The association of necrotrophic fungal pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes with the loss of productivity of annual medic-based pastures in Australia and options for their management

Australasian Plant Pathology

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 691-706

  Barbetti, M J ^a,c   Riley, I T ^b   You, M P ^a,c   Li, Hua ^a   Sivasithamparam, K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^c DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLETOTRICHUM; COLLETOTRICHUM TRIFOLII; FUNGI; FUSARIUM; FUSARIUM CULMORUM; FUSARIUM LATERITIUM; HYPHOMYCETES; KABATIELLA; LEPTOSPHAERULINA TRIFOLII; MEDICAGO; NEMATODA; OVIS ARIES; PHOMA MEDICAGINIS; PHYTOPHTHORA; PHYTOPHTHORA CLANDESTINA; PLEOSPORA TARDA; PSEUDOPEZIZA MEDICAGINIS; PYTHIUM; PYTHIUM IRREGULARE; PYTHIUM SPINOSUM; PYTHIUM ULTIMUM; STAGONOSPORA MELILOTI; THANATEPHORUS CUCUMERIS; TRIFOLIUM; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM;

EID: 33750572469     PISSN: 08153191     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/AP06075     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Agrios GN 2004 'Plant pathology.' 5th edn. (Harcourt Brace Jonanovich: Cleveland, OH)
2. Anderson WK, Parkin RJ, Dovey MD (1982) Relations between stocking rate, environment and scorch disease on grazed subterranean clover pasture in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 22, 182-189. doi: 10.1071/EA9820182
3. Andrew WD (1962) Susceptibility to damping-off in seedlings of Medicago denticulata Willd. and M. minima (L.) Bart. during the early post-emergence period. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 16, 281-283.
4. Ballard RA, Hutton RE, Taylor SP, McKay AC, Howie JH (2006) Field resistance of annual pasture legumes to the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus. Australasian Plant Pathology 35, 303-308. doi: 10.1071/AP06019
5. Barbetti MJ (1983) Fungal foliage diseases of pasture legumes. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 1, 10-12.
6. Barbetti MJ (1985) Infection studies with Cercospora zebrina on pasture legumes in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 850-855. doi: 10.1071/EA9850850
7. Barbetti MJ (1987a) Effects of three foliar diseases on biomass and seed yield for 11 cultivars of subterranean clover. Plant Disease 71, 350-353.
8. Barbetti MJ (1987b) Evaluation of fungicides for control of Cercospora zebrina on subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 107-111. doi: 10.1071/EA9870107
9. Barbetti MJ (1987c) Effects of temperature and humidity on disease caused by Phoma medicaginis, resistance in some Medicago cultivars and the incidence of seed-borne inoculum. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 851-856. doi: 10.1071/EA9870851
10. Barbetti MJ (1989a) Strategies for control of Phoma black stem in annual Medicago species. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 635-640. doi: 10.1071/EA9890635
11. Barbetti MJ (1989b) Fungal diseases of pasture legumes in Western Australia. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Bulletin No. 4133.
12. Barbetti MJ (1989c) Response of Medicago cultivars to fungal root pathogens associated with Trifolium subterraneum. Plant Protection Quarterly 4, 1-3.
13. Barbetti MJ (1990) Resistance in annual Medicago species to Phoma medicaginis under controlled environment and field conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 209-214. doi: 10.1071/EA9900209
14. Barbetti MJ (1991) Effect of clover-free rotations upon the severity of root rot and yield in regenerating subterranean clover pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 1195-1204. doi: 10.1071/AR9911195
15. Barbetti MJ (1992) Efficacy of fungicides for control of Phoma black stem and Pseudopeziza leaf spot in annual Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina. Plant Protection Quarterly 7, 21-22.
