. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1(1), 93-113.
106. Rubin, A. and Babbie, E. (2000) Research Methods for Social Work (New York: Brooks/Cole Publishing).
107. Russell, A. (1979) A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders (III). Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1223-6.
108. Rutter, M. (1969) A tri-axial classification of mental disorders in childhood, an international study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 41-61.
109. Rutter, M. and Shaffer, D. (1980) DSM-III: a step forward or back in terms of the classification of child psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 371-94.
110. Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. and Shephard, M. (1973) An evaluation of the proposal for a multiaxial classification of child psychiatric disorders. Psychological Medicine, 3, 244-50.
111. Selbach, H. (1960) Cited by: E. Stengel (1964) Classification of mental disorders. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 21, 601-33.
112. Setterbert, S. (1992) Parent and Interview Version of the Children's Global Assessment Scale (New York: Columbia University).
113. Shaffer, D. (1989) Child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in DSM-IV: issues facing the work group. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 830-5.
114. Shaffer, D. (1992) NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version 2.3 (New York: Columbia University).
115. Shaffer, D. (1996) The NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 865-77.
116. Shelton, D. (1998) Estimates of emotional disorder in detained and committed youth in the Maryland juvenile justice system. Unpublished report to the Maryland Juvenile Justice Advisory Council.
117. Silver, S. E., Duchnowski, A. J., Kutash, K., Friedman, R. M., Eisen, M., Prange, M. E., et al. (1992) A comparison of children with serious emotional disturbance served in residential and school settings. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 43-59.
118. Spitzer, R. and Cantwell, D. (1980) The DSM-III classification of the psychiatric disorders of infancy, childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 356-70.
119. Spitzer, R., Davies, M. and Barkley, R. (1990) The DSM-III-R field trials of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5), 690-7.
120. Spitzer, R., First, M., Gibbon, M., Skodol, A. and Williams, J. (1989) DSM-III Casebook (Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press).
121. Spitzer, R., Williams, J. and Skodol, A. (1983) International Perspectives on DSM-III (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press).
122. Standard Classified Nomenclature of Diseases and Pathological Conditions, Injuries, and Poisonings for the United States, 3rd, 4th edns (Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1950, 1956).
123. Standard Nomenclature of Diseases, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th edns (Boston, MA: Northeast Hospital Consortium, 1933-1961).
124. Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane (Chicago, IL: Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, 1917).
125. Stowell, R. J. A. and Estroff, T. W. (1992) Psychiatric disorders in substance-abusing adolescent inpatients: a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1036-40.
126. Sturge, C., Shaffer, D. and Rutter, M. (1977) The reliability of diagnostic categories for child psychiatric disorders in ICD-9. Paper read at the Royal College of Psychiatrists Section of Child Psychiatry Meeting, Stirling, Scotland, 1976.
127. Szasz, T. (1994) Mental illness is still a myth. Society, (May/June), 34-9.
128. Teplin, L. A., Abram, K., McClelland, G., Dulcan, M. and Mericle, A. (2002) Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1133-43.
129. Timmons-Mitchell, J., Brown, C., Schulz, C., Webster, S., Underwood, L. and Semple, W. (1997) Comparing the mental health needs of female and male incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 15, 195-202.
130. U.S. Census Bureau (1910) Standard Nomenclature of Diseases and Pathological Conditions, Injuries, and Poisonings for the United States (Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau).
131. U.S. Census Bureau (1918-1942) The Statistical Manual for the Use of Hospitals for Mental Diseases, 10 editions (Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office).
132. van Praag, H. M. (1993) "Make-believes" in Psychiatry (New York: Brunner/Mazel).
133. Velez, C., Johnson, J. and Cohen, P. (1989) A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors for childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(6), 861-4.
134. Waldman, I. and Lahey, B. (1994) Design of the DSM-IV disruptive behavior disorder field trials. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 3(2), 195-208.
135. Walker, J. L., Lahey, B. and Russo, M. (1991) Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children. I: Relations to social impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187-91.
136. Werry, J. (1983) The interrater reliability of DSM-III in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11(3), 341-54.
137. WHO [World Health Organization] (1957, 1965) Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (New York: United Nations).
138. Widiger, T. (1990) DSM-IV literature reviews: rationale, process and limitations. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 12(3), 189-201.
139. Widiger, T., Francis, A., Pincus, H., et al. (1992, 1994, 1996) DSM-IV Sourcebooks, Vols 1, 2, 3 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association).
140. Widiger, T., Francis, A., Pincus, H., et al. (1997) DSM-IV Sourcebook, Vols 4 & 5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press).
141. Zinn, H. (1970) The Politics of History (Boston: Beacon Press).