Can the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, stunting and overweight in children at ages 1 and 3 years in the Central Region of Limpopo province be explained by diet?

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 102-113

  Mamabolo, Ramoteme L ^a   Steyn, Nelia P ^b   Alberts, Marianne ^c  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; CALCIUM; CARBOHYDRATE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID; FAT; FOLIC ACID; IRON; NICOTINIC ACID; PHOSPHATE; PHYTATE; PROTEIN; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; TRACE ELEMENT; ZINC;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CALCIUM INTAKE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CEREAL; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DIETARY INTAKE; ENERGY RESOURCE; FAT INTAKE; FOLIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; FOLLOW UP; FOOD QUALITY; FRUIT; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; HUMAN; IRON BLOOD LEVEL; IRON DEFICIENCY; IRON INTAKE; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PHOSPHATE INTAKE; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOUTH AFRICA; STUNTING SYNDROME; VEGETABLE; VITAMIN INTAKE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33750486544     PISSN: 10118578     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2006.11734102     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Zere E, McIntyre D. Inequities in under-five child malnutrition in South Africa. Int J Equity Health 2003, 2: 7.
2. Census 2001. Census in Brief/ Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2003.
3. Labadarios D, Van Middelkoop AM. The South African Vitamin A Consultative Group. Children Aged 6 - 71 Months in South Africa, 1994: Their Anthropometric, Vitamin A, Iron and Immunisation Coverage Status. Isando: SAVACG, 1995.
4. Labadarios D, Steyn NP, Maunder E, MacIntyre U, Swart R, Gerike G. The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): Children Aged 1 - 9 Years, South Africa, 1999. Stellenbosch: National Food Consumption Survey, 2000.
5. Mamabolo RL, Alberts M, Mbenyane GX, at a]. Feeding practices and growth of infants from birth to 12 months in the central region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Nutrition 2004, 20: 327-333.
6. Mamaboto RL, Alberts M, Steyn NP, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Levitt NS. Prevalence and determinants of stunting and overweight in 3-year-old black South African children residing in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa Public Health Nutr 2005, 8: 501-508.
7. Alberts M, Burger S, Tollman SM. The Dikgale field site. S Afr Med J 1999; 89: 851-862.
8. Maclntyre UE. Dietary intakes of Africans in transition in the North West Province. PhD thesis, Potchefstroom University of CHE, 1998.
9. MacIntyre UE, Venter CS, Vorster HH. A culture-sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: 1. Development and reproducibility Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 53-62.
10. MacIntyre UE, Venter CS, Vorster HH. A culture-sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: 2. Relative validation by 7-day weighted records and biomarkers. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 63-71
11. Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, or et al. Comparisoo of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. Br J Nutr 1994; 72: 619-643.
12. Steyn NP, Albertse EC, van Wyk Kotze TJ, van Heerden L, Kotze JP. Analysis of the diets of 12-year-old children in Cape Town. S Afr Med J 1986; 69: 739-742.
13. MRC FoodFinder 3. Version 1.0.0. Cape Town: Medical Research Council of South Africa, 2002.
14. Nutrition Information Centre, University of Stellenbosch (NICUS). The Dietary Reference Intakes. Tygerberg: University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
15. SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows base system user's guide. Release 11.0. Chicago: SPSS. 2001.
16. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization. Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2003.
17. Bourne IT, Labgenhoven ML, Steyn K, Jooste PL, Laubscher JA, Bourne DE. Nutritional status of 3 - 6 yew-old children in the Cape Peninsula. The BRISK Study. East Aft- Mod J 1994; 7: 695-702,
18. Steyn NP, Badenhorst CJ, Nel JH, Jooste PL. The nutritional status of Pedi preschool children in two rural areas of Lebowa. South Aftican Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 1992; 4: 24-28.
19. Ladzaru R, Steyn NP, Nell JH. Infant feeding practices of Pedi women in six semi-rural areas of Northern Province. South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 1998; 13: 63-65.
20. Dannhauser A, Bester CJ, Joubert G, et al Nutritional status of preschool children in informal settlement areas near Bloemfontein. South Africa. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3: 303-312.
21. Voster HH, Jerling JC, Oosthuizen W, Becker P, Wolmarans P. Nutrient Intakes of South Africans, An Analysis of the Literature (SANNSS Group Report), Isando: Roche, 1995.