16. Barbetti MJ (1993) Phoma black stem disease - a threat to susceptible annual medic pastures. In 'Proceedings of the XVII international grasslands congress'. pp. 929-930. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Palmerston North)
17. Barbetti MJ (1995a) Relative resistance, associated yield losses and phyto-oestrogen production from fungal foliar diseases in new and old annual Medicago cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 441-450. doi: 10.1071/AR9950441
18. Barbetti MJ (1995b) Resistance in annual Medicago species to Phoma medicaginis and Leptospherulina trifolii under field conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 209-214. doi: 10.1071/EA9950209
19. Barbetti MJ (1996) The successful control of clover scorch disease (Kabatiella caulivora) in Australian subterranean clover pastures. In 'Pasture and forage crop pathology'. (Eds S Chakraborty, KTL Leath, RA Skipp, GA Pederson, RA Bray, GCM Latch, FW Nutter) pp. 589-601. (ASA, CSSA, and SSSA: Madison, WI)
20. Barbetti MJ, Allen JG (2005) Association of Fusarium species, with potential for mycotoxicosis, on pods of annual Medicago in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 279-284. doi: 10.1071/AR04172
21. Barbetti MJ, Allen JG (2006) Association between toxigenic Fusarium species on annaul medic pastures and reduced feed intake by sheep in Western Australia. In 'Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants'. In press.
22. Barbetti MJ, Fang CS (1991) Relationship between Phoma black stem severity and seed yield and coumestrol content in three Medicago polymorpha var. brevispina cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 409-415. doi: 10.1071/AR9910409
23. Barbetti MJ, Khan TN (1987) Cross-pathogenicity of Phoma medicaginis isolates from the genera Medicago, Pisum and Trifolium. Phytophylactica 19, 517-519.
24. Barbetti MJ, MacNish GC (1984) Effects of cultivation and cultural practices on subterranean clover root rot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 550-554. doi: 10.1071/EA9840550
25. Barbetti MJ, Nichols PG (1991a) Herbage and seed yield losses in six varieties of subterranean clover from rust (Uromyces trifoliirepentis). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 225-227. doi: 10.1071/EA9910225
26. Barbetti MJ, Nichols PG (1991b) Effect of Phoma medicaginis and Leptosphaerulina trifolii on herbage and seed yield and coumestrol content of annual Medicago species. Phytophylactica 23, 223-227.
27. Barbetti MJ, Nicholas DA (1997) Effect of Phoma black stem and pepper spot diseases on yield, regeneration, sward composition and phyto-oestrogen levels in grazed annual medic pastures. In 'Proceedings of the Australasian plant pathology society biennial conference'. (Ed. R Loughman) p. 65. (Australasian Plant Pathology Society: Perth)
28. Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1986) Fungal foliar diseases of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 513-521.
29. Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K, Wong DH (1986) Root rot of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 287-295.
30. Barbetti MJ, Jones RAC, Riley IT (1996) Problems and progress in assessing direct and indirect yield losses caused by pathogens in pasture species. In 'Pasture and forage crop pathology'. (Eds S Chakraborty, KTL Leath, RA Skipp, G Pederson, RA Bray, GCM Latch, FW Nutter) pp. 63-91. (SA, CSSA and SSSA: Madison, WI)
31. Barnett OW, Diachun S (1985) Virus diseases of clovers. In 'Clover science and technology'. (Ed. NL Taylor) pp. 235-268. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)
32. Basu PK (1976) Measuring severity of common and Stemphylium leaf spots of alfalfa for loss assessment. Plant Disease Reporter 60, 1037-1040.
33. Beale E (1976) Kabatiella research - a progress report. Journal of Agriculture, South Australia 79, 49-52.
34. Beale PE (1972) Clover wilt threat to pastures. Journal of Agriculture, South Australia 75, 69-71.
35. Bellotti W (1998) Medic Decline Syndrome - Problem Definition. GRDC Final report June 1998.
36. Bellotti WD, Kerby J (1993) A survey of farmer attitudes toward pastures in the cereal-livestock zone of SA. South Australian Department of Primary Industries, Technical Report, Adelaide.
