Therapeutic bronchoscopy with immediate effect: Laser, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation and stents

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1258-1271

  Bolliger, C T ^a   Sutedja, T G ^b   Strausz, J ^c   Freitag, L ^c  

^a STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c LUNGENKLINIK HEMER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Argon plasma coagulation; Electrocautery; Interventional pulmonology; Laser resection; Stent

Indexed keywords

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION; ARTICLE; BRACHYTHERAPY; BRONCHOSCOPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER SIZE; CANCER SURGERY; CAUTERIZATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CRYOTHERAPY; EARLY CANCER; HUMAN; LASER SURGERY; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SMOKING; STENT; SURGICAL RISK; CANCER STAGING; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTROCOAGULATION; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; LASER COAGULATION; LUNG TUMOR; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; TRACHEA; TRACHEA STENOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ELECTROCOAGULATION; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; LASER COAGULATION; LASER SURGERY; LUNG NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PALLIATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; STENTS; TRACHEA; TRACHEAL STENOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33750693380     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00013906     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1999; 49: 33-64.
2. Dumon JF, Shapshay S, Bourcereau J, et al. Principles for safety in application of neodymium-YAG laser in bronchology. Chest 1984; 86: 163-168.
3. Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis IF, et al. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 356-373.
4. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 615-622.
5. Endo C, Sagawa M, Sato M, et al. What kind of hilar lung cancer can be a candidate for segmentectomy with curative intent? Retrospective clinicopathological study of completely resected roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 1998; 21: 93-99.
6. Suzuki K. Thoracic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Japan. www.ncc.go.jp/en/ncch/annrep/2002/thoracic_surgery.html. Date last updated: February 22, 2006. Date last accessed: March 22, 2006.
7. Woolner LB, Fontana RS, Cortese DA, et al. Roentgenographically occult lung cancer: pathologic findings and frequency of multicentricity during a 10-year period. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: 453-466.
8. Cortese DA, Edell ES, Kinsey JH. Photodynamic therapy for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 595-602.
9. Pasic A, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. What is early lung cancer? A review of the literature. Lung Cancer 2004; 45: 267-277.
10. Lam S, MacAulay C, Hung J, LeRiche J, Profio AE, Palcic B. Detection of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ with a lung imaging fluorescence endoscope device. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 1035-1040.
11. Venmans BJ, van Boxem TJ, Smit EF, Postmus. PE, Sutedja G. Outcome of bronchial carcinoma in situ. Chest 2000; 117: 1572-1576.
12. Herder GJ, Breuer RH, Comans EF, et al. Positron emission tomography scans can detect radiographically occult lung cancer in the central airways. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 4271-4272.
13. Sutedja G, Codrington H, Risse EK, et al. Autofluorescence bronchoscopy improves staging of radiographically occult lung cancer and has an impact on therapeutic strategy. Chest 2001; 120: 1327-1332.
14. Miyazu Y, Miyazawa T, Kurimoto N, Iwamoto Y, Kanoh K, Kohno N. Endobronchial ultrasonography in the assessment of centrally located early-stage lung cancer before photodynamic therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 832-837.
15. Fujimura S, Sakurada A, Sagawa M, et al. A therapeutic approach to roentgenographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 2000; 80: 2445-2448.
16. Hayata Y, Kato H, Furuse K, Kusunoki Y, Suzuki S, Mimura S. Photodynamic therapy of 169 early stage cancers of the lung and oesophagus: a Japanese multicentre study. Laser Med Sci 1996; 11: 255-259.
17. van Boxem TJ, Venmans BJ, Schramel FM, et al. Radiographically occult lung cancer treated with fibreoptic bronchoscopic electrocautery: a pilot study of a simple and inexpensive technique. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 169-172.
18. Sutedja TG, van Boxem AJ, Postmus PE. The curative potential of intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2001; 2: 264-270.
19. Kato H, Konaka C, Ono J. Preoperative laser photodynamic therapy in combination with operation in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 90: 420-429.
20. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kato H, et al. A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1852-1857.
21. Kato H, Okunaka T, Tsuchida T, Shibuya H, Fujino S, Ogawa K. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in early stage lung cancer. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 1999; 6: 9-16.
22. Pasic A, Brokx HA, Noordegraaf AV, Paul RM, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Cost-effectiveness of early intervention: comparison between intraluminal bronchoscopic treatment and surgical resection for T1N0 lung cancer patients. Respiration 2004; 71: 391-396.
