Albanians' first post-communist decade. values in transition: Traditional or liberal?

East European Quarterly

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 231-256

  Murzaku, Ines A ^a   Zyhdi, Dervishi ^b  

^a SETON HALL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA   (Albania)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750527662     PISSN: 00128449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Ines A. Murzaku is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey. She specializes in the History of Eastern Christianity, focusing on the ecclesiastical history of Southeast Europe. Her teaching and research include several years of work in her native Albania, Italy, and North America. She has published and/or presented several articles and scholarly papers in professional journals and conferences. She is author of an up-coming book Catholicism, Culture and Conversion: The History of the Jesuits in Albania (1841-1946).
2. Zyhdi Dervishi is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Tiranë, Albania. He has authored eight books the most recent. The Albanian Women in the eye of Cyclone of Challenges and Perspectives; Human Development in Albania;
3. Crucified Looks in Sea-Sociology of Culture; Sociology, an Introduction;
4. Sociological Knowledge;
5. Albanian Intelligentsia during the Period 1930-1960;
6. The Albanian Adolescents. Professor Dervishi is currently the editor-in-chief of the Albanian periodical Pajtimi, (Reconciliation) a scholarly sociological, juridical, and cultural quarterly. The authors are grateful to the Albanian women in Albania, Italy and Greece, who agreed to be interviewed and so graciously shared their life experiences during 1997-1999.
7. Nina, Nana the cradle covered with oak leaves, your mother is going to marry you with 300 celebrants, 300 celebrants seem not enough. Lirika popullore 4 (Tiranë 1990), p. 327.
8. Antonia Young, Women Who Become Men. Albanian sworn virgins (Oxford, 2000), p. 30.
9. Fjalë të Una të Popullit Shqiptar (Tiranë, 1982), p. 766.
10. Frano Ilia, Kanuni i Skanderbegut (Milot, 1993), p. 26.
11. EDrejta Zakonore Shqiptare 1 (Tiranë, 1989), p. 432.
12. Demographic Yearbook, 1990-1999 (Tiranë, 2000), p. 40.
13. Ibid., Demographic Yearbook, 1990-1999, (2000), p. 41.
14. Ilia, op. cit., Demographic Yearbook, 1990-1999, (2000), pp. 23-24.
15. Code of Lekë Dukagjini (New York, 1989), p. 142.
16. Ilia, op. cit., Code of Lekë Dukagjini, (1989), pp. 23-24.
17. Here is how the Canon of Lekë Dukagjini refers to this kind of brotherhoods: "Once the hearts of the members of the family of the murderer and the family of the victim have been reconciled, they drink some of each other's blood. Two small glasses are taken and filled half way with water and raki (typical Albanian strong alcoholic drink). Then one of the friends ties together the little fingers of the two parties and pricks them with a needle, causing a drop of blood from each to fall into the two glasses. After mixing their blood in this manner and stirring it well, the two men exchange glasses and, with arms linked, they hold the glasses to each other's lips, drinking each other's blood. Guns are fired in celebration and they become like new brothers, bom of the same mother and father." Code of Lekë Dukagjini, p. 186.'
18. Abaz Dojaka, "Pozita e Gruas në Familje në Zonal Malore te Vendit Tone," Konferenca e Studimeve Albanologjike 2 (Tiranë, 1970), p. 172.
19. Rose Lane, The Peaks of Shala (London, 1922), p. 155.
20. Abaz Dojaka, Dasma në Shqipëri (Tirane, 1983), p. 18.
