Update on ocular syphilis

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 562-566

  Gaudio, Paul A ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Eye disease; Neurosyphilis; Scleritis; Syphilis; Uveitis

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; BENZATHINE PENICILLIN; CEFTRIAXONE; PENICILLIN G; PROBENECID; PROCAINE PENICILLIN;

DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG RELEASE; EYE INFECTION; EYE INFLAMMATION; FLUORESCENT TREPONEMA ANTIBODY TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NEUROSYPHILIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SYPHILIS;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PROGNOSIS; SYPHILIS;

EID: 33750482577     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328010a9b5     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Aldave AJ, King JA, Cunningham ET Jr. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001; 12:433-441.
2. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Palestine AG. Bacterial and fungal diseases. In: Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM, Palestine AG, editors. Uveitis: fundamentals and clinical practice, 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. pp. 155-185.
3. Samson CM, Foster CS. Syphilis. In: Foster CS, Vitale AT, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. pp. 237-244.
4. Wilhelmus KR, Lukehart SA. Syphilis. In: Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhelmus KR, editors. Ocular infection and immunity. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. pp. 1437-1466.
5. Kiss S, Damico FM, Young LH. Ocular manifestations and treatment of syphilis. Semin Ophthalmol 2005; 20:161-167. A review of the staggering scope of syphilitic eye disease.
6. Hook EW 3rd, Peeling RW. Syphilis control: a continuing challenge. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:122-124.
7. Primary and secondary syphilis: United States, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55: 269-273. The current guidelines for managing syphilis in all forms, including eye disease.
8. Transmission of primary and secondary syphilis by oral sex: Chicago, Illinois, 1998-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 966-968.
9. Congenital syphilis: United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 716-719.
10. Doris JP, Saha K, Jones NP, Sukthankar A. Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic. Eye 2006; 20:703-705. A discussion of recent syphilis epidemiology in the United Kingdom, and a small case series.
11. Mikita C, Truesdell A, Katial RK. A 48-year-old woman with red eyes and a rash. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:526-531.
12. Ormerod LD, Puklin JE, Sobel JD. Syphilitic posterior uveitis: correlative findings and significance. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1661-1673.
13. Sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines: 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: 1-80.
14. Tamesis RR, Foster CS. Ocular syphilis. Ophthalmology 1990; 97:1281-1287.
15. Baglivo E, Kapetanios A, Safran AB. Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic features in acute syphilitic macular placoid chorioretinitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2003; 38:401-405.
16. Yokoi M, Kase M. Retinal vasculitis due to secondary syphilis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2004; 48:65-67.
17. Menon SR, Fleischhauer J, Jost K, Helbig H. Clinical and electrophysiological course of acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2005; 222:261-263. A case report of posterior segment syphilis followed with electroretinography.
18. Anand S, Mushin AS. Multifocal asymptomatic retinal pigment epithelial detachments in neurosyphilis. Eye 2003; 17:524-525.
19. Jumper JM, Machemer R, Gallemore RP, Jaffe GJ. Exudative retinal detachment and retinitis associated with acquired syphilitic uveitis. Retina 2000; 20:190-194.
20. DeLuise VP, Clark SW 3rd, Smith JL. Syphilitic retinal detachment and uveal effusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 94:757-761.
21. Pringle E, Bingham J, Graham E. Progressive binasal hemianopia. Lancet 2004; 363:1606.
22. Seeley WW, Venna N. Neurosyphilis presenting with gummatous oculomotor nerve palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:789.
23. Wilhelmus KR, Jones DB. Adult-onset syphilitic stromal keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141:319-321. A small case series of patients with this condition.
24. Hariprasad SM, Moon SJ, Allen RC, Wilhelmus KR. Keratopathy from congenital syphilis. Cornea 2002; 21:608-609.
25. Dinis da Gama R, Cidade M. Images in clinical medicine: interstitial keratitis as the initial expression of syphilitic reactivation. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1799.