37. Berger RD, Hanson EW (1963) Pathogenicity, host-parasite relationships, and morphology of some forage legume Cercosporae and factors related to disease development. Phytopathology 53, 500-508.
38. Berkenkamp B (1971) Losses from foliage diseases of forage crops in central and northern Alberta in 1970. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 51, 96-100.
39. Bickoff EM, Livingston AL, Witt SC, Lundin RE, Spencer RR (1965) Isolation of 4′-0-methylcoumestrol from alfalfa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 13, 597-602. doi: 10.1021/jf60142a033
40. Black JN (1956) The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 7, 98-109. doi: 10.1071/AR9560098
41. Blaney BJ, Dodman RL (1988) Production of mycotoxins zearalenone, 4-deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by isolates of Fusarium graminearum groups 1 and 2 from cereals in Queensland. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 21-29. doi: 10.1071/AR9880021
42. Bokor A, Chatel DL (1973) Learning to live with clover scorch. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 14, 179-181.
43. Bokor A, Chatel DL, Nicholas DA (1978) Progress in clover scorch research. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 19, 54-58.
44. Bolland M, Cox W, Codling B (2001) Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertilizer in high rainfall areas of South Western Australia. Miscellaneous Bulletin, University of Western Australia.
45. Braverman SW, Lukezic FL, Zeiders KE, Wilson JB (1986) Diseases of forage grasses in humid temperate zones. Bulletin No. 859. USDA, Agricultural Research Service.
46. Bretag TW (1985) Fungi associated with root rots of annual Medicago spp. in Australia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, 329-334.
47. Bretag TW, Kollmorgen JF (1986) Effects of trifluralin, benomyl and metalaxyl on the incidence and severity of root disease in annual Medicago spp., and evaluation of cultivars for resistance to root rot. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, 65-70. doi: 10.1071/EA9860065
48. Broscious S, Pataky JK, Kirby HW (1987) Quantitative relationships between yield and foliar diseases of alfalfa. Phytopathology 77, 887-892.
49. Cardozo C, Gutierrez P, Lenné JM (1983) Efecto de la antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.) en el rendimiento y calidad de Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. Acta Agronomica 33, 49-55.
50. Campbell CL, Duthie JA (1990) Impact of leaf spot diseases on yield and quality of alfalfa in North Carolina. Plant Disease 74, 241-245.
51. Chakraborty S, Murray GM, Magarey PA, Yonow T, O'Brien RG, et al. (1998) Potential impact of climate change on plant diseases of economic significance to Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 27, 15-35. doi: 10.1071/AP98001
52. Chatterton B, Chatterton L (1990) Forages for the Near East: annual Medicago pasture. FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers 97, 110.
53. Chatterton L, Chatterton B (1996) 'Sustainable dryland farming.' (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
54. Chilton SJP, Henson L, Johnson HW (1943) Fungi reported on species of Medicago, Melilotus and Trifolium. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 499.
55. Clarke R (1980) Clover scorch disease of subterranean clover. Agnote 1211. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Victoria.
56. Clarke RG, Greenhalgh FC (1986) Screening for alternative hosts of Phytophthora clandestina. Australasian Plant Pathology 15, 61-63.
57. Collins WJ, Cox RI (1984) Oestrogenic activity in forage legumes. In 'Forage legumes for energy-efficient animal production. Proceedings of a trilateral workshop held in Palmerston North, New Zealand'. (Eds RF Barnes, PR Ball, RW Brougham, GC Marten, DJ Minson) pp. 268-276. (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service)
58. Colman RL (1964) Root knot nematodes as a cause of poor growth of clover on the north coast of N.S.W. The Agricultural Gazette, New South Wales 75, 1367-1368.