22. Mostert D. A longitudinal study to determine the dietary intake and nutritional status of pregnant women in Dikgale, their breasteeding and weaning practices and the nutritional status of their infants. Masters dissertation, University of the North, 2000.
23. Steyn NP, Nel JH, Kunnene E, et al. Differences between underweight and normal weight rural preschool children in terms of infant feeding practices and socio-economic factors. S Afr Med J 1998; 5: 641-646.
24. Nel JH, Steyn JP. Report on South African Food Consumption Studies Undertaken Amongst Different Population Groups (1983-2000): Average Intakes of Foods Most Commonly Consumed. Pretoria: Department of Health, 2002.
25. De Maeyer EM. Preventing and Controlling Iron Deficiency Arawnia Through Primary Health Care A Guide for Health Administrators and Programme Managers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989.
26. Calloway DH, Murphy SP, Beaton GH, Lem D. Estimated vitamin intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Am J Che Nutr 1993; 58: 376-384.
27. Tatala S, Svanberg U, Mduma B. Low dietary iron availability is a major cause of anemia: a nutrition survey in the Lindi District of Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 171-178.
28. Block MM. Zinc deficiency and child development. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 38: suppl. 464S-469S.
29. Hambidge KM. Zinc deficiency in young children. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997; 65:160-161.
30. Nicklas TA. Calcium intake trends and health consequences from childhood through adulthood. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22: 340-356.
31. Singh M. Role of micronutrients for physical growth and mental development. Indian J Pediatr 2004; 71: 59-62.
32. Abrams SA. Calcium turnover and nutrition through the life cycle. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60: 283-289.
33. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Ng MY. Bone mineral content of two populations of Chinese children with different calcium intake. Bone Miner 1993; 23: 195-206.
34. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 689-697.
35. Shankar AH. Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: suppl, S37-63.
36. World Health Organization. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO, 1996.
37. Ferguson EL, Gibson RS, Thompson LU, Ounpuu S. Dietary calcium, phytate, and zinc intakes and the calcium, phytate, and zinc molar ratios of the diets of a selected group of East African children. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 1450-1456.
38. Ferguson EL, Gibson RS, Opare OC, Ounpuu S, Thompson LU, Lehrfeld J. The zinc nutriture of preschool children living in two African countries. J Nutr 1993; 123: 1487-1496.
39. Manary MJ, Hotz C, Krebs NF, et al. Zinc homeostasis in Malawian children consuming a high-phytate, maize-based diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:1057-1061.
40. Manary MJ, Hors C, Krebs NF, et al. Dietary phytate reduction improves zinc absorption in Malawian children recovering from tuberculosis but not in well children. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2959-2964.
41. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000.
42. Fawzi WW, Herrera MG, Willett WC, Nestel R el Amin A, Mohamed KA. Dietary vitamin A intake in relation to child growth. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 402-407.
43. Kirkwood BR, Ross DA, Arthur P, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on the growth of young children in northern Ghana. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63:773-781.
44. Bahl R, Bhandari N, Taneja S, Bhan MK. The impact of vitamin A supplementation on physical growth of children is dependent on season. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: 26-29.
45. Sedgh G, Herrera MG, Nestel P, el Amin A, Fawzi WW. Dietary vitamin A intake and nondietary factors us associated with reversal of stunting in children. J Nutr, 2000; 130: 2520-2526.
46. Ramakrishnan U, Latham MC, Abel R. Vitamin A supplementation does not improve growth of preschool children: a randomized, double-blind field trial in south India. J Nutr 1995; 125: 202-211.
47. Prentice AM, Paul AA. Fat and energy needs of children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 5 suppl, 1253S-1265S.
48. van Stuijvenberg ME, Kruger M, Badenhorst CJ, Mansvelt EPG, Laubscher JA. Response to an iron fortification programme in relation to vitamin status in 6-12-year-old school children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1997; 48: 41-49.
49. Ahmed F, Khan MR, Jackson LAA. Concomitant supplemental vitamin A enhances the response to weekly supplemental iron and folic acid in anemic teenagers in urban Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 108-115.
50. Brown KH. The importance of dietary quality versus quantity for weanlings in less developed countries: a framework of discussion. Food Nutr Bull 1991; 13: 86-92.
51. Allen LH. Nutritional influences on linear growth: a general review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48; S75-89.