23. Shinagawa N, Yamazaki K, Onodera Y, et al. CT-guided transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation. Chest 2004; 125: 1138-1143.
24. Schwarz Y, Mehta AC, Ernst A, et al. Electromagnetic navigation during flexible bronchoscopy. Respiration 2003; 70: 516-522.
25. Gohagan J, Marcus P, Fagerstrom R, Pinsky P, Kramer B, Prorok P. Writing Committee, Lung Screening Study Research Group. Baseline findings of a randomized feasibility trial of lung cancer screening with spiral CT scan vs chest radiograph: the Lung Screening Study of the National Cancer Institute. Chest 2004; 126: 114-121.
26. McWilliams A, MacAulay C, Gazdar AF, Lam S. Innovative molecular and imaging approaches for the detection of lung cancer and its precursor lesions. Oncogene 2002; 21: 6949-6959.
27. Sutedja G. New techniques for early detection of lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: Suppl. 39, 57s-66s.
28. Mahadevia PJ, Fleisher LA, Frick KD, Eng J, Goodman SN, Powe NR. Lung cancer screening with helical computed tomography in older adult smokers: a decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA 2003; 289: 313-322.
29. Black WC. Overdiagnosis: an underrecognized cause of confusion and harm in cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1280-1282.
30. Marcus PM. Lung cancer screening: an update. J Clin Oncol 2001; 15: Suppl. 19, 83S-86S.
31. Marcus PM, Bergstrahl EJ, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Lung cancer mortality in the Mayo Lung Project: impact of extended follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1308-1316.
32. Vonk Noordegraaf A, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Bronchoscopic treatment of patients with intraluminal microinvasive radiographically occult lung cancer not eligible for surgical resection: a follow-up study. Lung Cancer 2003; 39: 49-53.
33. Shah H, Garbe L, Nussbaum E, Dumon JF, Chiodera PL, Cavaliere S. Benign tumors of the tracheobronchial tree. Endoscopic characteristics and role of laser resection. Chest 1995; 107: 1744-1751.
34. Sutedja G, Schreurs AJ, Vanderschueren RG, Kwa B, vd Werf TS, Postmus PE. Bronchoscopic therapy in patients with intraluminal typical bronchial carcinoid. Chest 1995; 107: 556-558.
35. Kunst PW, Sutedja G, Golding RP, Risse E, Kardos G, Postmus PE. Unusual pulmonary lesions: a juvenile bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2745-2751.
36. Sutedja G, Baris G, Zoetmulder F, van Zandwijk N. High dose rate brachytherapy improves resectability in squamous cell lung cancer. Chest 1992; 102: 308-309.
37. Schuurman B, Postmus PE, van Mourik JC, Risse EK, Sutedja G. Combined use of autofluorescence bronchoscopy and argon plasma coagulation enables less extensive resection of radiographically occult lung cancer. Respiration 2004; 71: 410-411.
38. Falcone F, Fois F, Grosso D. Endobronchial ultrasound. Respiration 2003; 70: 179-194,
39. Shirakawa T, Imamura F, Hamamoto J, et al. Usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography for transbronchial lung biopsies of peripheral lung lesions. Respiration 2004; 71: 260-268.
40. Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y. The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 1059-1068.
41. Onishi H, Araki T, Shirato H, et al. Stereotactic hypofractionated high-dose irradiation for stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: clinical outcomes in 245 subjects in a Japanese multiinstitutional study. Cancer 2004; 101: 1623-1631.
42. Jin GY, Lee JM, Lee YC, Han YM, Lim YS. Primary and secondary lung malignancies treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: evaluation with follow-up helical CT. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 1013-1020.
43. Okunaka T, Kato H, Tsutsui H, Ishizumi T, Ichinose S, Kuroiwa Y. Photodynamic therapy for peripheral lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2004; 43: 77-82.
44. Cavaliere S, Dumon JF. Laser bronchoscopy. In: Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, eds. Interventional Bronchsocopy. Vol. 30. Basel, Karger, 2000; pp. 108-119.
45. Unger M. Bronchoscopic utilisation of the Nd:YAG laser for obstructing lesions of the trachea and bronchi. Surg Clin North Am 1984; 64: 931-938.
46. Mehta AC, Lee FY, Cordasco EM, Kirby T, de Boer G. Concentric tracheal and subglottic stenosis. Management using the Nd:YAG laser for mucosal sparing followed by gentle balloon dilatation. Chest 1993; 104: 673-677.
47. Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in lung cancer. Laser therapy, electrocautery, brachytherapy, stents, and photodynamic therapy. Clin Chest Med 2002; 23: 241-256.
48. Laforet EG, Berger RL, Vaughan CW. Carcinoma obstructing the trachea. Treatment by laser resection. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 941.
49. Toty L, Personne C, Colchen A, Vourch G. Bronchoscopic management of tracheal lesions using Nd:YAG laser. Thorax 1981; 36: 175-178.
50. Dumon JF, Rebound E, Garbe L, Aucomte F, Meric B. Treatment of tracheobronchial lesions by laser photoresection. Chest 1982; 81: 278-284.
51. Cavaliere S, Foccoli P, Farina P. Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopy: a 5-years experience with 1,396 applications in 1,000 patients. Chest 1988; 94: 15-21.
52. Cavaliere S, Foccoli P, Toninelli C. Endobronchial laser treatment. In: Strausz J, ed. Pulmonary Endoscopy. Eur Respir Mon 1998; 3: no. 9, pp. 49-64.
53. Ernst A, Gerard A. Silvestri GA, Johnstone D. Interventional pulmonary procedures guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 2003; 123: 1693-1717.
54. Cortese DA. Rigid versus flexible bronchoscope in laser bronchoscopy. J Bronchol 1994; 1: 72-75.
55. Dumon JF, Meric B, Bourcereau J, et al. Principles for safety in application of Nd:YAG laser in bronchology. Chest 1984; 86: 278-284.
56. Barlow DE. Endoscopic applications of electrosurgery: a review of basic principles. Gastrointest Endoscop 1982; 28: 73-76.
57. Grund KE, Storek D, Farin G. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC) first clinical experiences in flexible endoscopy. Endosc Surg Allied Technol 1994; 2: 42-46.
58. van Boxem TJ, Westerga J, Venmans BJ, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Tissue effects of bronchoscopic electrocautery: bronchoscopic appearance and histologic changes of bronchial wall after electrocautery. Chest 2000; 117: 887-891.
59. Hooper RG, Jackson FN. Endobronchial electrocautery. Chest 1985; 87: 712-714.
60. Hooper RG. Electrocautery in endobronchial therapy. A letter to the editor. Chest 2000; 117: 1820.
61. Sutedja G, van Kralingen K, Schramel FM, Postmus PE. Fibreoptic bronchoscopic electrosurgery under local anaesthesia for rapid palliation in patients with central airway malignancies: a preliminary report. Thorax 1994; 49:1243-1246.
62. van Boxem T, Muller M, Venmans B, Postmus P, Sutedja G. Nd-YAG laser vs bronchoscopic electrocautery for palliation of symptomatic airway obstruction: a cost-effectiveness study. Chest 1999; 116: 1108-1112.
63. Reichle G, Freitag L, Kullmann HJ, Prenzel R, Macha HN, Farin G. Argon plasma coagulation in bronchology: a new method-alternative or complementary? Pneumologie 2000; 54: 508-516.
64. Coulter TD, Mehta AC. The heat is on: impact of endobronchial electrosurgery on the need for Nd-YAG laser photoresection. Chest 2000, 118: 516-521.
65. Morice RC, Ece T, Ece F, Keus L. Endobronchial argon plasma coagulation for treatment of hemoptysis and neoplastic airway obstruction. Chest 2001; 119: 781-787.
66. van Boxem AJ, Westerga J, Venmans BJ, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser and electrocautery for treating early-stage intraluminal cancer: which to choose? Lung Cancer 2001; 31: 31-36.
67. Ikeda S. Atlas of early cancer of major bronchi. Tokyo, Igakushoin, 1976.
68. Usuda K, Saito Y, Nagamoto N, et al. Relation between bronchoscopic findings and tumor size of roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106: 1098-1103.
69. Konaka C, Hirano T, Kato H, et al. Comparison of endoscopic features of early-stage squamous cell lung cancer and histological findings. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1435-1439.
70. Nagamoto N, Saito Y, Ohta S, et al. Relationship of lymph node metastasis to primary tumor size and microscopic appearance of roentgenographically occult lung cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 1009-1013.
71. Sutedja G, Venmans BJ, Smit EF, Postmus PE. Fluorescence bronchoscopy for early detection of lung cancer: a clinical perspective. Lung Cancer 2001; 34: 157-168.