59. Cook DR (1999) Medicago truncatula a model in the making. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2, 301-304. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)80053-3
60. Cook R, Yeates GW (1993) Nematode pests of grassland and forage crops. In 'Plant parasitic nematodes in temperate agriculture'. (Eds K Evans, DL Trudgill, JM Webster) pp. 305-350. (CAB International: Wallingford)
61. Croker K, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (1994a) Incidence of coumestrol in medic pastures in Western Australia. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 20, 416.
62. Croker K, Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Adams N (1994b) Sheep infertility from pasture legumes. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Farmnote No. 6/94.
63. Croker K, Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Adams N (1999) Sheep infertility from pasture legumes. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Farmnote No. 79/99.
64. Croker K, Nichols P, Barbetti MJ, Adams N (2005) Sheep infertility from pasture legumes. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Farmnote 41/2005.
65. Davidson JA, Ramsey MD (2000) Pea yield decline syndrome in South Australia: the role of diseases and the impact of agronomic practices. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 347-354. doi: 10.1071/AR99111
66. Devine TE, McMurtrey JE (1975) Performance of anthracnose-resistant alfalfa strains. Crop Science 15, 505-508.
67. Edwardson JR, Christie RG (1986) 'Viruses infecting forage legumes. Vols I-III.' (University of Florida: Gainesville, FL)
68. Elgin JH, Ostazeski SA (1982) Evaluation of selected alfalfa cultivars and related Medicago species for resistance to race 1 and race 2 anthracnose. Crop Science 22, 39-42.
69. Ellwood S, Lichtenzveig J, Pfaff T, Kamphuis L, D'Souza N, Williams A, Oliver RP (2005) Resistance to fungal necrotrophs in Medicago truncatula. In 'Model legume congress 2005'. p. 100.
70. Engelhard AW (1989) 'Soilborne plant pathogens: management of diseases with macro-and microelements.' (The American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul, MN)
71. Ewing MA, Robson AD (1990) The effect of nitrogen supply on the early growth and nodulation of several annual Medicago species. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 489-497. doi: 10.1071/AR9900489
72. Flett SP (1994) Studies on Phytophthora clandestina, the cause of taproot rot in subterranean clover. 1. Evidence for physiological specialisation in Phytophthora clandestina. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 1125-1129. doi: 10.1071/EA9941125
73. Francis CM, Millington AJ (1971) The presence of methylated coumestans in annual Medicago species: Response to a fungal pathogen. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 75-80. doi: 10.1071/AR9710075
74. Garrett SD (1970) 'Pathogenic root-infecting fungi.' (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
75. Gilkes RJ, Hunt H (1992) 'Farm monitoring handbook.' (University of Western Australia: Perth)
76. Graham JH, Frosheiser FI, Stuteville DL, Erwin DC (1979) 'A compendium of alfalfa diseases.' (American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul, MN)
77. Greenhalgh FC, de Boer RF, Merriman PR, Hepworth G, Keane P (1994) Control of Phytophthora root rot of irrigated subterranean clover with potassium phosphonate in Victoria, Australia. Plant Pathology 43, 1009-1019.
78. de Haan RL, Sheaffer CC, Samac DA (1996) First report of Phytophthora medicaginis causing Phytophthora root rot on annual Medicago spp. Plant Disease 80, 710.
79. de Haan RL, Sheaffer CC, Samac DA, Moynihan JM, Barnes DK (2002) Evaluation of annual Medicago for Upper Midwest agroecosystems. Journal Agronomy & Crop Science 188, 417-425. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2002.00591.x
80. Hill NL, Korte CJ (1998) Nutrition and disease control improve Victorian Mallee pastures. In 'Proceedings of the 9th Australian agronomy conference'. pp. 343-344.
81. Hollaway G (2002) Root lesion nematodes. Agricultural Notes AG0846, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria.
82. Hollaway GJ, Taylor SP, Eastwood RF, Hunt CH (2000) Effect of field crops on density of Pratylenchus in SouthEastern Australia; Part 2: P. thornei. Journal of Nematology 32, 600-608.