26. Goegebuer A, Ajay L, Claerhout I, Kestelyn P. Results of penetrating keratoplasty in syphilitic interstitial keratitis. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2003; 290:35-39.
27. Yoon KC, Im SK, Seo MS, Park YG. Neurosyphilitic episcleritis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83:265-266. A case report demonstrating that syphilitic episcleritis merits a work-up for CNS disease.
28. Matsuo T, Taira Y, Nagayama M, Baba T. Angle-closure glaucoma as a presumed presenting sign in patients with syphilis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2000; 44:305-308.
29. Fathilah J, Choo MM. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in ocular syphilis. Med J Malaysia 2003; 58:437-439.
30. Strominger MB, Slamovits TL, Herskovitz S, Lipton RB. Transient worsening of optic neuropathy as a sequela of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in the treatment of Lyme disease. J Neuroophthalmol 1994; 14:77-80.
31. Diaz-Valle D, Toledano N, Miguelez R, et al. Bilateral anterior uveitis as a presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis and syphilis. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:930-931.
32. Uchiyama K, Tsuchihara K, Horimoto T, et al. Phthisis bulbi caused by late congenital syphilis untreated until adulthood. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139:545-547. A case report of a late presentation of congenital syphilis.
33. Marra CM. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus: prevention and politics. Arch Neurol 2004; 61:1505-1508.
34. Shalaby IA, Dunn JP, Semba RD, Jabs DA. Syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115: 469-473.
35. Balba GP, Kumar PN, James AN, et al. Ocular syphilis in HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Med 2006; 119:448.e21-448.e25. This study finds syphilis to be more common than cytomegalovirus as a cause of ocular inflammation in patients with HIV infection taking HAART. It found that syphilitic ocular manifestations occurred in 9% of patients HIV infection.
36. Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:369-376.
37. Schlaegel TF Jr, Kao SF. A review (1970-1980) of 28 presumptive cases of syphilitic uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 93:412-414.
38. Tran TH, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243:863-869. A case study describing the very severe presentations of ocular syphilis in patients with HIV infection.
39. Oette M, Hemker J, Feldt T, et al. Acute syphilitic blindness in an HIV-positive patient. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:209-211. A case report of a severe episode of ocular syphilis.
40. Diaz-Valle D, Allen DP, Sanchez AA, et al. Simultaneous bilateral exudative retinal detachment and peripheral necrotizing retinitis as presenting manifestations of concurrent HIV and syphilis infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2005; 13:459-462. A case report describing ocular syphilis in HIV infection.
41. Freigassner PS, Schuhmann G, Ardjomand N, et al. Retinitis syphilitica in an HIV-positive patient following acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Retina 2001; 21:674-677.
42. Moloney G, Branley M, Kotsiou G, Rhodes D. Syphilis presenting as scleritis in an HIV-positive man undergoing immune reconstitution. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004; 32:526-528.
43. McCall MB, van Lith-Verhoeven JJ, van Crevel R, et al. Ocular syphilis acquired through oral sex in two HIV-infected patients. Neth J Med 2004; 62:206-208.
44. Colletti JE, Giudice EL. Syphilis screening in a high-risk, inner-city adolescent population. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23:225-226. This retrospective review illustrates the enormous costs of routine syphilis screening, even in patients with systemic signs of a sexually transmitted disease.
45. Jay CA. Treatment of neurosyphilis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2006; 8: 185-192. An authoritative review of CNS syphilis, including cost data.
46. Wilhelmus KR. Indecision about corticosteroids for bacterial keratitis: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 2002; 109:835-842.
47. Savaris RF, Abeche AM. Azithromycin versus penicillin for early syphilis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:203-205; author reply 203-205. A discussion of how an initially promising treatment option for syphilis has been disappointing due to antimicrobial resistance.
48. Orsoni JG, Zavota L, Manzotti F, Gonzales S. Syphilitic interstitial keratitis: treatment with immunosuppressive drug combination therapy. Cornea 2004; 23:530-532.