72. Petty TL. Screening strategies for early detection of lung cancer: the time is now. JAMA 2000; 284: 1977-1980.
73. Sutedja G, Postmus PE. Bronchoscopic treatment of lung tumors. Lung Cancer 1994; 11: 1-17.
74. Mathur PN, Edell E, Sutedja G, Vergnon JM. Treatment of early stage non-small cell lung cancer. American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 2003; 123: Suppl. 1, 176S-180S.
75. Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, et al. Computed tomography-guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51: 666-670.
76. Pasic A, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Risse EK, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Multiple suspicious lesions detected by autofluorescence bronchoscopy predict malignant development in the bronchial mucosa in high risk patients. Lung Cancer 2003; 41: 295-301.
77. Brambilla C, Fievet F, Jeanmart M, et al. Early detection of lung cancer: role of biomarkers. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: Suppl. 39, 36s-44s.
78. Lam S, MacAulay C, LeRiche JC, Gazdar AF. Key issues in lung cancer chemoprevention trials of new agents. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 163: 182-195.
79. Wistuba II, Lam S, Behrens C, et al. Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1366-1373.
80. Grosjean P, Savary JF, Mizeret J, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract using tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996; 14: 281-287.
81. Awadh N, MacAulay C, Lam S. Detection and treatment of superficial lung cancer by using Aminolevulinic Acid: a preliminary report. J Bronchology 1997; 4: 13-17.
82. Deygas N, Froudarakis M, Ozenne G, Vergnon JM. Cryotherapy in early superficial bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 2001; 120: 26-31.
83. Kato H, Furukawa K, Sato M, et al. Phase II clinical study of photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 and diode laser for early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 2003; 42: 103-111.
84. Marsiglia H, Baldeyrou P, Lartigau E, et al. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as sole modality for early-stage endobronchial carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47: 665-672.
85. Montgomery WW. T-tube tracheal stent. Arch Otolaryngol 1965; 82: 320-321.
86. Westaby S, Jackson JW, Pearson FG. A bifurcated silicone rubber stent for relief of tracheobronchial obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83: 414-417.
87. Dumon JF. A dedicated tracheobronchial stent. Chest 1990; 97: 328-332.
88. Dumon JF, Cavaliere S, Diaz-Jimenez JP, et al. Seven-year experience with the Dumon prosthesis. J Bronchol 1996; 3: 6-10.
89. Wassermann K, Koch A, Müller-Ehmsen J, Reuter M, Michel O, Eckel HE. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of a thin-walled self-expanding tracheobronchial silicone stent: progress and pitfalls. J Thoracic Cardiocasc Surg 1997; 114: 527-543.
90. Bolliger CT, Breitenbuecher A, Brutsche M, Heitz M, Stanzel F. Use of studded Polyflex stents in patients with neoplastic obstructions of the central airways. Respiration 2004; 71: 83-87.
91. Noppen M, Meysman M, Claes I, D'Haese J, Vincken W. Screw-thread vs Dumon endoprosthesis in the management of tracheal stenosis. Chest 1999; 115: 532-535.
92. Freitag L, Tekolf E, Stamatis G, Greschuchna D. Clinical evaluation of a new bifurcated dynamic airway stent. A five year experience in 135 patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surgeon 1997; 45: 6-12.
93. Freitag L, Tekolf E, Steveling H, Donovan TJ, Stamatis G. Management of malignant esophago-tracheal fistulas with airway stenting and double stenting. Chest 1996; 110: 1155-1160.
94. Freitag L, Eicker K, Donovan TJ, Dimov D. Mechanical properties of airway stents. J Bronchology 1995; 2: 270-278.
95. Bolliger CT. Airway stents. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 18: 563-570.
96. Freitag L. Tracheobronchial stents. In: Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, eds. Interventional Bronchoscopy. Vol. 30. Basel, Karger, 2000; pp. 171-186.
97. Freitag L, Macha HN, Loddenkemper R. Interventional bronchoscopic procedures. In: Spiro SG, ed. Lung Cancer. Eur Respir Mon 2001; 6: no. 17, pp. 272-304.
98. Stockton PA, Ledson MJ, Hind CR, Walshaw MJ. Bronchoscopic insertion of Gianturco stents for the palliation of malignant lung disease: 10 year experience. Lung Cancer 2003; 42: 113-117.
99. Bolliger CT, Probst R, Tschopp K, Soler M, Perruchoud AP. Silicone stents in the management of inoperable tracheobronchial stenoses. Indications and limitations. Chest 1993; 104: 1653-1659.