83. Howieson JG, Ewing MA (1986) Acid tolerance in Rhizobium meliloti-Medicago symbiosis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, 55-64. doi: 10.1071/AR9860055
84. Howieson JG, Ewing MA (1989) Annual species of Medicago differ greatly in their ability to nodulate on acid soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, 843-850. doi: 10.1071/AR9890843
85. Howieson JG, Ewing MA, D'Antuono MF (1988) Selection for acid tolerance in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant and Soil 105, 179-184. doi: 10.1007/BF02376781
86. Hutton RE, Ballard RA, Taylor SP, Dennis JI (1999) Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) cause damage to the roots of annual pasture legumes. In 'Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Conference'. p. 154.
87. Johnstone GR, Barbetti MJ (1987) Impact of fungal and virus diseases in pastures. In 'Temperate pastures, their production, use and management'. (Eds JL Wheeler, CL Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 235-248. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
88. Jones RAC, Nicholas DA (1992) Studies on alfalfa mosaic virus infection of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) swards: seed-borne infection, persistence, spread and effects on productivity Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 697-715. doi: 10.1071/AR9920697
89. Kellock AW, Stubbs L, Parbery DG (1978) Seed-borne Fusarium species on subterranean clover and other pasture legumes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 29, 975-982. doi: 10.1071/AR9780975
90. Kollmorgen JF (1974) The pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum to wheat and legumes and its association with crop rotation. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 14, 572-576. doi: 10.1071/EA9740572
91. Lamprecht SC (1986a) A new disease of Medicago truncatula caused by Cylindrocladium scoparium. Phytophylactica 18, 111-114.
92. Lamprecht SC (1986b) Reaction of annual Medicago species to Colletotrichum crown rot caused by Colletotrichum trifolii. Phytophylactica 18, 183-185.
93. Lamprecht SC, Knox-Davies PS (1984a) Preliminary survey of foliage disease of annual Medicago spp. in South Africa. Phytophylactica 16, 177-183.
94. Lamprecht SC, Knox-Davies PS (1984b) Colletotrichum trifolii on annual Medicago spp. in South Africa. Phytophylactica 16, 185-188.
95. Lamprecht S, Baxter AP, Thompson AH (1984) Stemphylium vesicarium on Medicago spp. in South Africa. Phytophylactica 16, 73-75.
96. Lamprecht SC, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Schneider DJ, Knox-Davies S (1986) Incidence and toxigenicity of seedborne Fusarium species from annual Medicago species in South Africa. Phytopathology 76, 1040-1042.
97. Lamprecht SC, Knox-Davies PS, Marasas WFO (1988) Fungi associated with root rot of annual Medicago spp. in South Africa. Phytophylactica 20, 281-286.
98. Lamprecht SC, Marasas WFO, Knox-Davies PS, Calitz FJ (1990) Incidence of Fusarium species in different cropping systems of annual Medicago species and wheat. Phytophylactica 22, 69-76.
99. Lenné JM (1989) Problems associated with evaluation of diseases of perennial pasture plants - some recommendations. In 'Proceedings of the XVI International Grasslands Congress'. pp. 695-696.
100. Lenné JM (1994) Fungal, bacterial and mycoplasma diseases of tropical pasture legumes. In 'Diseases of tropical pasture plants'. (Eds JM Lenné, P Trutman) pp. 21-196. (CAB International: Wallingford)
101. Ludbrook WV, Brockwell J, Riceman DS (1953) Bare-patch disease and associated problems in subterranean clover pastures in South Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 4, 403-413. doi: 10.1071/AR9530403
102. Mackie JM, Lloyd DL, Ryley MJ, Irwin JAG (1999) Fungal diseases of temperate annual pasture legumes in southern Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 699-707. doi: 10.1071/EA99012
103. Marshall T, Parkin RJ (1970) Phosphate applications affect the coumestrol level of medics. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 11, 180.