21. Edith Durham, Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of the Balkans (New York, 1979). p. 15.
22. Shtjefën Gjecovi, Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (Tiranë, 1993), p. 24.
23. Bajram Mejdiu, "Disa Tipare të Martesës para Clirimit," Etnografia shqiptare 8 (Tiranë 1976), p. 104.
24. Carleton Coon, The Mountains of the Giants, a Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountains Ghegs (New York, 1970), p. 22.
25. Margaret Hasluk, The Unwritten Law in Albania (Cambridge, 1954), p. 25
26. Pandi Frashëri, Familja Shqiptare (Tiranë, 1944), p. 11.
27. Etnografia Shqipatre 5 (Tiranë, 1974), p. 46.
28. Landowner in the feudal system.
29. Aga or agallarë, Ottoman nobleman, ranking below beys, with a landed estate.
30. Dokaja, Dasma në Shqipëri, p. 17.
31. Ligji Nr. 601, date 18.05.1948 (Tiranë, 1948), p. 18.
32. Kodet e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë (Tiranë, 1982), p. 63.
33. Hoxha, hoxhë, Muslim clergyman, muezzin.
34. Shehu, sheh, head of a Muslim religious group.
35. Dervishi, dervish.
36. Saraçi, saraç, maker of leather goods: leatherworker, leather craftsman.
37. Terziu, terzi, tailor.
38. Bakalli, bakall, grocer.
39. Durham, bakalli, op. cit., pp. 64-65.
40. Injac Zamputi, Relatione mbi Gjendjen e Shqipërisë Veriore dhe të Mesme në Shekullin e XVII 2(Tiranë, 1965), p. 87.
41. Kahreman Ulqini, "E Drejta Zakonore Shqiptare Përballë te Drejlës Kanonike dhe Sheriatit," Etnografia Shqiptare 16 (Tiranë, 1989), p. 79.
42. Domenico Pasi to Anton Anderledy, Shkodër, February 3, 1889. Miss. Alb. et Illyrico-Dalmatia, 1860-1920. Fasc. 9: Miss, excurrens Albaniensis ab exordio 1885 ad dec. 1894, Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, Rome, Italy, vol. 2, 1.
43. Mark Tirta, "Mbi Martesat e bëra pas Clirimit midis Personash nga Besime të Ndryshme," Etnografia Shqiptare 4 (Tiranë, 1972), pp. 65,67.
44. Personal Interview. Tiranë, Spring 1998.
45. Albanian Human Development Report, 2000 (United Nations Development Programme: 2000), p. 49.
46. Vjetari Statistikor i Shqipërisë. 1991 (Tiranë, 1991), p. 35.
47. Shqipëria në Shifra, 1999 (Tiranë, 1999), p. 6.
48. VjetariStatistikor i Shqipërisë, 1991 (Tiranë, 1991), p. 43.
49. UNPD: Raporti i Zhvillimit Njerëzor - Shqipëria 2000, (Tiranë, 2000). p. 43.
50. Instituti i Slatistikës i Republikës së Shqipërisë (INSTAT): Statistical Indicators Yearbook - 2001.
51. Zyhdi Dervishi, Gratë në Syrin e Ciklonit të Sfidave dhe Perspektiva (Tiranë, 2000), p. 161.
52. Whatever it takes, says my mother, Never remain in a foreign land,. Raise up from the dead and kick the grave open and come, You should be laid to rest in your homeland. Lirika Popullore, 3 (Tiranë, 1981), p. 391.
53. Yearbook of Education Statistics (Tiranë, 2000), p. 71.
54. Personal Interview. Siena, Italy, July 1997.
55. Ibid. Personal Interview. Siena, 1997
56. Code of Lekë Dukagjini, p. 42.
57. Ilia, Code of Lekë Dukagjini, op. cit., p. 26.
58. Ibid., Code of Lekë Dukagjini, p. 43.
59. Ibid., Code of Lekë Dukagjini, p. 44.
60. Ulqini, Code of Lekë Dukagjini, op. cit., p. 79.
61. Myftar Memija, "Dasma e Malësisë së Gjakovës," Etnografia Shqiptare (Tiranë, 1982), p. 278.
62. Kodet e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë (Tiranë, 1982), 61.
63. Personal Interview. Tiranë, June 1999.
64. Ibid., Personal Interview. Tiranë, 1999
65. Republika. 11 August 2001,12-13.
66. Personal Interview. Tirang, June 1999.
67. Personal Interview. Florence, July 1997.
68. Special head tax exacted by Ottoman rulers on non-Muslims in exchange for excusing them from military service.