100. Bolliger CT, Heitz M, Hauser R, Probst R, Perruchoud AP. An airway Wallstent for the treatment of tracheobronchial malignancies. Thorax 1996; 51: 1127-1129.
101. Miyazawa T, Yamakido M, Ikeda S, et al. Implantation of ultraflex nitinol stents in malignant tracheobronchial stenoses. Chest 2000; 118: 959-965.
102. Monnier P, Mudry A, Stanzel F, et al. The use of the covered Wallstent for the palliative treatment of inoperable tracheobronchial cancers. A prospective, multicenter study. Chest 1996; 110: 1161-1168.
103. Saad CP, Murthy S, Krizmanich G, Mehta AC. Self-expandable metallic airway stents and flexible bronchoscopy: long-term outcomes analysis. Chest 2003; 124: 1993-1999.
104. Wood DE, Liu YH, Vallieres E, Karmy-Jones R, Mulligan MS. Airway stenting for malignant and benign tracheobronchial stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 167-172.
105. Witt C, Dinges S, Schmidt B, Ewert R, Budach V, Baumann G. Temporary tracheo bronchial stenting in malignant stenoses. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 204-208.
106. Sutedja G, Schramel F, van Kralingen K, Postmus PE. Stent placement is justifiable in end-stage patients with malignant airway tumours. Respiration 1995; 62: 148-150.
107. Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Postmus PE, Sutedja TG. Tracheobronchial stenting in the terminal care of cancer patients with central airway obstruction. Chest 2001; 120: 1811-1814.
108. Vergnon JM, Costes F, Bayon MC, Emonot A. Efficacy of tracheal and bronchial stent placement on respiratory functional tests. Chest 1995; 107: 741-746.
109. Miyazawa T, Miyazu Y, Iwamoto Y, et al. Stenting at the flow-limiting segment in tracheobronchial stenosis due to lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 1096-1102.
110. Colt HG, Meric B, Dumon JF. Double stents for carcinoma of the esophagus invading the tracheo-bronchial tree. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 485-489.
111. Watanabe S, Shimokawa S, Yotsumoto G, Sakasegawa K. The use of a Dumon stent for the treatment of a bronchopleural fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 276-278.
112. Tayama K, Eriguchi N, Futamata Y, et al. Modified Dumon stent for the treatment of a bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 290-292.
113. Puma F, Ragusa M, Avenia N, et al. The role of silicone stents in the treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenoses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 120: 1064-1069.
114. Brichet A, Verkindre C, Dupont J, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to management of postintubation tracheal stenoses. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 888-893.
115. Noppen M, Poppe K, D'Haese J, Meysman M, Velkeniers B, Vincken W. Interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease. Chest 2004; 125: 723-730.
116. Chhajed PN, Malouf MA, Tamm M, Glanville AR. Ultraflex stents for the management of airway complications in lung transplant recipients. Respirology 2003; 8: 59-64.
117. Gaissert HA, Grillo HC, Wright CD, Donahue DM, Wain JC, Mathisen DJ. Complication of benign tracheobronchial strictures by self-expanding metal stents. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 744-747.
118. Hind CRK, Donelly RJ. Expandable metal stents for tracheal obstruction: permanent or tempory? A cautionary tale. Thorax 1992; 47: 757-758.
119. Hosokawa Y, Tsujino I, Syoda T, Horikoshi A, Sawada S. Examination of expandable metallic stent removed at autopsy. Respirology 2003; 8: 522-524.
120. Noppen M, Pierard D, Mesman M, Claes I, Vincken W. Bacterial colonization of central airways after stenting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 672-677.
121. Simoni P, Wiatrak BJ. Microbiology of stents in laryngotracheal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 364-367.
122. Wells WJ, Hussain NS, Wood JC. Stenting of the mainstem bronchus in children: a word of caution. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 1420-1422.
123. Zakaluzny SA, Lane JD, Mair EA. Complications of tracheobronchial airway stents. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 128: 478-488.
124. Scherer TA. Nd-YAG laser ignition of silicone endobronchial stents. Chest 2000; 117: 1449-1454.
125. Sewall GK, Warner T, Connor NP, Hartig GK. Comparison of resorbable poly-L-lactic acid-polyglycolic acid and internal Palmaz stents for the surgical correction of severe tracheomalacia. Ann Otol Rhinal Laryngol 2003; 112: 515-521.