104. Marschner H (2002) 'Mineral nutrition of higher plants.' (University of Hohenheim: Hohenheim)
105. Martinez ES, Hanson EW (1963) Factors affecting growth, sporulation, pathogenicity and dissemination of Leptosphaerulina briosiana. Phytopathology 53, 938-945.
106. Mebalds MI (1983) Seed health survey of Medicago truncatula, M. rugosa and M. littoralis (Abstr.) In 'Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Plant Pathology'. p. 258.
107. Mebalds MI (1986) Effect of seed mycoflora on the development of disease in stands of Medicago truncatula. In 'Proceedings of the 21st International Seed Testing Association Congress, Brisbane'. Preprint No. 43, p. 20. (International Seed Testing Association: Zurich)
108. Mebalds MI (1987) Mycoflora of Medicago truncatula, M. rugosa and M. littoralis seed produced in Victoria, Australia. Seed Science and Technology 15, 175-183.
109. Mortimer PH, di Menna ME, White EP (1977) Experimental mycotoxicosis in sheep from Phoma herbarum var. medicaginis. In 'Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxism and mycotoxicoses, an encyclopedic handbook. Vol. 2'. pp. 210-222. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY)
110. Neal JS, Bellotti B, Vanstone B, Graham R (1997a) Root lesion nematodes reduce annual medic growth. In 'Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Conference'. p. 158. (Australasian Plant Pathology Society: Perth)
111. Neal JS, Dennis J, Scurrah M, Bellotti WD, Slattery J, Hill CR (1997b) Nutrition and disease control improve medic pastures. In 'Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Conference'. p. 68. (Australasian Plant Pathology Society: Perth)
112. Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Barbetti MJ (1996) Registered cultivars of subterranean clover - their origin, identification, characteristics and use in Western Australia. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Bulletin No. 4327.
113. Nik WZ, Parbery DG (1977) Studies of seed-borne fungi of tropical pasture legume species. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 28, 821-841. doi: 10.1071/AR9770821
114. O'Neill N, Bauchan GR (2000) Sources of resistance to anthracnose in the annual Medicago core collection. Plant Disease 84, 261-267.
115. O'Neill NR, Bauchan GR, Samac DA (2003) Reactions in the annual Medicago spp. core germ plasm collection to Phoma medicaginis. Plant Disease 87, 557-562.
116. Piano E, Francis CM (1992) The annual species of Medicago in the Mediterranean region, ecogeography and related aspects of plant introduction and breeding. In 'Proceedings of the X International Conference of the EUCARPIA Medicago spp. Group'. pp. 373-385.
117. Piano E, Pusceddu S, Spanu F (1991) Observations on the distribution and ecology of annual medics and subterranean clovers in Sicily (Italy). In 'Proceedings of the IV International Rangelands Congress'. pp. 405-409.
118. Pottinger RP, Barbetti MJ, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1993) Invertebrate pests, plant pathogens and beneficial organisms of improved temperate pastures. In 'Proceedings of the XVII International Grasslands Congress'. pp. 909-918.
119. Powell NT (1971) Interactions between nematodes and fungi in disease complexes. Annual Review of Phytopathology 9, 253-274. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py. 09.090171.001345
120. Powles SB, Shaner DL (Eds) (2001) 'Herbicide resistance and world grains.' (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL)
121. Pratt RG (1989) Relationships of infection by Cercospora zebrina to seed production and seed quality of subterranean clover. Phytopathology 79, 209-213.
122. Puckridge DW, French RJ (1983) The annual legume pasture in cereal ley farming systems of southern Australia: a review. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 9, 229-267. doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(83)90100-7
123. Pung SH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1988) Association of Meloidogyne arenaria with root rot of subterranean clover in Western Australia. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 16, 91-96.
124. Pung SH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1991a) The effect of aldicarb and benomyl on root-knot nematode and root rot in subterranean clover. Australasian Plant Pathology 20, 130-133. doi: 10.1071/APP9910130
125. Pung SH, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (1991b) Effect of placement and sequence of inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum on its interaction with Meloidogyne arenaria on subterranean clover. Journal of Phytopathology 132, 273-286.
