Studies on phenol-formaldehyde gel formation at a high temperature and at different PH

Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering

Volumn 84, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 328-337

  Banerjee, Ranjan ^a   Patil, Kiran ^b   Khilar, Kartic C ^b  

^a Mahatma Gandhi Mission Charitable Trust   (India)

^b INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY   (India)

Author keywords

Gelation; Gelling zone; High temperature gelling; Methylolation; Phenol formaldehyde monomer system

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); FORMALDEHYDE; GELATION; HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS; PH EFFECTS; PHENOLS;

GELLING ZONES; HIGH TEMPERATURE GELLING; METHYLOLATION;

GELS;

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); FORMALDEHYDE; GELATION; GELS; HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS; PH EFFECTS; PHENOLS;

EID: 33750736397     PISSN: 00084034     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450840309     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Aldersley, J. W. and P. Hope, "A Study of the Methylolation of Phenol using Gel Permeation Chromatography," Die Angewandte Macromol. Chem. 24, 1387-153 (1972).
2. Bain, D. R. and J. D. Wagner, "Molecular Weight Distribution of Phenol Formaldehyde Resoles by High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography," Polymer 25 March, 403-404 (1984).
3. Billmeyer, F. W. (Jr.), "Textbook of Polymer Science", 2nd edition, Willey-Inter-Science, a division of John Wiley and Sons Inc., NY (1971), pp. 468-470.
4. Dalrymple, E. D., L. Eoff, B. R. Reddy and C. W. Botermans, "Relative Permeability Modifiers for Improved Oil Recovery: A Literature Review," in "Proc. 11th Int. Oil Field Chemical Symp.," Fagernes, Norway, March 2000, pp. 21-31.
5. DeRossi, D., K. Kajiwara, Y. Osada and A. Tamauchi, "Polymer Gels New York," Plenum Pub. Corp. (1991).
6. Eapen, K. C. and L. M. Yeddanapalli, "Kinetics and Mechanism of the Alkali-Catalyzed Addition of Formaldehyde to Phenol and Substituted Phenols," Macromol. Chem. 119, 4-16 (1968).
7. Freeman, J. and C. W. Lewis, (Jr.), "Alkaline-Catalyzed Reaction of Formaldehyde and the Methylols of Phenols: A Kinetic Study," J. Amer. Chem. Soc.76, 2080-2087 (1954).
8. Higuchi, M., S. Nohno and M. Morita, "Kinetics of the Base-Catalyzed Methylation of Phenol," in "Inter. Contribution of Wood Adhesion Research," A. W. Christiansen and L. A. Pilato, Eds., Forest Product Society, Madison, WI (1999), pp. 101-107.
9. Jones, T. T., "Some Preliminary Investigations of the Phenol Formaldehyde Reaction," J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 65, 264-275 (1946).
10. Kakiuchi, H. and T. Otsu, "Chem. High Polymers", Japan 9, 305-315 (1952).
11. Kentzen, W. A., "Phenolic Resins," in "Encycl. Polymer Sc. Techno.," Herman F. Mark, Norman G. Gaylord and Norbert M. Becales, Eds., Vol. 10, Interscience Division, John Wiley and Sons, NY (1969), pp. 1-73.
12. Martin, R. W., "The Chemistry of Phenolic Resins," John Willey and Sons, NY (1956).
13. Minami, T. and T. Ando, "Kinetic Study of Reactions of Formaldehyde with Phenol and Phenol Alcohols in the Presence of Sodium Hydroxide Catalyst," J. Chem. Soc. Japan 59, 668-672 (1956).
14. Osada, Y. and K. Kajiwara, "Gels HandBook," Academic Press, London (2001), pp. 109, 141.
15. Peer, H. G., "The Reaction of Phenol with Formaldehyde II. The Ratio of the Para Hydroxy-methyl-phenol in the Base Catalyzed Hydroxy-methylolation of Phenol," Rec. Trav. Chim., 631-643 and 851-863 (1959).
16. Silva, R. F. and W. L. Vasconcelos, "Influence of Processing Variables on the Pore Structure of Silica Gels Obtained with Tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate," Mat. Res. 2(3) July, 197-200 (1999).
17. Sydansk, R. D., "A Newly Developed Chromium (III) Gel Technology," Society of Petroleum Engineering Jr., Reservoir Eng. 5(3) August, 346-352 (1990).
18. Wu, L, "Overview on Technically for Profile Control/Water Shut-Off of High Water Cut Well," Petroleum R&D Research Institute, Naning Branch, China, Xinan Shiyou Xueyuan Xuebao 24(3), 58-60 (2002).
19. Wu, D., R. Fu, Z. Sun and Z. Yu, "Low-Density Organic and Carbon Aerogels from the Sol-Gel Polymerization of Phenol with Formaldehyde," J. Non Cryst. Solids 351, 915-921 (2005).
20. Yamauchi, A., "Definition and Classification of Gel," Gels HandBook Vol. 1, Yoshihito Osada and Kanji Kajiwara, Eds., Academic Press, London (2001), pp. 7-10.
21. Yeddanapalli, L. M. and V. V. Gopalakrishna, "Alkali Catalyzed Phenol Formaldehyde Reaction - Part I. Formation of Mono-Methylol Phenols," Macromol. Chem. 32, 112-138 (1959).
22. Zavitsas, A. A., "Formaldehyde Equilibria: Their Effect on the Kinetics of the Reaction with Phenol," J. Polymer Sci. 6, 2533-2540 (1968).
23. Zavitsas, A. A. and R. D. Beaulian, "Division Org. Coatings and Plastics Reprints," ACS 27(1), 100-113 (1967).
24. Zavitsas, A. A., "Division Org. Coatings and Plastics Reprints," ACS 26(1), 93-109 (1966).