126. Pung SH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1992a) Effect of soil environment on infection of subterranean clover by Meloidogyne arenaria. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 87-104. doi: 10.1071/AR9920087
127. Pung SH, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (1992b) Interactions between Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne arenaria as root pathogens of subterranean clover affected by soil sterilization and inoculum substrate. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 83-91.
128. Purwantara A, Flett SP, Keane PJ (1998) Variation in pathogenicity among isolates of Phytophthora clandestina. Journal of Phytopathology 146, 587-591.
129. Purwantara A, Drenth A, Flett SP, Guppy W, Keane P (2001) Diversity of Phytophthora clandestina isolated from subterranean clover in southern Australia: analysis of virulence and RAPD profiles. European Journal of Plant Pathology 107, 305-311. doi: 10.1023/A:1011272419130
130. Rabie CJ, Marasas WFO, Thiel PG, Lubben A, Vleggaar R (1982) Moniliformin production and toxicity of different Fusarium species from southern Africa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43, 517-521.
131. Raynal G (1977) Comparison, en contaminations artificielles, des pouvoirs pathogens des Colletotrichum isoles en France sur la Luzerne. Annales de Phytopathologie 9, 193-203.
132. Raynal G, Gondran J, Bournoville R, Courtillot M (1989) 'Ennemis et maladies des prairies.' (INRA: Paris)
133. Renfro BL, Berkenkamp MF (1963) Fungi isolated from black stem of alfalfa and the influence of temperature on lesion formation and disease severity. Phytopathology 53, 774-777.
134. Renfro BL, Sprague EW (1959) Reaction of Medicago species to eight alfalfa pathogens. Agronomy Journal 51, 481-483.
135. Riley IT, Kelly SJ (2002) Endoparasitic nematodes in cropping soils of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, 49-56. doi: 10.1071/EA01054
136. Riley IT, Wouts WM (2001) Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 125, 147-153.
137. Robson AD, Loneragan JF (1970) Nodulation and growth of Medicago truncatula on acid soils. II. Colonisaton of acid soils by Rhizobium meliloti. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 435-445. doi: 10.1071/AR9700435
138. Roget DK (1995) Decline in root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-8) in wheat in a tillage and rotation experiment at Avon, South Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1009-1013. doi: 10.1071/EA9951009
139. Sampson K, Western JH (1941) 'Diseases of British grasses and herbage legumes.' (Cambridge University Press: London)
140. Schmiedeknecht M (1959) Beitrag zur eigenschaftsanalyse der resistenz verschiedener Medicago-Arten gegen Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc. Zuchter 29, 65-72. doi: 10.1007/BF00709974
141. Semeniuk G, Rumbaugh MD (1976) Reaction of some perennial and annual Medicago species and cultivars to the yellow leafblotch disease caused by Leptotrochila medicaginis. Plant Disease Reporter 60, 596-599.
142. Sheaffer CC, Lake AWH (1997) Legumes in cropping systems: approaches in Midwest United States and Southern Australia. In 'Proceedings of the XVIII International Grassland Congress'. (Eds JG Buchanan-Smith, LD Bailey, P McCaughey) pp. 349-354. (Association Management Centre: Calgary)
143. Sivasithamparam K (1993) Ecology of root-infecting pathogenic fungi in mediterranean environments. Advances in Plant Pathology 10, 245-279.
144. Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ, Hua L (2005) Recurring challenges from a necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen: a case study with new avirulence genes in the phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (causal agent of blackleg disease in Brassicas) in Western Australia. Annals of Botany 96, 363-377. doi: 10.1093/aob/mci194
145. Smith JF, Jagusch KT, Brunswick LFC, Kelley RW (1979) Coumestans in lucerne and ovulation in ewes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 411-416.
146. Sonoda R (1980) Reduction in forage yield of Sirato by Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Disease 64, 667.
147. Streeter TC, Rengel Z, Neate SM, Graham RD (2001) Zinc fertilisation increases tolerance to Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8) in Medicago truncatula. Plant and Soil 228, 233-242. doi: 10.1023/A:1004874027331
148. Sweetingham M (1990) Coping with brown spot and root rot of lupins. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 31, 5-13.
149. Tan MK, Simpfendorfer S, Backhouse D, Murray GM (2004) Occurrence of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in southern NSW in 2000: identification of causal fungi and determination of putative chemotype of Fusarium graminearum isolates by PCR. Australasian Plant Pathology 33, 385-392. doi: 10.1071/AP04051
150. Taylor PA, Barbetti MJ, Wong DH (1985) Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Western Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 1, 57-58.
151. Taylor SP, Hollaway GJ, Hunt CH (2000) Effect of field crops on population densities of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei in south eastern Australia; Part 1: P. neglectus. Journal of Nematology 32, 591-599.
152. Thies JA, Barnes DK (1991) Phytophthora root rot resistance. In 'Standard tests to characterize alfalfa cultivars'. 3rd edn. (Eds CC Fox, R Berbert, FA Gray, CR Grav, DL Jessen, MA Peterson). p. 8. (North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference: Beltsville, MD)
153. Thongbai P, Hannam RJ, Graham RD, Webb MJ (1993) Interactions between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity. 1. Field observations. Plant and Soil 153, 207-214. doi: 10.1007/BF00012993
154. Tivoli B, Baranger A, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ (2006) Invited Review: Annual Medicago - from a model crop challenged by a spectrum of necrotrophic pathogens to a model plant to explore the nature of disease resistance. Annals of Botany, in press.
155. Torregrossa C, Cluzet S, Fournier J, Huguet T, Gamas P, Prospéri JM, Esquerré-Tugaye MT, Dumas B, Jacquet C (2004) Cytological, genetic and molecular analysis to characterize compatible and incompatible interactions between Medicago truncatula and Colletotrichum trifolii. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 17, 909-920.
156. Troeung BM, Gosset H (1990) A note on the resistance of annual medic species to anthracnose. Fourrages 121, 89-94.
157. Vincent JM (1988) The role of legume, Rhizobium, and environments in nitrogen fixation. Constraints on symbiotic potential and their removal. In 'Nitrogen fixation by legumes in Mediterranean agriculture'. (Eds DP Beck, LA Materon) pp. 275-285. (Martinus Nijhoff: Dordrecht)
158. Walsh MJ, Delaney RH, Groose RW, Krall JM (2001) Performance of annual medic species (Medicago spp.) in Southeastern Wyoming. Agronomy Journal 93, 1249-1256.
159. Williams RD (Ed.) (1984) 'Crop protection handbook - grass and clover swards.' (The Lavenham Press Ltd: Lavenham)
160. You MP, Sivasithamparam K, Riley IT, Barbetti MJ (1999) Relationship of rainfall, cultural practices, soil and plant nutrients and seedling survival with root disease and parasitic nematode numbers in annual Medicago spp. pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 977-983. doi: 10.1071/AR98175
161. You MP, Sivasithamparam K, Riley IT, Barbetti MJ (2000) The occurrence of root infecting fungi and parasitic nematodes in annual Medicago spp. in Western
162. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005a) New sources of resistance in Trifolium subterraneum L. to root rot caused by two races of Phytophthora clandestina Taylor, Pascoe and Greenhalgh. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 271-277. doi: 10.1071/AR04293
163. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (2005b) Characterization of Phytophthora clandestina races on Trifolium subterraneum in Western Australia. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113, 267-274. doi: 10.1007/s10658-005-1226-8
164. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (2006) Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina races across rainfall zones in south west Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 35, 85-87. doi: 10.1071/AP05090
165. Zhu Y, Sheaffer CC, Barnes DK (1996) Forage yield and quality of annual Medicago species in the north-central USA. Agronomy Journal 88, 955-960.